Chapter 4 While the engines operate, their total upward thrust exceeds the weight of the rocket, and

the rocket experiences a net upward force. This net force causes the upward velocity of the rocket to increase in magnitude (speed). The upward thrust of the engines is constant, but the remaining mass of the rocket (and hence, the downward gravitational force or weight) decreases as the rocket consumes its fuel. Thus, there is an increasing net upward force acting on a diminishing mass. This yields an acceleration that increases in time. 12.

10.

R R

mg

f mg

mg (c)

(a)

(b)

u r ur In the free-body diagrams give above, R represents a force due to air resistance, T is a force due to the thrust of the r r r rocket engine, n is a normal force, f is a friction force, and the forces labeled mg are gravitational forces.

14.

If the brakes lock, the car will travel farther than it would travel if the wheels continued to roll, because the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than that of static friction. Hence, the force of kinetic friction is less than the maximum force of static friction.

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
2000 lbs 4.448 N 4 w = 2 tons = 2 10 N 1 ton 1 lb

4.1

4.2

From v = v0 + a t , the acceleration given to the football is

aav = v v0 10 m s 0 = = 50 m s2 t 0.20 s

Then, from Newtons 2 nd law, we find

Fav = m aav = ( 0.50 kg ) 50 m s2 = 25 N

Page 4.38

Chapter 4
Fx = ma x = ( 6.0 kg ) 2.0 m s2 = 12 N
Fx 12 N = = 3.0 m s2 m 4.0 kg

4.3

(a)

(b)

ax =

4.4

(a)

Action: The hand exerts a force to the right on the spring. Reaction: The spring exerts an equal magnitude force to the left on the hand. Action: The wall exerts a force to the left on the spring. Reaction: The spring exerts an equal magnitude force to the right on the wall. Action: Earth exerts an downward gravitational force on the spring. Reaction: The spring exerts an equal magnitude gravitational force upward on the Earth.

(b)

Action: The handle exerts a force upward to the right on the wagon. Reaction: The wagon exerts an equal magnitude force downward to the left on the handle. Action: Earth exerts an upward contact force on the wagon. Reaction: The wagon exerts an equal magnitude downward contact force on the Earth. Action: Earth exerts an downward gravitational force on the wagon. Reaction: The wagon exerts an equal magnitude gravitational force upward on the Earth.

(c)

Action: The player exerts a force upward to the left on the ball. Reaction: The ball exerts an equal magnitude force downward to the right on the player. Action: Earth exerts an downward gravitational force on the ball. Reaction: The ball exerts an equal magnitude gravitational force upward on the Earth.

(d)

Action: M exerts a gravitational force to the right on m. Reaction: m exerts an equal magnitude gravitational force to the left on M.

(e)

Action: The charge +Q exerts an electrostatic force to the right on the charge q . Reaction: The charge q exerts an equal magnitude electrostatic force to the left on the charge +Q.

(f)

Action: The magnet exerts a force to the right on the iron. Reaction: The iron exerts an equal magnitude force to the left on the magnet.

4.5

The weight of the bag of sugar on Earth is

4.448 N wE = mgE = ( 5.00 lbs ) = 22 .2 N 1 lb

If gM is the free-fall acceleration on the surface of the Moon, the ratio of the weight of an object on the Moon to its weight when on Earth is
wM mgM g = = M wE mgE gE

so

Page 4.39

Chapter 4

g w M = wE M . gE

Hence, the weight of the bag of sugar on the Moon is

1 wM = ( 22.2 N ) = 3.71 N . 6 On Jupiter, its weight would be
g wJ = wE J = ( 22.2 N ) ( 2.64 ) = 58.7 N gE

The mass is the same at all three locations, and is given by

m =

( 5.00 lb ) ( 4.448 N lb ) = 2.27 kg wE = 9.80 m s2 gE

F 7.5 105 N = = 5.0 10 2 m s2 m 1.5 107 kg

4.6

a =

and v = v0 + at gives
t = v v0 80 km h 0 0.278 m s 1 min = = 7.4 min a 5.0 10 2 m s2 1 km h 60 s

4.7

Summing the forces on the plane shown gives

a 2.0 m/s2 F 10 N

Fx = ma x

10 N f = ( 0.20 kg ) 2.0 m s2

From which,

f = 9.6 N

4.8

(a)

The sphere has a larger mass than the feather. Hence, the sphere experiences a larger gravitational force
Fg = mg than does the feather.

(b)

The time of fall is less for the sphere than for the feather. This is because air resistance affects the motion of the feather more than that of the sphere.

(c)

In a vacuum, the time of fall is the same for the sphere and the feather. In the absence of air resistance, both objects have the free-fall acceleration g.

(d)

In a vacuum, the total force on the sphere is greater than that on the feather. In the absence of air resistance, the total force is just the gravitational force, and the sphere weighs more than the feather.

Page 4.40

Chapter 4

4.9 The vertical acceleration of the salmon as it goes from v0 y = 3.0 m s (underwater) to v y = 6.0 m s (after moving
upward 1.0 m or 2/3 of its body length) is

ay =

2 2 v y v0 y

2 y

( 6.0

m s ) ( 3.0 m s )
2

2 ( 1.00 m )

= 13.5 m s2

Applying Newtons second law to the vertical leap of this salmon having a mass of 61 kg , we find

Fy = ma y F mg = ma y

or

m m F = m a y + g = ( 61 kg ) 13.5 2 + 9.8 2 = 1.4 103 N s s

4.10

The acceleration of the bullet is given by

2 v 2 v0 ( 320 m s ) 0 a = = 2 ( x ) 2 ( 0.82 m ) 2

Then, ( 320 m s )2 F = ma = 5.0 10 3 kg 2 ( 0.82 m )

= 3.1 102 N

4.11

(a)

From the second law, the acceleration of the boat is

a = F 2 000 N 1 800 N = = 0.200 m s2 m 1 000 kg

+y +x u r F u r f

f = 1 800 N F = 2 000 N

(b)

The distance moved is

## x = v0 t +

1 2 1 at = 0 + 0.200 m s2 2 2

) (10.0 s )2

= 10.0 m

(c) The final velocity is##

v = v0 + at = 0 + 0.200 m s2

) (10.0 s ) =

2.00 m s .

Page 4.41

Chapter 4 (a) Choose the positive y-axis in the forward direction. We the forces into their components as
10

4.12

resolve

0N F 2 45

Force
400 N 450 N Resultant

x-component

y-component

78.1 N
Fx = 122 N

443 N
Fy = 790 N

F1
x

200 N

346 N

30

The magnitude and direction of the resultant force is

FR =

( Fx )2

+ Fy

( )

= 799 N

= tan 1

Fx = 8.77 to right of y-axis Fy

r Thus, FR = 799 N at 8.77 to the right of the forward direction

(b)

r The acceleration is in the same direction as FR and has magnitude

a =

FR 799 N = = 0.266 m s2 m 3 000 kg

4.13

(a)

At terminal speed, the magnitude of the air resistance force is equal to the weight of the skydiver

(F

drag

= mg . Therefore,
Fdrag v2 = mg
2 vterminal

k =

( 65.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 55.0 m s )2

= 0.211 kg m

(b)

At the speed v =

1 2

vterminal , the upward force due to air resistance is less than the downward gravitational

force acting on the skydiver, leaving a net downward force of magnitude Fnet = mg Fdrag . Thus, the skydiver will have a downward acceleration of magnitude
a = Fnet mg kv 2 k = = g m m m vterminal 2
2

0.211 kg m 55.0 m s = 9.80 m s2 2 65.0 kg

= 7.35 m s2

4.14

(a)

With the wind force being horizontal, the only vertical force acting on the object is its own weight, mg. This gives the object a downward acceleration of

