Phed 104 Module 2
Phed 104 Module 2
MODULE II
VOLLEYBALL: THE BASICS OF THE GAME
INTRODUCTION
This module will focus on the brief history of volleyball and its growth
throughout the years. The basic skills in playing volleyball will also be
discussed, as well as the facilities and the equipment used in playing this
game, the rules of the game, the officiating officials and official hand
signals. Because of this pandemic we are facing right now, the
instructors/authors adjusted the activities in accordance with the health
protocols that limit social gathering and the likes.
OBJECTIVES
There are five lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then
answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited
from it. Work on these exercises carefully. Submit all your outputs online as
scheduled to the teacher’s concerned following the instructions indicated in
the activities.
In case you encounter difficulties, discuss with your instructor through
Facebook Messenger.
LESSON 1
HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL
Objectives:
History of Volleyball
According to Tulio (2008), the first rules, written down by Morgan, called
for a net 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 meters) high, a 25 x 50 foot (7.6 x 15.2
meter) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine
innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the
number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the
opponents' court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed.
Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or
a side out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.
(1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, in China and in India, and others in Mexico
and South American, European and African countries.
Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and
recreation, and there were only a few international activities and
competitions. There were different rules of the game in the various parts of
the world; however, national championships were played in many countries
(for instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had reached a
remarkable standard).
Volleyball thus became more and more a competitive sport with high
physical and technical performance.
ANTENNA– The vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted near the
edges of the net. The antennas are mounted directly above the sidelines
and are not-in-play. Antennas are not usually used on outdoor nets.
APPROACH – Fast stride toward the net by a spiker before he jumps in the
air.
ASSIST – Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks the ball for a
kill. This stat is normally only logged for high school, college, and
National/Olympic team play.
ATTACK – The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team
to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent’s side.
2. the ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes into the
net on the third hit,
ATTACK LINE - A line 3m from the net that separates the front row players
from the back row players. Commonly referred to as the “10-foot line.”
BACKCOURT - The area from the end line to the attack line.
BACK SET - A set delivered behind the setter’s back, which is subsequently
hit by an attacker.
BACK ROW ATTACK - When a back row player attacks the ball by jumping
from behind the 3m line before hitting the ball. If the back row player steps
on or past the 3m line during take-off, the attack is illegal.
BEACH DIG - An open hand receive of the ball, also called a “Deep Dish”
BALL HANDLING ERROR - Any time the official calls a double hit, a thrown
ball or a lift (except on a serve reception or attack). For our purposes, this
category also includes any blocking errors (when an official calls a blocker
for a violation such as going into the net, centerline violation, reaching over
the net, etc.).
CENTER LINE – The boundary that runs directly under the net and divides
the court into two equal halves.
CUT SHOT - A spike from the hitter’s strong side that travels at a sharp
angle across the net.
DECOY - An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who will receive the
set.
DEEP SET - Set to be hit away from the net to confuse or disrupt the timing
of the blockers.
DIG - Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an
attacked ball close to the floor.
DOUBLE QUICK - Two hitters approaching the setter for a quick inside hit.
DOUBLES - A game with two players on each side, most commonly played on
a sand court.
DOWN BALL - A ball the blockers elect not to attempt to block because it
has been set too far from the net or the hitter is not under control. A “Down
Ball” is hit overhand and driven over the net with topspin while the player
remains standing. “Down Ball,” is usually called aloud by the defense when
it becomes apparent the attacker has no chance of hitting a powerful spike.
FIVE-ONE - A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter.
FLARE - Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid behind a quick hitter.
FLOATER - A serve which does not spin or rotate and therefore moves in an
erratic path. This is similar to a “knuckle ball” pitch in baseball.
FOREARM PASS - Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike
the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion.
FOUR SET - A set 1′ from the sideline, and 1’ to 2′ above the net.
FOUR-TWO - A 6-player offensive system using four hitters and two setters.
FREE BALL - A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike. This
is usually called aloud by the defense instructing players to move into serve
receive positions.
HELD BALL - A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a foul.
HIT - To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
JUNGLE BALL – Any volleyball game with people who don’t really know how
to play volleyball. A common euphemism for this type of game is “Picnic
Volleyball.”
JUMP SERVE – A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the
air and jumping into and hitting the ball in its downward motion.
