Radiation From Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole: Doece, Svnit
Radiation From Infinitesimal (Hertizian) Dipole: Doece, Svnit
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DoECE, SVNIT
Introduction
l ; thin wire ;
Magnetic vector potential due to current
element
To find the fields radiated by this current element we have
to obtain the magnetic vector potential 𝐴Ԧ due to the source
at distance r from the origin (as the source is at the origin)
r x2 y2 z2
l /50
expression - change to
spherical
source
For
points
(x’,y’,z’)
l
l /50
x x y y z z
2 2 2
R ' ' '
(x’,y’,z’)
(infinitesimal dipole). l
o Io e jkr
/2
A(x, y,z) aˆ z
4 r
/2
d z'
R x x y y z z
' 2 ' 2 ' 2
d
'
along source
c
Field due to current element
k I o 1 jkr
H j sin 1 e [4-8]
4 r
jkr
Hr 0
H 0
Field due to current element
I o 1 jkr
Er cos 1 e
2 r 2
jkr
E j
k I o
sin
1
1 jkr
4 r 1 2 2
e
jkr k r
E 0
W ( E H ) aˆ E H a E H
1 1
2 2 r r
2
I sin 2 1
W o 1 j
r 8 r 2 3
(kr )
o
2
k I cos sin 1
W j 1 j
2
16 r 3 2
(kr )
Radiated power due to current element
2
0
d 0
Wr r 2 sin d [4-14]
1
2
I o
1 j (kr)3
3
Radiated power due to current element
Example: 0.02 Rr 0.316
50
(Impedance would also have a large capacitive term that is not
calculated here.)
Radiated power due to current element
I o e jkr
Er j cos Like ‘quasistationary” fields
2 k r 3
E near static electric dipole
H near static current
I o e jkr
Dominant terms
E j sin element
4 k r 3
I o e jkr
H sin [4-20]
4 r 2
Field Region
I
Biot – Savart Law :
H aˆ o 2 sin (same as above when kr 0)
infinitesimal current
element in az direction
4 r
k I o e jkr
E j sin
Dominant terms 4 r
k I o e jkr
H j sin [4-26]
4 r
Er E H r H 0
Field Region of INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE
k I 2 sin 2
Re[ E H ]
1
W aˆ o [4-28]
avg 2 r2 4 r2
2
k I [4-29]
RADIATION INTENSITY U r 2 W o
2
sin
avg 2 4
2
Io sin 2
avg 8
Note: W as before for Real ( Wr )
r 2
Field Region of INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE
U 8 3
D 4 max Do 4 1.5 [4-31]
o Io
2
P 2
rad
3
2
k Io
U in =90 direction
max 2 4
2
I
P o
rad 3
Io
2
sin 2
8
D 4
3 2
sin 1.5sin 2
Io
2
2
3
Radiated Power due to Small Dipole
Uniform current assumption - only valid for ideal case ( approximated by
capacitor plate antenna)
' /50 < 𝓵 < /10
aˆ I 1 2 z '
0 z
z o 2
' ' '
I ( x 0, y 0, z )
e '
2 z
aˆ z Io 1 z' 0
2
The distance R from the different positions on the
antenna to the observation point is not much
different from the value r.
R≈r
o 0
2 z ' e jkr
/2
2 z ' e jkr
A(x, y,z) aˆ z Io 1 d z ' aˆ z Io 1 '
dz
4 /2 r 0 r
Radiated Power due to Small Dipole
1 o Io
A(x, y,z) aˆ z e jkr
2 4 r
Iav= 0.5 I0
𝟏
𝑨𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 = 𝟐 𝑨𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
Radiated Power due to Small Dipole
Since the potential function for the triangular distribution is one half of
the corresponding one for the constant current distribution, the
corresponding fields of the small dipole are simply half those of
infinitesimal dipole.