Page 4.42

40 0N

Chapter 4
Fy m

ay =

mg = g m

The time required to undergo a vertical displacement y = h , starting with initial vertical velocity v0 y = 0 , is found from y = v0 y t +
h = 0 g 2 t 2 or
1 2

a y t 2 as

t =

2h g

(b)

The only horizontal force acting on the object is that due to the wind, so Fx = F and the horizontal acceleration will be a x =
Fx F = m m

(c)

With v0 x = 0 , the horizontal displacement the object undergoes while falling a vertical distance h is given by
x = vox t +
1 2

a x t 2 as
2

1 F 2h x = 0 + 2 m g

Fh mg

(d)

The total acceleration of this object while it is falling will be

a =
2 2 ax + ay =

( F m )2 + ( g )2

( F m )2

+ g2

4.15

Starting with v0 y = 0 and falling 30 m to the ground, the velocity of the ball just before it hits is
2 v1 = v0 y + 2a y y = 0 + 2 9.80 m s2

) ( 30 m )

= 24 m s

On the rebound, the ball has v y = 0 after a displacement y = + 20 m . Its velocity as it left the ground must have been
2 v2 = + vy 2 a y y = + 0 2 9.80 m s2

) ( 20 m )

= +20 m s

Thus, the average acceleration of the ball during the 2.0-ms contact with the ground was
aav = +20 m s ( 24 m s ) v2 v1 = = +2.2 10 4 m s2 t 2.0 10 3 s upward

The average resultant force acting on the ball during this time interval must have been
Fnet = maav = ( 0.50 kg ) +2.2 10 4 m s2 = +1.1 10 4 N

or
u r F net = 1.1 10 4 N upward

Page 4.43

Chapter 4 Since the two forces are perpendicular to each other, their resultant is:
FR =

4.16

( 180 N )2 + ( 390 N )2

390 N = 430 N , at = tan 1 = 65.2 N of E 180 N

Thus,
a = FR 430 N = = 1.59 m s2 m 270 kg

or
r a = 1.59 m s2 at 65.2 N of E .

4.17

(a)

Since the burglar is held in equilibrium, the tension in the vertical cable equals the burglars weight of 600 N Now, consider the junction in the three cables:##
Fy = 0 , giving T2 sin 37.0 600 N = 0
T1

y
T2

37.0 x w 600 N

or
T2 =
600 N = 997 N in the inclined cable sin 37.0

Also, Fx = 0 which yields T2 cos 37.0 T1 = 0 , or T1 = ( 997 N ) cos 37.0 = 796 N in the horizontal cable (b) If the left end of the originally horizontal cable was attached to a point higher up the wall, the tension in this cable would then have an upward component. This upward component would support part of the weight of the cat burglar, thus.

decreasing the tension in the cable on the right

Page 4.44

Chapter 4 Using the reference axis shown in the sketch at the right, we see that

4.18

Fx = T cos14.0 T cos14.0 = 0
and
Fy = T sin 14.0 T sin 14.0 = 2T sin 14.0
y x 14 T

Thus, the magnitude of the resultant force exerted on the tooth by the wire brace is

R =

( Fx )2

+ Fy

( )

0 + ( 2T sin 14.0 )

= 2T sin 14.0

14 T

or
R = 2 ( 18.0 N ) sin 14.0 = 8.71 N

4.19

From Fx = 0 , T1 cos 30.0 T2 cos 60.0 = 0 or

T2 = ( 1.73 ) T1

[1]

Then Fy = 0 becomes
T1 sin 30.0 + (1.73 T1 ) sin 60.0 150 N = 0
y
T2

which gives T1 = 75.0 N in the right side cable . Finally, Equation [1] above gives T2 = 130 N in the left side cable .
60.0

T1 30.0 150 N x

4.20

If the hip exerts no force on the leg, the system must be in equilibrium with the three forces shown in the free-body diagram. Thus Fx = 0 becomes
w2 cos = ( 110 N ) cos 40
y

11

[1]

0N

w2

From Fy = 0 , we find
w2 sin = 220 N ( 110 N ) sin 40

40

220 N x

[2]

Dividing Equation [2] by Equation [1] yields

Page 4.45

Chapter 4
220 N ( 110 N ) sin 40 = 61 (110 N ) cos 40

= tan 1

Then, from either Equation [1] or [2], w2 = 1.7 102 N .

4.21

(a) Free-body diagrams of the two blocks are shown at the right. Note that each block experiences a downward gravitational force
Fg = ( 3.50 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 34.3 N

Also, each has the same upward acceleration as the elevator, in this case a y = +1.60 m s2 .

Applying Newtons second law to the lower block:

Fy = ma y

T2 Fg = ma y

or

T2 = Fg + ma y = 34.3 N + ( 3.50 kg ) 1.60 m s2 = 39.9 N

Next, applying Newtons second law to the upper block:

Fy = ma y

T1 T2 Fg = ma y

or T1 = T2 + Fg + ma y = 39.9 N + 34.3 N + ( 3.50 kg ) 1.60 m s2 = 79.8 N (b) Note that the tension is greater in the upper string, and this string will break first as the acceleration of the system increases. Thus, we wish to find the value of a y when T1 = 85.0 N . Making use of the general relationships derived in (a) above gives:
T1 = T2 + Fg + ma y = Fg + ma y + Fg + ma y = 2 Fg + 2ma y

or
ay = T1 2 Fg

2m

85.0 N 2 ( 34.3 N ) 2 ( 3.50 kg )

= 2.34 m s2

Page 4.46

Chapter 4 (a) Free-body diagrams of the two blocks are shown at the right. Note that each block experiences a downward gravitational force Fg = mg . Also, each has the same upward acceleration as the elevator,
ay = + a .

4.22

Applying Newtons second law to the lower block:

Fy = ma y T2 Fg = ma y

or

T2 = mg + ma = m ( g + a )

Next, applying Newtons second law to the upper block:

Fy = ma y T1 T2 Fg = ma y

or
T1 = T2 + Fg + ma y = ( mg + ma ) + mg + ma = 2 ( mg + ma ) = 2T1

(b) (c)

Note that T1 = 2T2 , so the upper string breaks first as the acceleration of the system increases. When the upper string breaks, both blocks will be in free-fall with a = g . Then, using the results of part (a),
T2 = m ( g + a ) = m ( g g ) = 0 and T1 = 2T2 = 0 .

4.23

m = 1.00 kg and mg = 9.80 N

= tan 1

0.200 m = 0.458 25.0 m

Since a y = 0 , require that Fy = T sin + T sin mg = 0 , giving 2 T s in = mg , or

9.80 N = 613 N T = 2 sin
25.0 m a

0.200 m mg

25.0 m a

4.24

The resultant force exerted on the boat by the people is

2 ( 600 N ) cos 30.0 = 1.04 103 N in the forward direction

If the boat moves with constant velocity, the total force acting on it must be zero. Hence, the resistive force exerted on the boat by the water must be

Page 4.47

Chapter 4
r f = 1.04 103 N in the rearward direction

4.25

The forces on the bucket are the tension in the rope and the weight of the bucket, mg = ( 5.0 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 49 N . Choose the positive direction upward and use Newtons second law:
Fy = ma y

T 49 N = ( 5.0 kg ) 3.0 m s2

)
mg

T = 64 N

4.26

(a) From Newtons second law, we find the acceleration as

ax = Fx 10 N = = 0.33 m s2 m 30 kg
F 10 N

To find the distance moved, we use

x = v0 x t + 1 1 a t2 = 0 + 0.33 m s2 2 x 2

) ( 3.0 s )2

= 1.5 m

(b)

If the shopper places her 30 N ( 3.1 kg ) child in the cart, the new acceleration will be
ax = Fx 10 N = = 0.30 m s2 mtotal 33 kg

and the new distance traveled in 3.0 s will be

x = 0 + 1 0.30 m s2 2

) ( 3.0 s )2

= 1.4 m

Page 4.48

Chapter 4 (a) The average acceleration is given by

aav = v v0 5.00 m s 20.0 m s = = 3.75 m s2 t 4.00 s

4.27

The average force is found from Newtons second law as

Fav = maav = ( 2000 kg ) 3.75 m s2 = 7.50 103 N

(b)