LINE SHOT – A ball spiked down an opponent’s sideline, closest to the hitter
and outside the block.
LET SERVE – A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles over, it’s
playable just like any other ball that contacts the net on the way over. If
the ball fails to clear the net, it will become dead when it either hits the
serving team’s court, or is contacted by a player on the serving team.
MIDDLE-UP – A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover
dinks or short shots.
OFFSIDE BLOCK – Player at the net, which is on the side away from the
opponent’s attack.
OFF-SPEED HIT – Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with
spin.
OVERHAND PASS – A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the
fingers and thumbs, played just above the forehead.
OVERHAND SERVE – Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the
shoulder.
OVERLAP – refers to the positions of the players in the rotation prior to the
contact of the ball when serving.
FOREARM PASS- Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the
ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motions
PENETRATION – The act of reaching across and breaking the plane of the
net during blocking.
POWER ALLEY – A cross-court hit traveling away from the spiker to the
farthest point of the court.
QUICK SET – a set (usually 2’ above the net) in which the hitter is
approaching the setter, and may even be in the air, before the setter
delivers the ball. This type of set requires precise timing between the setter
and hitter.
RECEPTION ERROR – A serve that a player should have been able to return,
but results in an ace (and only in the case of an ace). If it is a
“husband/wife” play (where the ball splits the two receivers), the receiving
team is given the reception error instead of an individual.
RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The
result of a red card may be a player is disqualified, the team loses the
serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may be given with or without a
prior yellow card as a warning; it is up to the official’s discretion.
ROLL – a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or passer lays out an
arm, passes the ball, and rolls over the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or
back (barrel roll) after passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to
action after the play.
ROOF – A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive player such that
the ball deflects straight to the floor on the attacker’s side.
SERVE – One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the
only skill controlled exclusively by one player.
SERVICE WINNER – A point the serving team scores when this player has
served the ball. The point can be an immediate (in the case of an ace) or
delayed (a kill or opponent attack error after a long rally). Therefore, the
sum of the team’s service winners equals their score.
SET – The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player
can spike it into the opponent’s court.
SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who “sets”
the ball with an “Overhand Pass” for a teammate to hit. The setter normally
runs the offense.
SIDE OUT – Occurs when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away
against the serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced
error, and the receiving team thus gains the right to serve.
SIX PACK – Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or face by a spiked
ball.
SPIKE – Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the
offensive team who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or
off the opponent’s blocker.
STUFF – A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team’s floor by the
opponent’s blockers. A slang term for “block.”
TURNING IN – the act of an outside blocker turning his/her body into the
court so as to ensure the blocked ball is deflected into the court and lands
in-bounds.
WIPE – when a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block so it lands out
of bounds
ACTIVITY
NOTE: For those students who cannot open the link, you can download
and print this activity.
LESSON 2
Objectives:
Volleyball Facilities
1. Playing Area. The playing area includes the playing court and the free
zone. It shall be rectangular and symmetrical.
Boundary lines
Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court. Both
side lines and end lines are drawn inside the dimensions of the
playing court.
Centre line
The axis of the center line divides the playing court into two
equal courts measuring 9 x 9 m each; however the entire width of
the line is considered to belong to both courts equally. This line
extends beneath the net from side line to side line.
Attack line
On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3 m
back from the axis of the center line, marks the front zone.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the attack line is
extended by the addition of broken lines from the side lines, with
five 15 cm short lines 5 cm wide, drawn 20 cm from each other to
a total length of 1.75 m. The “coach’s restriction line” (broken
line which extends from the attack line to the end line of the
court, parallel to the side line and 1.75 meters from it) is
composed of 15 cm short lines drawn 20 cm apart to mark the
limit of the coach’s area of operation.
Volleyball Equipment
fine for beginner players. Junior volleyballs for children 12 years old and
younger weigh between 7 and 8 ounces.
4. Antenna and Side Bands. Antenna is a flexible rod that measures 1.8
meters long made of fiberglass, fastened at the outer edge of each side
band. Side bands are two white bands attached vertically to the net and
placed above each sideline.
ACTIVITY
LESSON 3
Objective:
BASIC SKILLS IN PLAYING
VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball is widely played around the world. Playing this game is fun
and challenging but for you to play it, you need to familiarize yourself on
the basic skills on how to play the game. According to the FIVB (2020) here
are the basic skills in playing volleyball.
