SSCM 1023

LISTS OF FORMULAE

Trigonometric Hyperbolic

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 ex − e−x

sinh x =
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 2
ex + e−x
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x cosh x =
2
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1 coth2 x − 1 = cosech2 x
2
= 1 − 2 sin x sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
2 tan x
tan 2x = cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
1 − tan2 x
sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y = 2 cosh2 x − 1

cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y = 1 + 2 sinh2 x

tan x ± tan y 2 tanh x
tan(x ± y) = tanh 2x =
1 ∓ tan x tan y 1 + tanh2 x
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
2 sin x sin y = − cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) tanh x ± tanh y
tanh(x ± y) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y

Logarithm Inverse Hyperbolic

√
ax = ex ln a sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1), −∞ < x < ∞
logb x √
loga x = cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1), x ≥ 1
logb a  
−1 1 1+x
tanh x = ln , −1 < x < 1
2 1−x

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 SSCM 1023

Differentiations Integrations
Z
d
[k] = 0, k constant kdx = kx + C
dx
xn+1
Z
d n
[x ] = nxn−1 xn dx = + C, n 6= −1
dx n+1
Z
d 1 dx
[ln |x|] = = ln |x| + C
dx x x
Z
d
[cos x] = − sin x sin x dx = − cos x + C
dx
Z
d
[sin x] = cos x cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
Z
d
[tan x] = sec2 x sec2 x dx = tan x + C
dx
Z
d
[cot x] = −cosec2 x cosec2 x dx = − cot x + C
dx
Z
d
[sec x] = sec x tan x sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
Z
d
[cosec x] = −cosec x cot x cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C
dx
Z
d x
[e ] = ex ex dx = ex + C
dx
Z
d
[cosh x] = sinh x sinh x dx = cosh x + C
dx
Z
d
[sinh x] = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x + C
dx
Z
d
[tanh x] = sech2 x sech2 x dx = tanh x + C
dx
Z
d
[coth x] = −cosech2 x cosech2 x dx = − coth x + C
dx
Z
d
[sech x] = −sech x tanh x sech x tanh x dx = −sech x + C
dx
Z
d
[cosech x] = −cosech x coth x cosech x coth x dx = −cosech x + C
dx
Z
d
ln | sec x + tan x| = sec x sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
dx
Z
d
ln |cosec x + cot x| = −cosec x cosec x dx = − ln |cosec x + cot x| + C
dx

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 SSCM 1023

Integrations Resulting
in Inverse Functions
Differentiations of
Inverse Functions Z
dx x
√ = sin−1 + C.
d 1 du a2 − x2 a
[sin−1 u] = √ · , |u| < 1.
dx 1 − u dx
2
−dx
Z x
d −1 du √ = cos−1 + C.
[cos−1 u] = √ · , |u| < 1. a2 − x2 a
dx 1 − u dx
2
Z
dx 1 −1 x
 
d 1 du = tan + C.
[tan−1 u] = · . a2 + x2 a a
dx 1 + u2 dx
−1
Z
d du dx 1 x
[cot−1 u] = 2
· . √ = sec−1 + C.
dx 1 + u dx |x| x2 − a2 a a
d 1 du
[sec−1 u] = √ · , |u| > 1.
Z
dx x
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx √ = sinh−1 + C, a > 0.
x2 + a 2 a
d −1 du
[cosec−1 u] = √ · , |u| > 1. Z
dx x
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx √ = cosh−1 + C, x > 0.
x2 − a 2 a
d 1 du
[sinh−1 u] = √ · Z
dx u + 1 dx
2 dx
d 1 du a2 − x2
[cosh−1 u] = √ · , |u| > 1.  1
−1 x
 
dx u2 − 1 dx  tanh
 + C, |x| < a,
a a
d 1 du =
[tanh−1 u] = · , |u| < 1.  1 coth−1 x + C, |x| > a.
 
1 − u2 dx

dx
a a
d 1 du
[coth−1 u] = 2
· , |u| > 1. Z
dx 1 x
dx 1 − u dx √ = − sech−1 + C,
d −1 du x a2 − x2 a a
[sech−1 u] = √ · , 0 < u < 1. 0 < x < a.
dx u 1 − u2 dx
d −1 du Z
dx 1 x
[cosech−1 u] = √ · , u 6= 0. √ = − cosech−1   + C,
 
dx |u| 1 + u dx
2 2
x a +x2 a a
0 < x < a.