The distance traveled is: 5.00 m s + 20.0 m s x = vav ( t ) = ( 4.00 s ) = 50.0 m 2

4.28

Let m1 = 10.0 kg , m2 = 5.00 kg , and = 40.0 . Applying the second law to each object gives
m1a = m1 g T

[1]

n f m1

m1g

and
m2 a = T m2 g sin

m2 m2g

[2]

m1g

Adding these equations yields

m1a + m2 a = m1 g T + T m2 g

or

m m2 sin a = 1 g m1 + m2

so
10.0 kg ( 5.00 kg ) sin 40.0 2 2 a = 9.80 m s = 4.43 m s 15.0 kg

Then, Equation [1] yields T = m1 ( g a ) = ( 10.0 kg ) ( 9.80 4.43 ) m s2 = 53.7 N

4.29

(a)

The resultant external force acting on this system, consisting of all three blocks having a total mass of 6.0 kg, is 42 N directed horizontally toward the right. Thus, the acceleration produced is
a =
F 42 N = = 7.0 m s2 horizontally to the right 6.0 kg m

(b)

Draw a free body diagram of the 3.0-kg block and apply Newtons second law to the horizontal forces acting on this block:

Page 4.49

Chapter 4
42 N T = ( 3.0 kg ) 7.0 m s2 , and therefore T = 21 N

Fx = ma x

(c)

The force accelerating the 2.0-kg block is the force exerted on it by the 1.0-kg block. Therefore, this force is given by:
F = ma = ( 2.0 kg ) 7.0 m s2 , or

r F = 14 N horizontally to the right .

4.30

The acceleration of the mass down the incline is given by

x = v0 t + 1 2 at , 2

or

0.80 m = 0 +

1 2 a ( 0.50 s ) 2

This gives
a =
2 ( 0.80 N )

( 0.50 s )2

= 6.4 m s2

Thus, the net force directed down the incline is F = ma = ( 2.0 kg ) 6.4 m s2 = 13 N .

4.31

(a) Assuming frictionless pulleys, the tension is uniform through the entire length of the rope. Thus, the tension at the point where the rope attaches to the leg is the same as that at the 8.00-kg block. Part (a) of the sketch at the right gives a freebody diagram of the suspended block. Recognizing that the block has zero acceleration, Newtons second law gives
Fy = T mg = 0

or T = mg = ( 8.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 78.4 N

(b) Part (b) of the sketch above gives a free-body diagram of the pulley near the foot. Here, F is the magnitude of the force the foot exerts on the pulley. By Newtons third law, this is the same as the magnitude of the force the pulley exerts on the foot. Applying the second law gives:
Fx = T + T cos 70.0 F = ma x = 0

or
F = T ( 1 + cos 70.0 ) = ( 78.4 N ) ( 1 + cos 70.0 ) = 105 N

Page 4.50

Chapter 4 (a)

4.32

(b)

Note that the blocks move on a horizontal surface with a y = 0 . Thus, the net vertical force acting on each block and on the combined system of both blocks is zero. The net horizontal force acting on the combined system consisting of both m1 and m2 is Fx = F P + P = F .

(c)

Looking at just m1 , Fy = 0 as explained above, while Fx = F P . Looking at just m2 , we again have Fy = 0 , while Fx = + P For m1 : For m2 : Fx = ma x
Fx = ma x

(d)

(e)

F P = m1a .
P = m2 a .

(f)

Substituting the second of the equations found in (e) above into the first gives the following:

m1a = F P = F m2 a

or

( m1 + m2 ) a

= F

and

a = F ( m1 + m2 )

Then substituting this result into the second equation from (e), we have
F P = m2 a = m2 m1 + m2

or

m2 P = F m1 + m2

(g)

Realize that applying the force to m2 rather than m1 would have the effect of interchanging the roles of
m1 and m2 . We may easily find the results for that case by simply interchanging the labels m1 and m2 in the

results found in (f) above. This gives a = F ( m2 + m1 ) (the same result as in the first case) and
m1 P = F m2 + m1

We see that the contact force, P, is larger in this case because m1 > m2 .

Page 4.51

Chapter 4 Taking the downward direction as positive, applying Newtons second law to the falling person yields
Fy = mg f = ma y , or
ay = g 100 N f = 9.80 m s2 = 8.6 m s2 m 80 kg

4.33

2 Then, v 2 = v0 y + 2 a y ( y ) gives the velocity just before hitting the net as y

vy =

2 v0 y + 2 a y ( y ) =

0 + 2 8.6 m s2

) ( 30 m )

= 23 m s

44.34

(a)

First, consider a system consisting of the two blocks combined, with mass m1 + m2 . For this system, the only external horizontal force is the tension in cord A pulling to the right. The tension in cord B is a force one part of our system exerts on another part of our system, and is therefore an internal force.

Applying Newtons second law to this system (including only external forces, as we should) gives
Fx = ma TA = ( m1 + m2 ) a

[1]

Now, consider a system consisting of only m2 . For this system, the tension in cord B is an external force since it is a force exerted on block 2 by block 1 (which is not part of this system). Applying Newtons second law to this system gives
Fx = ma TB = m2 a

[2]

Comparing equations [1] and [2], and realizing that the acceleration is the same in both cases (see Part (b) below), it is clear that: Cord A exerts a larger force on block 1 than cord B exerts on block 2 (b) Since cord B connecting the two blocks is taut and unstretchable, the two blocks stay a fixed distance apart, and the velocities of the two blocks must be equal at all times. Thus, the rates at which the velocities of the two blocks change in time are equal, or the the two blocks must have equal accelerations . (c) Yes. Block 1 exerts a forward force on Cord B, so Newtons third law tells us that Cord B exerts a force of equal magnitude in the backward direction on Block 1.

Page 4.52

Chapter 4

4.35

(a)

When the acceleration is upward, the total upward force T

w = mg = ( 1 500 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 1.47 10 4 N

must exceed the total downward force

(b)

When the velocity is constant, the acceleration is zero. The total upward force T and the total downward force
w must be equal in magnitude .

(c)

If the acceleration is directed downward, the total downward force w must exceed the total upward force T.
T = mg + ma y = ( 1 500 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 2.50 m s2 = 1.85 10 4 N

(d)

Fy = ma y

Yes , T > w .
T = mg + ma y = ( 1 500 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 0 = 1.47 10 4 N

(e)

Fy = ma y

Yes , T = w .
T = mg + ma y = ( 1 500 kg ) 9.80 m s2 1.50 m s2 = 1.25 10 4 N

(f)

Fy = ma y

Yes , T < w .

4.36

Note that if the cord connecting the two blocks has a fixed length, the accelerations of the blocks must have equal magnitudes, even though they differ in directions. Also, observe from the diagrams, we choose the positive direction for each block to be in its direction of motion.