1. SERVE
A serve begins each rally. A player must
hit the ball with his or her hand over the net
to land inside the lines of the court. Players
may serve underarm or overarm (hardly
anyone at elite level would offer an underarm
serve). A popular serve is the "jump" or "spike"
serve: the player jumps and serves the ball
while airborne.
2. SET
The "set" is an overhead pass used to
change the direction of the dig and put the
ball in a good position for the spiker.
3. DIG
The "dig" is a forearm pass that is
used to control the ball and pass
it to the setter at the net. It is
usually the first contact by the
team and an effective shot to use
in defense, such as when
receiving a spike. The "libero"
handles much of the team's serve
reception and is pivotal in
backcourt defense.
4. SPIKE
The "spike" is when the ball is
hit or smashed across the net. It
is the most powerful shot in
volleyball – and the most
effective way to win a rally.
5. BLOCK
This is the first line of defense in Volleyball. The objective of the "block"
is to stop the spiked ball from crossing the net or to channel the spike to
defenders. The three front-court players share blocking.
VOLLEYBALL POSITIONS
1. Outside Hitter
The outside hitter – also known as the left-side hitter – attacks from
the left antenna and requires a player with good jumping ability.
The outside hitter is often the focal point of the offense and
completes most of the attack hits. They must be able to adjust to
sets coming from any location, as well as hit from the front and back
rows.
Responsibilities:
- Play in both the front and back row.
- Be the go-to hitter.
- One of the primary passers.
- Read the opponent’s defense and call out hitters.
- Block, often with the middle blocker.
2. Opposite Hitter
This position – also known as the right-side hitter – plays near the
right antenna. Opposite hitters tend to be players who have the most
versatility and can excel on both offense and defense. The opposite
hitter also needs to possess solid jumping skills.
Opposite hitters must be able to hit the ball from the front and back
rows. They also need to be ready to set the ball if the setter cannot
do it. Defensively, they line up against the opponent’s outside hitter
and need to be able to work with the middle blocker on blocks.
Responsibilities:
- Act as a backup setter on offense.
- Attack the ball when receiving a set.
- Block opponent’s outside hitter.
- Work with the middle hitter on blocks.
- Dig for quick attacks.
3. Setter
This position is essentially the quarterback or point guard of the
team. A setter runs the team’s offense. They aim to receive the
second touch, setting it for an attacking player. Due to this
responsibility, they need to have strong communication skills as they
direct the offense and make quick decisions on the court.
Since they can play in either the front or back row, setters need to be
ready to block, dig and receive a serve on defense.
Responsibilities:
- Run the offense.
- Set the ball for teammates.
- Use a “dump shot” to keep opponents off balance.
- Be a vocal leader.
- Dig and block on defense.
- Identify blockers.
4. Middle Blocker/Hitter
This spot is known as either the middle blocker or middle hitter. The
team’s tallest athlete tends to play here. Their additional height can
help the player excel in this role.
On defense, the middle blocker blocks the center area of the net and
has to be ready for the opponent’s quick middle attacks. But they
also need to move to either side to help teammates close blocks with
the opposite hitter and outside hitter.
On offense, they play near the setter to execute fast attacks. The
middle hitter must be able to read the setter and adjust their
approach to get the most of their attack. They can also act as a
decoy to help confuse opponents and spread out their blockers.
Responsibilities:
- Read the opponent’s hitters to set up blocks.
- Block opponent’s shots.
- Use quick attacks on offense.
- Act as a decoy on offense.
5. Libero
This position focuses on defense. Liberos only play in the back row
and often receive the attack or serve. Players with good passing and
defensive skills have the most success at this position.
Liberos can come in and out of the game as needed and do not count
against a team’s substitutions. They also wear different colored
jerseys to distinguish themselves from their teammates. But there are
several things a libero cannot do. They cannot block, set an attack
from the front court or attack the ball above the height of the net.
Responsibilities:
- Replace certain players in the back row.
- Be ready to dig an opponent’s attack.
- Receive the opponent’s serve.
- Set the ball if the setter isn’t available.
6. Defensive Specialist
This is another spot that’s all about playing defense. Defensive
specialists come in to replace a player who may not have the right
skills for the back row. Unlike the libero, defensive specialists must
make a substitution with the referees. Since teams may only have a
certain number of substitutions depending on their league rules,
defensive specialists are limited to certain situations.
