COMPOUND NOUN

A compound noun is a word that is made up of two

nouns. When we pronounce the word, place the
stress on the first noun.

FOOT BALL GOLD FISH

FOOTBALL GOLDFISH
 NOUNS

ABSTRACT NOUN CONCRETE NOUN

Nouns to express ideas, feelings or ‘Sense’ nouns: We can see, hear, smell,
thoughts. taste or touch them.

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
 pride  school
 confidence  music
 friendship  perfume
 charity  sweets
 childhood  table
 gratitude  camera
 PRONOUNS

PERSONAL REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

We use as a simple substitute for We use a reflexive pronoun as the object

the proper name of a person of a sentence, to show that it refers to
the same thing as the subject

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

 HE  WE  HIMSELF  OURSELVES
 SHE  THEY  HERSELF  THEMSELVES
 IT  YOU  ITSELF  YOURSELVES
 I  MYSELF
 YOU  YOURSELF
 RELATIVE PRONOUN

A word that introduces a dependent (relative) clause

connects it to an independent clause

WHO WHOM WHICH WHAT THAT

Refers to a Refers to a Refers to a

Refers to Refers to a
person as person as person,
an animal nonliving
the verb’s the verb’s animal or
or thing. thing.
subject. object. thing.
 EXAMPLE: RELATIVE NOUN

1)The woman who come to the door left flowers for you.
2)I am not sure whom this book belongs to.
3)Is this what you were talking about?
4)This is the watch which my uncle gave me.
5)The books that you were ordered are on the table.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

WE USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE TO:
 a) to show habits, regular actions, or b) to state general facts
to refer to present time

EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
 I brush my teeth every
day.
 The earth is round.
 She teaches English every
Saturday.  Birds have wings.

 We are hungry.

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

 To refer to things To refer to habits and things
To refer to things in the
happening now. that happen over a period of
near future.
time

is/am/are + verb + ing

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
 I am reading a book on the  Najmee is coming home on
environment. Thursday.

 Lee Ann and her friends are EXAMPLE:

 We are having a party next
participating in the gotong-  Mr. Joshua is resting at home after his surgery. week.
royong project.
 They are studying in the university.

SUBJECT- VERB
AGREEMENT
 A simple sentence has a subject and a verb.

A singular subject is followed A plural subject is followed

by a singular verb by a plural verb

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

 He walks around the lake Note:  They have three children.

every morning. I and you although singular,
 Asin and Lee Ann rarely
require plural forms of
 Kamini is at school. eat fast food.
verbs.
 You sing like a  The animals are placed in
professional. the zoo.

CONJUNCTIONS
 We can join two independent clauses to form a sentence
using a conjunction.

FOR AND BUT OR YET SO

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
1. We love to listen to Anna for she 3. She is a great swimmer, but she
5. They did not succeed, yet they did not
sings sweetly. prefers to play golf.
give up.
2. Kamini is a graceful dancer and 4. He can buy the book or burrow it
6. Asin felt cold, so he put on his jacket.
people enjoy watching her. from the library.

CONJUNCTIONS
 SINCE ALTHOUGH BECAUSE

To express cause and effect To show contrast To show reason

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

Since you are very kind, I will buy you Although the man is old, he is very She is late to school because she missed
a gift. strong. the bus.

Note: A comma can be used in joining the clauses. It is placed before the conjunction in the sentence.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION

We use correlative conjunctions to link two words or phrases of equal

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
 AT ON IN

TIME PLACE TIME PLACE TIME PLACE

1. SHOWS
POSITION ON 1. SHOWS A
A STREET OR TIME FRAME
REFERS TO
TO SHOWS A TO SHOWS ROAD
TO SHOWS A AN
SPECIFIC THE EXACT
DAY OR DATE ENCLOSED
TIME LOCATION 2. SHOWS
AREA
2. SHOWS PART OF THE
POSITION ON DAY
A SURFACE

EXAMPLES

1. See you at one o ‘clock.

2. She is standing at the bus stop.

3. He was born on 10th May.

4. I live on Jalan Tembusu.

She lives on Penang Island.

5. My mother can prepare a meal in ten minutes.

She heard a noise early in the morning.

6. Your new shirt is in the cupboard.

ADJECTIVES

An adjective describes a noun such as a person, a place, a thing or an opinion.

 Abstract Noun Concreate Noun

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

 A great idea  An old man

 A lovely cat  A big cat

A noun can be described using one or more adjectives.

 A long skirt
 An ornately decorated shield

Note: Adjectives pertaining to shape and age are interchangeable.

ARTICLES

Indefinite Article Definite Article

A AN THE
 EXAMPLES

1. My sister works as a lawyer in Kuantan.

2. This is an aquarium.

3. Kamini’s father takes an hour to wash his car.

4. Idith wore a uniform for the seminar.

5. The sun is round. (singular)

6. The boys are playing football. (plural)

ADVERB OF MANNER

We use adverb of manner to describe how an action is done.

It tells us more about verbs and adjectives.

Adverb with
Adverb with verb
adjective
Note:
Most adverbs end with “-ly”.
Example:
Examples: Examples:
 1. Idith listen carefully to

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND

SENTENCES

SIMPLE SENTENCE COMPOUND SENTENCE

A simple sentence has only one independent clause A compound sentence has two or more independent
which contains a subject (S) and a verb (V). It may clauses joined by a conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or,
have more than one subject and more than a verb. yet, so (FANBOYS).

EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
1. We bought tickets to the hockey
 COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence is a sentence that has one independent

clause and one dependent clause.

INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
CLAUSE

An independent clause may be joined to a dependent clause using

“who”, “which” “whom” or “whose” to make a complete sentence.

EXAMPLES:

1. Chakri looked at his parents who were dirty and dressed in rags.
Independent clause Dependent clause
He looked at his parents who were dirty and dressed in rags.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE

Subordinating conjunctions are used to make complex sentences. Some examples of

subordinating conjunctions are ‘since’, ‘before’, ‘when’, ‘although’, ‘if’, ‘unless’,
‘because’, and ‘while’.

EXAMPLES:

1. Asin’s father took him to the cinema since it was a holiday.

Independent clause Dependent clause
Asin’s father took him to the cinema since it was a holiday.

2. Since it was a holiday, Asin’s father took him to the cinema.

Dependent clause Independent clause
Since it was a holiday, Asin’s father took him to the cinema.
Note: If a dependent clause begins a sentence, you must use a comma at the end of the
dependent clause.