(First consider the block moving along the horizontal. The only force in the direction of movement is T. Thus,
Fx = ma x
T = ( 5.00 kg ) a

[1]

5.00 kg

10.0 kg

Next consider the block which moves vertically. The forces on it are the tension T and its weight, 98.0 N.
Fy = ma y 98.0 N T = ( 10.0 kg ) a
(a)

mg (b)

98.0 N

[2]

Equations [1] and [2] can be solved simultaneously to give:

98.0 N ( 5.00 kg ) a = ( 10.0 kg ) a

or

a =

98.0 N = 6.53 m s2 15.0 kg

and

Page 4.53

Chapter 4
T = ( 5.00 kg ) 6.53 m s2 = 32.7 N

4.37
Trailer 300 kg

Car 1 000 kg

Rcar q

nc

nT

wT

nc

wc

Choose the +x direction to be horizontal and forward with the +y vertical and upward. The common acceleration of the car and trailer then has components of a x = +2 .15 m s2 and a y = 0 . (a) The net force on the car is horizontal and given by

( Fx )car
(b)

= F T = mcar a x = ( 1000 kg ) 2.15 m s2 = 2.15 103 N forward

The net force on the trailer is also horizontal and given by

( Fx )trailer
(c)

= +T = mtrailer a x = ( 300 kg ) 2.15 m s2 = 645 N forward

Consider the free-body diagrams of the car and trailer. The only horizontal force acting on the trailer is
T = 645 N forward , and this is exerted on the trailer by the car. Newtons third law then states that the force

the trailer exerts on the car is 645 N toward the rear . (d) The road exerts two forces on the car. These are F and nc shown in the free-body diagram of the car. From part (a),
F = T + 2 .15 103 N = 645 N + 2 .15 103 N = + 2 .80 103 N

Also, Fy

( )

car

= nc wc = mcar a y = 0 , so nc = wc = mcar g = 9.80 103 N

The resultant force exerted on the car by the road is then

Rcar =
2 F 2 + nc =

( 2 .80 103 N )2 + ( 9.80 103 N )2

= 1.02 10 4 N

n at = tan 1 c = tan 1 ( 3.51) = 74.1 above the horizontal and forward. Newtons third law then F

states that the resultant force exerted on the road by the car is
1.02 10 4 N at 74.1 below the horizontal and rearward

Page 4.54

Chapter 4 First, consider the 3.00-kg rising mass. The forces on it are the tension, T, and its weight, 29.4 N. With the upward direction as positive, the second law becomes
T 29.4 N = ( 3.00 kg ) a

44.38

Rising Mass

Falling Mass m2 5.00 kg

[1]

m1

3.00 kg

The forces on the falling 5.00-kg mass are its weight and T, and its acceleration has the same magnitude as that of the rising mass. Choosing the positive direction down for this mass, gives
49.0 N T = ( 5.00 kg ) a

w1

29.4 N

w2

49.0 N

[2]

(a)

Solving Equation (2) for a and substituting into [1] gives

3.00 kg T 29.4 N = ( 49.0 N T ) 5.00 kg

or

1.60 T = 58.8 N

and the tension is (b)

T = 36.8 N

Equation (2) then gives the acceleration as

a = 49.0 N 36.8 N = 2.44 m s2 5.00 kg

(c)

Consider the 3.00-kg mass. We have

y = v0 y t + 1 1 2 2.44 m s2 ( 1.00 s ) = 1.22 m ay t 2 = 0 + 2 2

4.39

When the block is on the verge of moving, the static friction force has a magnitude fs = Since equilibrium still exists and the applied force is 75 N, we have

( fs )max

= s n .

Fx = 75 N fs = 0

or

( fs )max
75 N

= 75 N

In this case, the normal force is just the weight of the crate, or n = mg . Thus, the coefficient of static friction is

s =

( fs )max
n

( fs )max
mg

( 20 kg ) 9.80 m s2

= 0.38

After motion exists, the friction force is that of kinetic friction, fk = k n . Since the crate moves with constant velocity when the applied force is 60 N, we find that Fx = 60 N fk = 0 or
fk = 60 N . Therefore, the coefficient of kinetic friction is

k =

fk f 60 N = k = n mg ( 20 kg ) 9.80 m s2

= 0.31

Page 4.55

Chapter 4 (a) The static friction force attempting to prevent motion may reach a maximum value of

4.40

( fs )max

= s n1 = s m1 g = ( 0.50 ) ( 10 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 49 N

This exceeds the force attempting to move the system, w2 = m2 g = 39 N . Hence, the system remains at rest and the acceleration is a = 0 (b) Once motion begins, the friction force retarding the motion is
fk = k n1 = k m1 g = ( 0.30 ) ( 10 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 29 N

This is less than the force trying to move the system, w2 = m2 g . Hence, the system gains speed at the rate
a = 4.0 kg 0.30 ( 10 kg ) 9.80 m s2 Fnet m g k m1 g = 2 = 4.0 kg + 10 kg mtotal m1 + m2

= 0.70 m s2

4.41

(a)

Since the crate has constant velocity, a x = a y = 0 . Applying Newtons second law:
Fx = F cos 20.0 fk = ma x = 0 fk = ( 300 N ) cos 20.0 = 282 N

or and

Fy = n F sin 20.0 w = 0

or

n = ( 300 N ) sin 20.0 + 1 000 N = 1.10 103 N

The coefficient of friction is then

k =
(b)

fk 282 N = = 0.256 n 1.10 103 N

In this case, Fy = n + F sin 20.0 w = 0 , so n = w F sin 20.0 = 897 N The friction force now becomes fk = k n = ( 0.256 ) ( 897 N ) = 230 N
w Therefore, Fx = F cos 20.0 fk = ma x = a x and the acceleration is g a =

( F cos 20.0 fk ) g
w

( 300 N ) cos 20.0 230 N 9.80 m s2 = 1 000 N

= 0.509 m s2

4.42

(a)

ax =

vx v0 x 6.00 m s 12.0 m s = = 1.20 m s2 5.00 s t

Page 4.56

Chapter 4 From Newtons second law, Fx = fk = ma x , or fk = ma x . The normal force exerted on the puck by the ice is n = mg , so the coefficient of friction is

(b)

k =

m 1.20 m s2 fk = n m 9.80 m s2

( (

= 0.122

(c)

v + v0 x 6.00 m s + 12.0 m s x = ( vx )av t = x ( 5.00 s ) = 45.0 m t = 2 2

4.43

When the load on the verge of sliding forward on the bed of the slowing truck, the rearward directed static friction force has its maximum value

mload g

fs n

( fs )max =s n =

s mload g

Since slipping is not yet occurring, this single horizontal force must give the load an acceleration equal to that the truck. Thus, Fx = ma x (a)
s mload g = mload atruck atruck = s g .

or

If slipping is to be avoided, the maximum allowable rearward acceleration of the truck is seen to be
2 atruck = s g , and v2 = v0 x + 2 a x ( x ) gives the minimum stopping distance as x

( x )min

2 v2 0 v0 x = 0x 2 s g 2 ( atruck )max

If v0 x = 12 m s and s = 0.500 , then

( x )min =

( 12.0 m s )2 2 ( 0.500 ) ( 9.80 m s2 )

= 14.7 m

(b)

Examining the calculation of Part (a) shows that neither mass is necessary

4.44

(a) The free-body diagram of the crate is shown at the right. Since the crate has no vertical acceleration a y = 0 , we see that
Fy = ma y n mg = 0 or n = mg

The only horizontal force present is the friction force exerted on the crate by the truck bed. Thus,
Fx = ma x f = ma

Page 4.57

Chapter 4

If the crate is not to slip (i.e., the static case is to prevail), it is necessary that the required friction force not exceed the maximum possible static friction force, ( fs ) max = s n . From this, we find the maximum allowable acceleration as:
amax = fmax = m

( fs )max
m

s n
m

s ( mg )
m

= s g = ( 0.350 ) 9.80 m s2 = 3.43 m s2

(b)

Once slipping has started, the kinetic friction case prevails and f = fk = k n . The acceleration of the crate in this case will be
a =

( mg ) n f = k = k = k g = ( 0.320 ) 9.80 m s2 = 3.14 m s2 m m m

4.45

(a)

The acceleration of the system is found from

y = v0 y t + 1 2 1 2 at , or 1.00 m = 0 + a ( 1.20 s ) 2 2

which gives a = 1.39 m s2

n f m1

m1g

Using the free body diagram of m2 , the second law gives

m2 m2g

( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80

s2

) T = ( 5.00 kg ) (1.39

s2

) or

m1g

T = 42 .1 N

Then applying the second law to the horizontal motion of m1

42 .1 N f = ( 10.0 kg ) 1.39 m s2 or f = 28.2 N

Since n = m1 g = 98.0 N , we have

k =

f 28.2 N = = 0.287 n 98.0 N

4.46

(a)