Responsibilities:
- Replace certain players in the back row.
- Be ready to dig or pursue.
- Be ready to play in the front row if needed.
- Play as a back-row hitter.
ACTIVITY
1. WALL VOLLEYING
a. Get a volley ball (borrow from your barangay hall if you
don't have your own)
b. Measure 5 feet and mark the wall.
c. Volley the ball back and forth to the wall. Make sure you
are hitting the 5 feet mark.
d. Your goal is 20 hits. Count as you hit the 5 feet mark on
the wall on a continuous manner. Once the ball drops,
the counting stops.
2. BALL CONTROL
a. Draw 2 circles around you on the floor( make sure the
floor is a flat surface and the vertical clearance of the
area is at least 10 feet from the floor). The 1st circle
should 11 feet diameter and 2nd circle should be 8 feet
diameter.
b. Volley the ball vertically infront of you with the height
of using your closed fist clasped together.
c. Your goal is 20 hits. For the first round, volley just
within the 8-diameter circle. When the ball is one foot
above you, start counting 1. Once the ball drops, the
counting stops.
d. For the second round, do the same ball control task, this
time with one meter approximately above you. Do this
within the 11 meter diameter circle. Once the ball
drops, the counting stops.
LESSON 4
Objective:
1. Evaluate a volleyball game by identifying the different faults and
violations done by the players.
Sports rules are the regulations that govern competitive games and are
agreed upon by teams in order to set the structure of a sport. Through a
competitive set of rules, sports regulations are designed to ensure the
safety of both the athletes and the equipment involved in the sport without
prohibitively impacting the intentions of the gameplay. Sports regulations
are found in every sport and primarily define the systems of scoring while
controlling which sporting equipment can accompany each game type.
Playing Actions
A. Ball In Play
The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service
authorized by the 1st referee
C. Ball “In”
The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the floor, some
part of the ball touches the court, including the boundary lines.
D. Ball “Out”
1. All parts of the ball which contact the floor are completely outside
the boundary lines;
2. It touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out
of play;
3. It touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the
side bands;
4. It crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally
outside the crossing space, except in the case of rule 10.1.2;
5. It crosses completely the lower space under the net.
Faults
B. The Referees judge the faults and determine the penalties according
to the rules.
C. Consequences of a Fault
1. The consequence of a fault is a loss of rally. The opponent of the
team committing the fault wins the rally and scores a point.
2. If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first
one is penalized.
3. If two or more faults are committed by two opponents
simultaneously, a double fault is committed, and the rally is
replayed.
A. Each team must play within its own playing area and space.
Team Hits
A. CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS
A player may not hit the ball two
times consecutively.
B. SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS
Two or three players may touch the ball at the same moment.
a. When two (or three) team-mates touch the ball simultaneously, it
is counted as two (or three) hits (with the exception of blocking).
If they reach for the ball, but only one of them touches it, one hit
is counted. A collision of players does not constitute a fault.
b. When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net
and the ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is
entitled to another three hits. If such a ball goes “out”, it is the
fault of the team on the opposite side.
c. If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to an
extended contact with the ball, play continues.
C. ASSISTED HIT
Within the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support
from a team-mate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball.
Net Play
B. The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent's free zone
totally or partly through the external space, may be played back
within the team hits, provided that the opponent's court is not
touched by the player; the ball, when played back, crosses the net
plane again totally or partly; The ball that is heading towards the
opponent’s court through the lower space is in play until the moment
it has completely crossed the vertical plane of the net.
PHED 104 – Team Sports Module II
26
1. Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during the
action of playing the ball, is a fault.
The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-off, hit
(or attempt) and landing safely, ready for a new action.
2. Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside the
antennae, including the net itself, provided that it does not interfere
with the play.
3. When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an
opponent, no fault is committed.
Service
A. The service is the act of putting the
ball into play by the right back-row
player (player position 1), placed in
the service zone, who hits the ball
with one hand or arm.
C. Service Order
1. The players must follow the service order recorded on the
game sheet.
2. After the first service in a game, the player to serve is
determined as follows:
a. When the serving team wins the rally, the player who served
before, serves again.
b. When the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to
serve and rotates. The player who moves from the right front-
row position (player position 2) to the right back-row position
(player position 1) will serve.