k I o e jkr
E j sin
8 r ½ value of fields compared
to constant current case
k I o e jkr
H j sin
8 r
/50 < 𝓵 < /10
Radiated Power due to Small Dipole
I o
2
Prad
12 _
1 value of case of
2
4 constant current [4-37]
Rr 20 2
1 z 2
R r z cos
'
sin 2
r 2
approx. error
[4.41]
(max error where = 90° ; 4th term = 0 there) Fig. 4.5 Finite dipole geometry
and far-field approximations
31
FINITE LENGTH DIPOLE
(CONT)
32
FINITE LENGTH DIPOLE
(CONT)
k z 2 2 2 2 2
max z ' r [4-45]
2r 8 2 8r 8
1 ORIGIN OF
for magnitude term use R r DEFINITION
r
for phase term e jkr use R r - z cos OF FAR FIELD
33
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
A good approximation of the current distribution along the dipole's
length is the sinusoidal one:
“thin” wire, center fed, zero current at end points (z’=± 𝓁/2)
'
ˆ
z o
a I sin k z 0 z'
2 2
I ( x' 0, y ' 0, z ' )
e [4-56]
aˆ I sin k z ' z'
z o 2 0
2
A(x, y,z) a z
ˆ I z' d z'
4 /2
R
has an analytical (closed form) solution.
Here, however, we follow a standard approach used to calculate the
far field for an arbitrary wire antenna.
It is based on the solution for the field of the infinitesimal dipole.
The finite-length is subdivided into an infinite number of infinitesimal
dipoles of length dz'.
For an infinitesimal dipole of length dz‘ positioned along z-axis at z',
the electric and the magnetic field components at far-field is given
as:
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Radiated fields at P(x, y, z) or P(r, θ, ϕ) of finite dipole
For infinitesimal dipole at z’ of length z’
' jkR
I (z ) e
d E j k e sin d z '
4 R
Since source is only along the z
axis (𝑥 ′ = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0)
( let R
In far field region
phase term r z ' cos)
' jkr
I (z ) e
d E j k e sin e jkz cos d z '
'
4 r
k e jkr /2
jkz ' cos
E j sin '
Ie (z ) e d z' [4-58a]
4 r / 2
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
The first factor
k e jkr
EF j sin
4 r
is called the element factor.
The element factor in this case is the far field produced by an
infinitesimal dipole of unit current element.
The element factor is the same for any current element, provided the
angle θ is always associated with the current axis.
The second factor
AF
/2
' jkz ' cos
Ie ( z ) e d z'
/2
Power Density:
2
k k
cos cos cos
2
2
Re[ E H ]
1 1 2 I 2 [4-63]
Wr avg E o
2 2 8 2 r 2 sin
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Radiation Intensity
2
k k
cos cos cos
Io2
2
2
U r Wavg
2
8 2 sin
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
3-dB l ≪ λ 3-dB beamwidth = 900
BEAMWIDTH
l = λ/4 3-dB beamwidth = 870
l = λ /2 90° 87°
3-dB BEAMWIDTH
3-dB beamwidth =780 78°
64°
l = 3λ /4 48°
3-dB beamwidth=640
l=λ
3-dB beamwidth=47.80 .25 0.5 0.75 1
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
3-dB BEAMWIDTH
If allow 𝓁 > 𝜆 new lobes begin to appear
Fig. 4.6
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Radiated power
Prad Wavg ds 4.66
s
Fig. 4.9
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Input Resistance:
(note that Rr uses Imax in its derivation) z’
𝜆
𝓁 ≥
2
V
Z in
I at input Ie (z’)
terminals
for I in Io
I o I max
So, even for lossless antenna ( RL = 0 )
2
I
Rr Rin Rin o Rr
Rr
k [4-77a]
I in sin 2
2