Since the puck is on a horizontal surface, the normal force is vertical. With a y = 0 , we see that
Fy = ma y n mg = 0 or n = mg

Once the puck leaves the stick, the only horizontal force is a friction force in the negative x-direction (to oppose the motion of the puck). The acceleration of the puck is
ax = k ( mg ) Fx fk k n = = = = k g m m m m

Page 4.58

Chapter 4
2 Then v2 = v0 x + 2 a x ( x ) gives the horizontal displacement of the puck before coming to rest as x

(b)

x =

2 2 2 v2 v0 x 0 v0 v0 x = = 2a x 2 k g 2 ( k g )

4.47

(a)

The crate does not accelerate perpendicular to the incline. Thus,

F = ma = 0 n = F + mg cos

The net force tending to move the crate down the incline is
F = mg sin fs , where fs is the force of static friction
q mg

fs

between the crate and the incline. If the crate is in equilibrium, then mg sin fs = 0 so
fs = Fg sin

35.0

But, we also know fs s n = s ( F + mg cos ) Therefore, we may write

mg sin s ( F + mg cos ) or,

sin sin 35.0 F mg cos = ( 3.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 cos 35.0 = 32.1 N 0.300 s

4.48

(a)

r Find the normal force n on the 25.0 kg box:

Fy = n + ( 80.0 N ) sin 25.0 245 N = 0

or n = 211 N Now find the friction force, f, as
f = k n = 0.300 ( 211 N ) = 63.4 N

y n f

80.

0N
25.0 x

mg

245 N

From the second law, we have Fx = ma , or

( 80.0 N ) cos 25.0 63.4 N= ( 25.0 kg ) a

which yields a = 0.366 m s2 . (b) When the box is on the incline,
Fy = n + ( 80.0 N ) sin 25.0 ( 245 N ) cos 10.0 = 0
n

giving n = 207 N The friction force is f = k n = 0.300 ( 207 N ) = 62.2 N The net force parallel to the incline is then
Fx = ( 80.0 N ) cos 25.0 ( 245 N ) sin 10.0 62 .2 N=-32 .3 N

N .0 80 F 25.0 x

245 N

10.0

Page 4.59

Chapter 4 Thus,
a = Fx 32 .3 N = = 1.29 m s2 or 1.29 m s2 down the incline 25.0 kg m

4.49

(a)

The object will fall so that ma = mg bv, or a = where the downward direction is taken as positive. Equilibrium ( a = 0 ) is reached when
v = vterminal = mg = b

( mg bv )
m
m

bv

( 50 kg ) ( 9.80
15 kg s

m s2

mg

= 33 m s

(b)

If the initial velocity is less than 33 m/s, then a 0 and 33 m/s is the largest velocity attained by the object. On the other hand, if the initial velocity is greater than 33 m/s, then a 0 and 33 m/s is the smallest velocity attained by the object. Note also that if the initial velocity is 33 m/s, then a = 0 and the object continues falling with a constant speed of 33 m/s.

4.50

(a)

The force of friction is found as f = k n = k ( mg ) Choose the positive direction of the x-axis in the direction of motion and apply Newtons second law. We have
Fx = f = ma x f = k g m

or

ax =

2 From v2 = v0 + 2 a ( x ) , with v = 0, v0 = 50.0 km h = 13.9 m s , we find

0 = ( 13.9 m s ) + 2 ( k g ) ( x )
2

or

x =

( 13.9

m s)

2 k g

[1]

With k = 0.100 , this gives

x =

(13.9 m s )2 2 ( 0.100 ) ( 9.80 m s2 )

= 98.6 m

(b)

With k = 0.600 , Equation (1) above gives

x =

( 13.9 m s )2 2 ( 0.600 ) ( 9.80 m s2 )

= 16.4 m

Page 4.60

Chapter 4

4.51

(a)

x = v0 t + 2 ( x ) t2

1 1 a x t 2 = 0 + a x t 2 gives: 2 2 2 ( 2.00 m )

ax =

(1.50 s )

= 1.78 m s2

(b)

Considering forces parallel to the incline, Newtons second law yields

Fx = ( 29.4 N ) sin 30.0 fk = ( 3.00 kg ) 1.78 m s2

)
x

fk

m kn

or fk = 9.37 N Perpendicular to the plane, we have equilibrium, so

Fy = n ( 29.4 N ) cos 30.0 = 0
30.0

or

n = 25.5 N

30.0

mg

29.4 N

Then,

k =

fk 9.37 N = = 0.368 n 25.5 N

(c) (d)

From part (b) above, fk = 9.37 N

2 Finally, v2 = v0 + 2 a x ( x ) gives
2 v = v0 + 2ax ( x ) = 0 + 2 1.78 m s 2 ( 2.00 m ) = 2.67 m s

4.52

r (b) When the minimum force F is used, the block tends to slide down r the incline so the friction force, f s is directed up the incline.

While the block is in equilibrium, we have

Fx = F cos 60.0 + fs ( 19.6 N )sin 60.0 = 0
x

fk

m kn

[1] and
Fy = n F sin 60.0 ( 19.6 N ) cos 60.0 = 0

30.0 30.0

[2]

mg

29.4 N

For minimum F (impending motion), Equation [2] gives

fs =

( fs )max

= s n = ( 0.300 ) n

[3] [4]

n = 0.866 F + 9.80 N

Page 4.61

Chapter 4
fs = 0.300 ( 0.866 F + 9.80 N ) = 0.260 F + 2.94 N , so

(a)

Equation [3] becomes: Equation [1] gives

0.500 F + 0.260 F + 2.94 N 17.0 N = 0

or

F = 18.5 N .

(b)

Finally, Equation (4) gives the normal force

n = 0.866 (18.5 N ) + 9.80 N= 25.8 N .

4.53

b)

First, taking downward as positive, apply Newtons second law to the 12.0 kg block:
Fy = ( 12.0 kg ) g T = ( 12 .0 kg ) a

or
T = ( 12.0 kg ) 9.80 m s2 a

[1]

T 12.0 kg y

7.00 kg

For the 7.00 kg block, we have

F = 0 n = ( 68.6 N ) cos 37.0 = 54.8 N
w 118 N

37.0 w 68.6 N

and
f = k n = ( 0.250 ) ( 54.8 N ) = 13.7 N

Taking up the incline as the positive direction and applying Newtons second law to the 7.00-kg block gives
Fx = T f ( 68.6 N )sin 37.0 = ( 7.00 kg ) a , or

( 7.00 kg ) a

= T 13.7 N 41.3 N

(2)

Substituting Equation [1] into [2] yields

( 7.00 kg+12.0 kg ) a
4.54

= 62.7 N or a = 3.30 m s2

(a)

Both objects start from rest and have accelerations of the same magnitude, a. This magnitude can be determined by applying y = v0 y t +
a = 2 ( y ) t2 = 2 ( 1.00 m )
1 2

a y t 2 to the motion of m1 :

( 4.00s )

= 0.125 m s2

Page 4.62

Chapter 4

(b) Consider the free-body diagram of m1 and apply Newtons 2nd law:

Fy = ma y
or

T m1 g = m1 ( + a )

T m1

m1g

T = m1 ( g + a ) = ( 4.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 0.125 m s2 = 39.7 N (c) Considering the free-body diagram of m2 :

Fy = ma y
so

n m2 g cos = 0 or n = m2 g cos ,

T fk q

n = ( 9.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 cos 40.0 = 67.6 N .