D. The first Referee authorizes the service after having checked that
the server is in possession of the ball and that the teams are ready
to play.
2. The server must contact the ball within eight (8) seconds after
the first Referee whistles for service.
F. The server will only have one (1) toss of the ball to execute the
service. Allowing the ball to fall to the floor after tossing it whether
it was touched by the server or not will result in an illegal service and
loss of the rally.
H. Illegal Service
The following faults lead to change or service even if the opponent
has a position fault:
1. The server
a) violates the service order,
b) does not execute the service properly, or
c) violates the rule of service tossing error.
Attack-Hit
1. A player hits the ball within the playing space of the opposing team.
2. A player hits the ball “out”.
3. back-row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at
the moment of the hit the ball is entirely higher than the top of the
net.
4. A player completes an attack hit on the opponent's service, when the
ball is in the front zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.
PHED 104 – Team Sports Module II
30
5. A Libero completes an attack hit if at the moment of the hit the ball
is entirely higher than the top of the net.
6. A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net
7. when the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass by a Libero in
his/ her front zone.
Block
Blocking is the action of players close
to the net to intercept the ball
coming from the opponent by reaching
higher than the top of the net,
regardless of the height of the ball
contact. Only front-row players are
permitted to complete a block, but at
the moment of the contact with the
ball, a part of the body must be higher
than the top of the net.
Team Hits
1. A block contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently,
after a block contact, a team is entitled to three hits to return
the ball.
2. The first hit after the block may be executed by any player,
including the one who has touched the ball during the block.
G. Blocking Contact
Blocking Faults
Reference: FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06
ACTIVITY
LESSON 5
Objectives:
1. Perform the official hand signals.
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
In playing the volleyball game, the duties and functions of officials
should be defined because it is important for each player to know the limits
of the authority and his relationship to others.
The officials are composed of the first referee, the second referee, the
scorer, and the linesmen.
1. FIRST REFEREE
The first referee is located at one end of the net. He carries out
his functions seated or standing on a referee’s hand
The first referee directs the match from the start until the end.
He has the authority to overall officials and the members of the
teams.
During the match his decisions are final.
To sanction misconduct.
To decide upon the faults.
He has the power to decide any matter involving the game,
including those not provided for in rules.
2. SECOND REFEREE
He is the assistant of the first referee, but also his own range of
jurisdiction.
He controls the work of the scorer.
He checks that the actual positions of the players on the court
corresponding to those on the line up sheets.
During the match, the second referee decides, whistles, and
signals.
o Positional faults.
o The contact of the player with the net.
o Penetration into the opponent’s court space under the net.
o The attack hit or blocking faults of the back row players.
o The ball that crosses the net outside the crossing space or
touches the antenna on his side of the court
He supervisessssss the team members on the team bench and
reports their misconduct to the first referee.
He controls the numbers of time outs and substitutions used by
each team and reports the second timeout.
3. SCORERS
4. LINE JUDGES
The line judges perform their functions by using flags.
They signal the ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball lands their
line/s.
They signal the touches of out ball by the team receiving the ball.
They signal when the ball crosses the net outside the crossing
space, touching the antenna.
The line judges in charge of the end lines signal the foot faults of
the server.
At the first referee’s request, a line judges must repeat his signal.
1. AUTHORIZATION TO SERVE
Move the hand to indicate direction of service
2. TEAM TO SERVE
Extend the arm to the side of team that will
serve
3. CHANGE OF COURT
Raise the forearms front and back and twist
them around the body
4. TIME-OUT
Place the palm of one hand over the fingers
of the other, held vertically (forming a T) and
then indicate the requesting team
5. SUBSTITUTION
Circular motion of the forearms around each
other
6. MISCONDUCT WARNING
Show a yellow card for warning
7. MISCONDUCT PENALTY
Show a red card for penalty
8. EXPULSION
Show both red and yellow card for expulsion
9. DISQUALIFICATION
Show red and yellow cards separately for
disqualification
17. CATCH
Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand
facing upwards
1. BALL “IN”
Point down with flag
2. BALL “OUT”
Raise flag vertically
3. BALL TOUCHED
Raise flag and touch the top with the palm of
the free hand
5. JUDGEMENT IMPOSSIBLE
Raise and cross both arms and hands in front
of the chest
ACTIVITY
MODULE SUMMARY