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Not true in practical case, current not exactly sinusoidal at the feed point (due to
non-zero radius of wire and finite feed gap at terminals)
Numerous ways to account for more exact current distribution, result in currents
that are both in and out of phase, and in Rin+jXin (subject of extensive research,
numerical and analytical)
Input Resistance
FINITE LENGTH DIPOLE
(CONT)
49
Radiated Power due to Finite-length
infinitesimally thin dipole
Input Resistance (Empirical formula for Rin):
k
let G for dipole of length G
2
Rin 20G 2 0
4
0 G
4
[4-107] [4-110]
HALF WAVE DIPOLE (l = /2)
Io e jkr cos 2 cos
E j
2 r sin [4-84]
jkr cos 2 cos
Io e
H j
2 r sin [4-85]
sin 2
1
0.9
2
cos 2 cos
0.8
Io 2
Wavg [4-86]
0.7
Normalized Power
8 2 r 2 sin 0.6
0.5
0.4
sin 3
0.3
cos2 cos
Io 2
2 d
0.2
Prad [4-88]
4 0 sin 0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(deg)
HALF WAVE DIPOLE (l = /2)
Radiated power due to half-wave dipole
I2
P o C (2 ) where C (2 ) 2.435 [4-89]
rad 8 in in
U max
Do 4 1.64 [4-91] Slightly more
Prad directive than
inf. dipole with
Do = 1.5
HALF WAVE DIPOLE (l = /2)
Radiated power due to half-wave dipole
P
Rr 2 rad C (2 ) 73
I2 4 in
o
same current; 1
voltage 1
impedance
2 2
U max
Do 4 2 1.64 3.28
Prad
2
55
Monopole antenna
Ground
plane
Ease of construction;
Structural rigidity;
x→ virtual short-circuits
o→ open circuits
Folded Dipole Antenna
Transmission Line Mode :The transmission line currents do not
radiate since we have two closely-spaced and equal currents
travelling in opposite directions.
Therefore, they cancel in the far field. This is the same phenomenon
we have in a transmission line (two oppositely-directed currents).
V /2 V /2
It
Zt jZ 0 tan L/2
Z L jZ 0 tan L/2
Zt Z 0 jZ 0 tan L/2
Z 0 jZ L tan L/2
Folded Dipole Antenna
Antenna Mode:Since the points c and d are at the same potential,
we can connect them together as well as the two line currents.
There is no crossover current between the two halves of the folded
dipole;
We can think of open circuits being located at point “o".
V /2
Ia
Zd
Folded Dipole Antenna
Impedance Characteristics:
The total current leaving the voltage source feeding the
folded dipole If = It+Ia /2
V V 4Zt Z d
Zf
It I a / 2 V / 2
V / 2 2Z d Zt
Zt 2Z d
Impedance Characteristics:
The input impedance to the folded dipole
is then
𝐼𝑑
𝐼𝑓 =
2
1 2 1
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑍𝑓 𝐼𝑑 2
2 8
1 2
𝑊𝑑 = 𝑍𝑑 𝐼𝑑
2
If we compare a folded dipole and regular
dipole radiating the same power
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑑 𝑍𝑓 = 4𝑍𝑑
Folded Dipole Antenna
Radiation Characteristics:
𝜆
Usually choose 𝓁 slightly less than so that 𝑋𝑖𝑛 → 0 & Z𝑖𝑛 is totally real
2
2
Folded Dipole Antenna
Radiation Characteristics:
The common folded dipole has the same radiation pattern
as a standard λ/2 dipole,
Since the two “arms” of the folded dipole carry identical,
half-wave sinusoidal current distributions.
The currents are so close that we can treat them as a
single λ/2 length of wire.
Hence, the directivity of the folded dipole is identical to
that of the half-wave dipole.
Folded Dipole Antenna
Resistance and Reactance Variations:
(pure real for length slightly less than )
2
G,B
0.5 1.0
DIPOLE SUMMARY
(Resonant XA=0; f = 100 MHz; s = 5.7 x 107 S/m; Zc = 50; b = 3x10-4l)
66