Fx = ma x m2 g sin T fk = m2 ( + a )

x m2g

Then fk = m2 ( g sin a ) T , or
fk = ( 9.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 sin 40.0 0.125 m s2 39.7 N = 15.9 N

The coefficient of kinetic friction is

k =

fk 15.9 N = = 0.235 n 67.6 N

4.55
y nground 22.0 22.0
F2 F1

y w/2 85.0 lb

ntip

f w 170 lb

Free-Body Diagram of Person

Free-Body Diagram of Crutch Tip

From the free-body diagram of the person, Fx = F1 sin ( 22 .0 ) F2 sin ( 22 .0 ) = 0 , which gives or
F1 = F2 = F

Then, Fy = 2 F cos 22 .0 + 85.0 lbs 170 lbs = 0 yields F = 45.8 lb (a) Now consider the free-body diagram of a crutch tip.
Fx = f ( 45.8 lb ) sin 22 .0 = 0 ,

Page 4.63

45.8

lb

22.0

Chapter 4 or
f = 17.2 lb Fy = ntip ( 45.8 lb ) cos 22 .0 = 0 ,

which gives ntip = 42 .5 lb For minimum coefficient of friction, the crutch tip will be on the verge of slipping, so f =

( fs )max
f

= s ntip
= 17.2 lb = 0.404 42.5 lb

and s =

ntip

(b)

As found above, the compression force in each crutch is F1 = F2 = F = 45.8 lb

4.56

(b)

The acceleration of the ball is found from

2 ( 20.0 m s ) 0 = 133 m s2 v 2 v0 a = = 2 ( y ) 2 ( 1.50 m ) 2

bv

From the second law, Fy = F w = ma y , so

F = w + ma y = 1.47 N + ( 0.150 kg ) 133 m s2 = 21.5 N

mg

4.57 (a)

(b)

Note that the suspended block on the left, m4 , is heavier than that on the right, m2 . Thus, if the system overcomes friction and moves, the center block will move right to left with each blocks acceleration being
in the directions shown above .

Page 4.64

Chapter 4

First, consider the center block, m1 , which has no vertical acceleration. Then,
Fy = n m1 g = 0

or

n = m1 g = ( 1.00 kg ) 9.80 m s2 = 9.80 N

This means the friction force is:

f = k n = ( 0.350 ) ( 9.80 N ) = 3.43 N

Assuming the cords do not stretch, the speeds of the three blocks must always be equal. Thus, the magnitudes of the blocks accelerations must have a common value, a.
uur uu r uu r a 4 = a1 = a 2 = a

Taking the indicated direction of the acceleration as the positive direction of motion for each block, we apply Newtons second law to each block as follows For m4 : For m1 : For m2 :
m4 g T1 = m4 a T1 T2 f = m1a T2 m2 g = m2 a

or or or

T1 = m4 ( g a ) = ( 4.00 kg ) ( g a )
T1 T2 = ( 1.00 kg ) a + 3.43 N

[1] [2] [3]

T2 = m2 ( g + a ) = ( 2.00 kg ) ( g + a )

Substituting equations [1] and [3] into equation [2], and solving for a yields the following:

( 4.00 kg ) ( g a ) ( 2.00 kg ) ( g + a ) = ( 1.00 kg ) a + 3.43 N

a =

( 4.00 kg 2.00 kg ) ( 9.80

m s2 3.43 N

4.00 kg + 2.00 kg + 1.00 kg

= 2.31 m s2

(c)

Using this result in equations [1] and [3] gives the tensions in the two cords as:
T1 = ( 4.00 kg ) ( g a ) = ( 4.00 kg ) ( 9.80 2.31) m s2 = 30.0 N

and
T2 = ( 2.00 kg ) ( g + a ) = ( 2.00 kg ) ( 9.80 + 2.31) m s2 = 24.2 N

(e) From the final calculation in part (b), observe that if the friction force had a value of zero (rather than 3.53 N), the acceleration of the system would increase in magnitude. Then, observe from equations [1] and [3] that this would mean T1 would decrease while T2 would increase

Page 4.65

Chapter 4 The sketch at the right gives an edge view of the sail (heavy r line) as seen from above. The velocity of the wind, v wind , is directed to the east and the force the wind exerts on the sail is perpendicular to the sail. The magnitude of this force is
N r Fsail = 550 v wind m s r where v wind is the component of the wind velocity perpendicular to

4.58

north

Fsail

30

30 vwind

east

the sail.

When the sail is oriented at 30 from the north-south line and the wind speed is vwind = 17 knots , we have
N r Fsail = 550 v wind m s N = 550 m s 0.514 m s 3 17 knots cos 30 = 4.2 10 N 1 knot

The eastward component of this force will be counterbalanced by the force of the water on the keel of the boat. Before the sailboat has significant speed (that is, before the drag force develops), its acceleration is provided by the u r northward component of F sail . Thus, the initial acceleration is u r F sail 4.2 103 N sin 30 north a = = 2.6 m s2 = 800 kg m

4.59

(a) The horizontal component of the resultant force exerted on the light by the cables is
Rx = Fx = ( 60.0 N ) cos 45.0 ( 60.0 N ) cos 45.0 = 0
y

The resultant y component is:

Ry = Fy = ( 60.0 N ) sin 45.0 + ( 60.0 N ) sin 45.0 = 84.9 N

60
45.0

.0

60

.0

N
45.0 x

Hence, the resultant force is 84.9 N vertically upward .

(b)

The forces on the traffic light are the weight, directed downward, and the 84.9 N vertically upward force exerted by the cables. Since the light is in equilibrium, the resultant of these forces must be zero. Thus,
w = 84.9 N .

Page 4.66

Chapter 4 (a) For the suspended block, Fy = T 50.0 N = 0 , so the tension in the rope is T = 50.0 N . Then, considering the horizontal forces on the 100-N block, we find
Fx = T fs = 0 , or fs = T = 50.0 N

4.60

(b)

If the system is on the verge of slipping, fs =

( fs )max

= s n . Therefore,

the minimum acceptable coefficient of friction is

s =
(c)

fs 50.0 N = = 0.500 n 100 N

If k = 0.250 , then the friction force acting on the 100-N block is

fk = k n = ( 0.250 ) ( 100 N ) = 25.0 N

Since the system is to move with constant velocity, the net horizontal force on the 100-N block must be zero, or Fx = T fk = T 25.0 N = 0 . The required tension in the rope is T = 25.0 N . Now, considering the forces acting on the suspended block when it moves with constant velocity, Fy = T w = 0 , giving the required weight of this block as w = T = 25.0 N .
4.61

On the level surface, the normal force exerted on the sled by the ice equals the total weight, or n = 600 N. Thus, the friction force is
f = k n = ( 0.050 ) ( 600 N ) = 30 N

Hence, Newtons second law yields Fx = f = ma x , or

ax = ( 30 N ) 9.80 m s2 f f = = 600 N m w g

= 0.49 m s2

The distance the sled travels on the level surface before coming to rest is
2 0 ( 7.0 m s ) v2 v0 x x = x = 2 ax 2 0.49 m s2 2

= 50 m

4.62

Consider the vertical forces acting on the block:

Fy = ( 85.0 N ) sin 55.0 39.2 N n = ma y = 0 ,

so the normal force is

n = 69.6 N 39.2 N = 30.4 N

Now, consider the horizontal forces: Fx = ( 85.0 N ) cos 55.0 fk = ma x = ( 4.00 kg ) 6.00 m s2 or
fk = ( 85.0 N ) cos 55.0 24.0 N = 24.8 N

fk

n 4.00 kg

)
55.0

mg

39.2 N

85.0 N

Page 4.67

Chapter 4

The coefficient of kinetic friction is then k =

fk 24.8 N = = 0.814 . n 30.4 N

4.63

(a) (b)

The force that accelerates the box is the friction force between the box and the truck bed. The maximum acceleration the truck can have before the box slides is found by considering the maximum static friction force the truck bed can exert on the box:

( fs )max

= s n = s ( mg )

Thus, from Newtons second law,

amax =

( f s ) max
m

s ( mg )
m

= s g = ( 0.300) 9.80 m s 2 = 2.94 m s 2

4.64

Let m1 = 5.00 kg, m2 = 4.00 kg, and m3 = 3.00 kg . Let T1 be the tension in the string between m1 and m2 , and
T2 the tension in the string between m2 and m3 .