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 SSCM 1023

Arc Length:
Z t=t1 p
Parametric L= (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
x = f (t), t=t0

y = g(t)
Z x=b p
Cartesian L= 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx
y = f (x) x=a
Z y=d p
Cartesian L= 1 + (g 0 (y))2 dy
x = g(y) y=c
s 2
Z b 
dr
Polar L= r2 + dθ
a dθ
r = f (θ)

Area of Surface Revolution:

Type of Revolve around X-axis Revolve around Y-axis

equation s s
Z b  2 Z b  2
dr dr
Polar Sx = 2πrsin θ r2 + dθ Sy = 2πrcos θ r2 + dθ
a dθ a dθ
r = f (θ)
Z t2 p Z t2 p
Parametric Sx = 0 2 0 2
2πy(t) (x (t)) + (y (t)) dt Sy = 2πx(t) (x0 (t))2 + (y 0 (t))2 dt
x = f (t), t1 t1

y = g(t)
Z b p Z b p
Cartesian Sx = 2πf (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx Sy = 2πx 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx
y = f (x) a a
Z d p Z d p
Cartesian Sx = 2πy 1 + (g 0 (y))2 dy Sy = 2πg(y) 1 + (g 0 (y))2 dy
x = g(y) c c

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 FORMULA SSCM 1023
SSCM1033

Series Convergence/Divergence Note

1 ∑(bn − bn +1 ) (i) Series converges if {bn } converges.
S = b1 − lim bn
n →∞
(Telescoping Series) (ii) Series diverges if {bn } diverges.
2 ∞ (i) Series converges if r < 1 .
∑r n

S=
1
n =0 (ii) Series diverges if r ≥ 1 .
1−r
(Geometric Series)
3 ∑ an (i) Series diverges if lim an ≠ 0.
n →∞
(Divergence Test)
(ii) Inconclusive if lim an = 0. (use other test)
n →∞

4 ∞ ∞ f decreasing and
∑a n
, an > 0, f (n ) = an (i) Series converges if ∫ 1
f (x ) dx converges.
continuous.
n =1
∞
(Integral Test) (ii) Series diverges if ∫ 1
f (x ) dx diverges.

5 1 (i) Series converges if p > 1. Used for

∑n p
(ii) Series diverges if p ≤ 1. comparison.
(p – series)
6 ∑ an , ∑ bn ; an > 0, bn > 0 (i) If an ≤ bn and ∑ bn converges, then ∑ an converges. ∑ bn is either a
(Direct Comparison Test) (ii) If an ≥ bn and ∑ bn diverges, then ∑ an diverges. p – series or a
geometric series.
7 ∑ an , ∑ bn ; an > 0, bn > 0 (i) If 0 < k < ∞ , then the series either both converges ∑ bn is either a
an or diverges. p – series or a
lim =k
n →∞ bn (ii) If k = 0 and ∑ bn converges, then ∑ an converges. geometric series.
(Limit Comparison Test) (iii) If k = 0 and ∑ bn diverges, then ∑ an diverges.
8 ∑ an , an > 0; lim n an = R (i) Series converges if 0 ≤ R < 1 Useful if an
n →∞
(ii) Series diverges if R > 1 involves powers
(Root Test)
(iii) Inconclusive if R = 1 (Use other test) of n.
9 a n +1 (i) Series converges if 0 ≤ L < 1 Useful if an
∑ an , a n > 0; lim =L
n →∞ an (ii) Series diverges if L > 1 involves
(Ratio Test) (iii) Inconclusive if L = 1 (Use other test) factorials.
10 ∑(−1)n −1 αn ; αn > 0 Series converges if αn decreasing and lim αn = 0. Alternating
n →∞
series.
(Leibnitz’s Rule)
11 ∑ an , an ≠ 0, ∑ an converges absolutely if ∑ | an | converges. For nonzero an
(Absolute convergence test)
12 (i) Series converges if 0 ≤ R < 1 an .
∑ an , an ≠ 0; lim n an = R For nonzero
n →∞
(ii) Series diverges if R > 1
an involves
(iii) Inconclusive if R = 1 (Use other test)
(Root test) powers of n.
13 an +1 (i) Series converges if 0 ≤ L < 1 For nonzero an .
∑ an , an ≠ 0; lim =L
n →∞ an (ii) Series diverges if L > 1
an involves
(Ratio test) (iii) Inconclusive if L = 1 (Use other test)
factorials.

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