(a)

We may apply Newtons second law to each of the masses. for m1: for m2 : for m3 :
m1a = T1 m1 g m2 a = T2 + m2 g T1 m3 a = m3 g T2

[1] [2] [3]

Adding these equations yields ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) a = ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) g , so

m1 + m2 + m3 2.00 kg 2 2 a = g = 12.0 kg 9.80 m s = 1.63 m s m1 + m2 + m3

(b)

From Equation [1], T1 = m1 ( a + g ) = ( 5.00 kg ) 11.4 m s2 = 57.2 N , and from Equation [3], T2 = m3 ( g a ) = ( 3.00 kg ) 8.17 m s2 = 24.5 N

Page 4.68

Chapter 4 When an object of mass m is on this frictionless incline, the only force acting parallel to the incline is the parallel component of weight, mg sin directed down the incline. The acceleration is then
a = F mg sin = = g sin = 9.80 m s2 sin 35.0 = 5.62 m s2 (directed down the incline) m m

4.65

(a)

Taking up the incline as positive, the time for the sled projected up the incline to come to rest is given by
t = v v0 0 5.00 m s = = 0.890 s a 5.62 m s2

The distance the sled travels up the incline in this time is

v + v0 0 + 5.00 m s s = vav t = t = ( 0.890 s ) = 2.22 m 2 2

(b)

The time required for the first sled to return to the bottom of the incline is the same as the time needed to go up, that is, t = 0.890 s . In this time, the second sled must travel down the entire 10.0 m length of the incline. The needed initial velocity is found from s = v0t + v0 = or 5.62 m s2 s at 10.0 m = t 2 0.890 s 2

1 2 at as 2
= 8.74 m s

) ( 0.890 s )

8.74 m s down the incline .

4.66

Before she enters the water, the diver is in free-fall with an acceleration of 9.80 m s2 downward. Taking downward as the positive direction, her velocity when she reaches the water is given by
v =
2 v0 + 2 a ( y ) =

0 + 2 9.80 m s2

) (10.0 m )

= 14.0 m s

This is also her initial velocity for the 2.00 s after hitting the water. Her average acceleration during this 2.00 s interval is
aav = 0 ( 14.0 m s ) v v0 = = 7.00 m s2 2 .00 s t

Continuing to take downward as the positive direction, the average upward force by the water is found as

Fy = Fav + mg = maav , or
Fav = m ( aav g ) = ( 70.0 kg ) 7.00 m s2 9.80 m s2 = 1.18 103 N

or
Fav = 1.18 103 N upward

Page 4.69

Chapter 4 (a) Free-body diagrams for the two blocks are given at the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction for aluminum on steel is

4.67

n1

1 = 0.47 while that for copper on steel is 2 = 0.36 . Since

a y = 0 for each block,

Aluminum 2.00 kg f1 w1

n1 = w1 and n2 = w2 cos 30.0 .

19.6 N

Thus,
f1 = 1n1 = 0.47 ( 19.6 N ) = 9.21 N

and
f2 = 2 n2 = 0.36 ( 58.8 N ) cos 30.0 = 18.3 N

f2

n2 Co 6.0 pper 0k g x 30 w2 58.8 N

For the aluminum block:

Fx = ma x T f1 = m ( + a ) or T = f1 + ma

giving

T = 9.21 N + ( 2.00 kg ) a

[1]

For the copper block:

Fx = ma x

( 58.8 N ) sin 30.0 T

18.3 N = ( 6.00 kg ) a

or

11.1 N T = ( 6.00 kg ) a

[2]

Substituting Equation [1] into Equation [2] gives

11.1 N 9.21 N ( 2.00 kg ) a = ( 6.00 kg ) a

or
a = 1.86 N = 0.232 m s2 8.00 kg

(b)

From Equation [1] above,

T = 9.21 N + ( 2.00 kg ) 0.232 m s2 = 9.68 N .

4.68

In the vertical direction, we have

mg Fy = T cos 4.0 mg = 0 , or T = cos 4.0

4.0 y

In the horizontal direction, the second law becomes:

Fx = T sin 4.0 = ma , so a = T sin 4.0 = g tan 4.0 = 0.69 m s2 m

x mg

Page 4.70

Chapter 4 Figure 1 is a free-body diagram for the system consisting of both blocks. The friction forces are
f1 = k n1 = k ( m1 g ) and f2 = k ( m2 g )

4.69

For this system, the tension in the connecting rope is an

a n1 m1

internal force and is not included in second law calculations. The second law gives
Fx = 50 N f1 f2 = ( m1 + m2 ) a
f1

n2 m2

50 N

m1g

f2

m 2g

which reduces to
a = 50 N k g m1 + m2

[1]

Figure 2 gives a free-body diagram of m1 alone. For this system, the tension is an external force and must be included in the second law. We find: F = T f = m a , or x 1 1
T = m1 ( a + k g )

[2]

If the surface is frictionless, k = 0 . Then, Equation [1] gives

a = 50 N 50 N 0 = = 1.7 m s2 m1 + m2 30 kg

and Equation [2] yields

T = ( 10 kg ) 1.7 m s2 + 0 = 17 N .

(b) If k = 0.10 , Equation [1] gives the acceleration as

a = 50 N ( 0.10 ) 9.80 m s2 = 0.69 m s2 30 kg

while Equation (2) gives the tension as

T = ( 10 kg ) 0.69 m s2 + ( 0.10 ) 9.80 m s2 = 17 N

4.70

(a)

Page 4.71

Chapter 4

(b)

No. In general, the static friction force is less than the maximum value of ( fs ) max = s n . It is equal to this

maximum value only when the coin is on the verge of slipping, or at the critical angle c .
For c , f ( fs ) max = s n .

(c)

Recognize that when the y axis is chosen perpendicular to the incline as shown above, a y = 0 and we find
Fy = n mg cos = ma y = 0

or

n = mg cos

Also, when static conditions still prevail, but the coin is on the verge of slipping, we have
a x = 0, = c , and f =

( fs )max

= s n = s mg cos c . Then, Newtons second law becomes

Fx = mg sin c s mg cos c = max = 0

and
sin c = tan c cos c

s mg cos c = mg sin c yielding s =

(d)

Once the coin starts to slide, kinetic conditions prevail and the friction force is

f = f k = k n = k mg cos
At = c < c , the coin slides with constant velocity, and a x = 0 again. Under these conditions, Newtons second law gives
Fx = mg sin c k mg cos c = ma x = 0

and

k mg cos c = mg sin c
yielding
sin c = tan c cos c

k =

Page 4.72

Chapter 4 (a) When the pole exerts a force downward and toward the rear on the lakebed, the lakebed exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude, F, on the end of the pole. As the boat floats on the surface of the lake, its vertical acceleration is a y = 0 . Thus, Newtons second law gives the magnitude of the buoyant force, FB , as
Fy = FB + F cos mg = 0

4.71

and, with = 35.0 ,

FB = mg F cos = ( 370 kg ) 9.80 m s2 ( 240 N ) cos 35.0

or
FB = 3.43 103 N = 3.43 kN

(b)

Applying Newtons second law to the horizontal motion of the boat gives
u r Fx = F sin F drag = ma x

or

ax =

( 240 N ) sin 35.0 47.5 N

370 kg

= 0.244 m s2

After an elapsed time t = 0.450 s , vx = v0 x + a x t gives the velocity of the boat as

vx = 0.857 m s + 0.244 m s2

) ( 0.450 s ) =

0.967 m s

(c)

u r If angle increased while the magnitude of F remained constant, the vertical component of this force would

decrease. The buoyant force would have to increase to support more of the weight of the boat and its
u r contents. At the same time, the horizontal component of F would increase, which would
increase the acceleration of the boat.

4.72

(a)

(b)

Applying Newtons second law to the rope yields

Fx = ma x Fx = ma x F T = mr a or or T = F mr a

[1]

Then, applying Newtons second law to the block, we find

T = mb a F mr a = mb a

Page 4.73

Chapter 4 which gives

a = F mb + mr

(c)

Substituting the acceleration found above back into equation [1] gives the tension at the left end of the rope as
mb + mr mr F T = F mr a = F mr = F mb + mr mb + mr

or
mb T = F mb + mr

(d)

From the result of (c) above, we see that as mr approaches zero, T approaches F. Thus,
the tension in a cord of negligible mass is constant along its length .

4.73

Choose the positive x axis to be down the incline and the y axis perpendicular to this as shown in the free-body diagram of the toy. The acceleration of the toy then has components of
a y = 0, and a x = v x + 30.0 m s = = + 5.00 m s2 t 6.00 s
x

T a

mg q

Applying the second law to the toy gives: (a)

Fx = mg sin = ma x

sin = ma x mg = a x g ,

and

= sin 1
(b)

2 ax 1 5.00 m s = sin 9.80 m s2 = 30.7 g

Fy = T mg cos = ma y = 0 , or

T = mg cos = ( 0.100 kg ) 9.80 m s2 cos 30.7 = 0.843 N

Page 4.74

Chapter 4 The sketch at the right gives the free-body diagram of the person. The scale simply reads the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the student by the seat. From Newtons second law, we obtain
Fy = ma y =0 n mg cos 30.0 = 0

4.74

or
n = mg cos = ( 200 lb ) cos 30.0 = 173 lb

4.75

The acceleration the car has as it is coming to a stop is

a =
2 v 2 v0

2 ( x )

0 ( 35 m s ) 2 ( 1 000 m )

= 0.61 m s2

Thus, the magnitude of the total retarding force acting on the car is
w 8 820 N F = m a = a = 0.61 m s2 = 5.5 102 N g 9.80 m s2

4.766

(a)

In the vertical direction, we have

Fy = ( 8 000 N ) sin 65.0 w = ma y = 0

8 000 N 65.0

so (b)

w = ( 8 000 N ) sin 65.0 = 7.25 103 N

Along the horizontal, Newtons second law yields

w Fx = ( 8 000 N ) cos 65.0 = ma x = a x g

mg

or
ax = g ( 8 000 N ) cos 65.0 w =

( 9.80

m s2

) ( 8 000 N ) cos 65.0

7.25 103 N

Page 4.75

Chapter 4 Since the board is in equilibrium, Fx = 0 and we see that the normal forces must have the same magnitudes on both sides of the board. Also, if the minimum normal forces (compression forces) are being applied, the board is on the verge of slipping and the friction force on each side is f =

4.77

( fs )max = s n

The board is also in equilibrium in the vertical direction, so

Fy = 2 f w = 0, or f = w 2
w 95.5 N

The minimum compression force needed is then

n = f

2 s

95.5 N = 72.0 N 2 ( 0.663 )

4.78

Consider the two free-body diagrams, one of the penguin alone and one of the combined system consisting of penguin plus sled. The normal force exerted on the penguin by the sled is
n1 = w1 = m1 g
w1 70.0 N

n1

n2

f1

f2 w total 130 N

and the normal force exerted on the combined system by the ground is
n2 = wtotal = mtotal g = 130 N

The penguin is accelerated forward by the static friction force exerted on it by the sled. When the penguin is on the verge of slipping, this acceleration is

amax =

( f1 )max
m1

s n1
m1

s m1 g
m1

) = g = ( 0.700 ) ( 9.80 m s ) = 6.86 m s

s 2

Page 4.76

Chapter 4 Since the penguin does not slip on the sled, the combined system must have the same acceleration as the penguin. Applying Newtons second law to this system gives
Fx = F f2 = mtotal amax w F = f2 + mtotal amax = k ( wtotal ) + total amax g

or

which yields
130 N F = ( 0.100 ) ( 130 N ) + 6.86 m s2 = 104 N 9.80 m s2

4.79

First, we will compute the needed accelerations: (1) Before it starts to move:
ay = 0

(2)

During the first 0.80 s:

ay = v y v0 y t = 1.2 m s 0 = 1.5 m s2 0.80 s

(3)

While moving at constant velocity:

ay = 0

(4)

During the last 1.5 s:

ay = v y v0 y t = 0 1.2 m s = 0.80 m s2 1.5 s

The spring scale reads the normal force the scale exerts on the man. Applying Newtons second law to the vertical motion of the man gives:

Fy = n mg = ma y

or

n = m g + ay

(a)

When a y = 0 ,
n = ( 72 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 0 = 7.1 10 2 N

(b)

When a y = 1.5 m s2 ,
n = ( 72 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 1.5 m s2 = 8.1 10 2 N

(c)

When a y = 0 ,
n = ( 72 kg ) 9.80 m s2 + 0 = 7.1 10 2 N

Page 4.77

Chapter 4 When a y = 0.80 m s2 ,

n = ( 72 kg ) 9.80 m s2 0.80 m s2 = 6.5 102 N

(d)

4.80

The friction force exerted on the mug by the moving tablecloth is the only horizontal force the mug experiences during this process. Thus, the horizontal acceleration of the mug will be
amug = fk mmug = 0.100 N = 0.500 m s2 0.200 kg

The cloth and the mug both start from rest ( v0 x = 0 ) at time t = 0 . Then, at time t > 0 , the horizontal displacements of the mug and cloth are given by x = v0 x t +
xmug = 0 +
1 2 1 2

a x t 2 as:

( 0.500

m s2 t 2 = 0.250 m s2 t 2

and
xcloth = 0 +
1 2

( 3.00
(

m s2 t 2 = 1.50 m s2 t 2

In order for the edge of the cloth to slip under the mug, it is necessary that xcloth = xmug + 0.300 m , or

(1.50
t =

m s2 t 2 = 0.250 m s2 t 2 + 0.300 m

The elapsed time when this occurs is

0.300 m = 0.490s (1.50 0.250 ) m s2

At this time, the mug has moved a distance of

xmug = 0.250 m s2

) ( 0.490 s )2

= 6.00 10 2 m = 6.00 cm

Page 4.78

Chapter 4 (a) Consider the first free-body diagram in which Chris and the chair treated as a combined system. The weight of this system is
wtotal = 480 N , and its mass is mtotal = wtotal = 49.0 kg g
T 250 N

4. 81

250 N

250 N

Taking upward as positive, the acceleration of this system is found from Newtons second law as
Fy = 2T wtotal = mtotal a y

Thus
ay = 2 ( 250 N ) 480 N 49.0 kg
wtotal 320 N 160 N wChris 320 N

= + 0.408 m s2

or
0.408 m s2 upward

(b)

The downward force that Chris exerts on the chair has the same magnitude as the upward normal force exerted on Chris by the chair. This is found from the free-body diagram of Chris alone as
Fy = T + n wChris = mChris a y

so
n = mChris a y + wChris T

Hence,
320 N n = 0.408 m s2 + 320 N 250 N = 83.3 N 9.80 m s2

4.82

ur Let R represent the horizontal force of air resistance. Since the

helicopter and bucket move at constant velocity, a x = a y = 0 . The second law then gives:
y

Fy = T cos 40.0 mg = 0
Also,

or

mg T= cos 40.0
R

40.0

Fx = T sin 40.0 R = 0

or

R = T sin 40.0
w mg

Page 4.79

Chapter 4 Thus,

mg 2 3 R= sin 40.0 = ( 620 kg ) 9.80 m s tan 40.0 = 5.10 10 N cos 40.0

Page 4.80