AP Physics 1 05MomentumFRQ Quiz1 Key

AP Physics 1 Scoring Guide
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
1. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15
points, suggested time 25 minutes)
The figure above shows Case 1 of an experiment, in which the following events occur.
At time , block A slides to the right along a horizontal surface toward identical block B, which
is at rest.
At time , block A collides elastically with block B and block A comes to rest.
At time , the right side of block B reaches an ideal, horizontal spring with negligible mass and
spring constant . The spring is initially at its relaxed (uncompressed) length and fixed to a
wall.
At time , the spring is compressed a maximum distance and block B is instantaneously at
rest.
Assume there is negligible friction between each block and the surface. For parts (a)-(d), consider the
system consisting of block A, block B, and the spring.
(a) Indicate whether the linear momentum of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
constant during the time interval from to immediately before , and explain why.
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
(b) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not
constant during the time interval from to immediately before , and explain why.
(c) Indicate whether the linear momentum of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not
constant during the time interval from to , and explain why.
(d) Indicate whether the mechanical energy of the two-block–spring system is either constant or not
constant during the time interval from to , and explain why.
In Case 2 shown above, the setup is identical to Case 1 except that the speed of block A before colliding
with block B is greater than in Case 1. Block A again comes to rest immediately after colliding with
block B. The spring compresses a maximum distance .
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
(e) How does the new maximum spring compression compare to , the spring compression in Case
1? (Is greater than , the same as , or less than ?)
(f) Briefly explain your reasoning for part (e).
Students attempt to determine a general equation for the maximum compression distance of a spring
with spring constant . Blocks A and B each have mass and block A has initial speed . The students
come up with the following two equations.
Equation 1: Equation 2:
In the two equations, and are positive constants with appropriate units.
(g) Without algebraic manipulation of equations or deriving the correct equation, explain which
equation better supports your explanation for the compression distance in part (f).
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
(h) The graph above shows the displacement of the blocks while block B is in contact with the spring.
The solid line corresponds to either Case 1 or Case 2, while the dashed line corresponds to the other
case. Does the dashed-line curve correspond to Case 1 (slower block A) or Case 2 (faster block A)?
Explain your reasoning.
Part A
Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.
0 1 2
The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.
1 point is earned for indicating that linear momentum is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the linear momentum is constant.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Example Response:
No net external forces are exerted on the two-block–spring system, so the momentum of the system is constant.
Part B
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is constant.
Example Response:
The mechanical energy of the system is constant because the collision is elastic.
Part C
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that linear momentum is not constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the linear momentum is not constant.
Example Response:
The linear momentum is not constant, because a net external force is exerted on the two-block–spring system.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part D
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that mechanical energy is constant, with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation of why the mechanical energy is constant.
Example Response:
The mechanical energy is constant because no work is being done on the system by an external force.
Part E
0 1
The response accurately includes
1 point is earned for stating the compression distance is larger.
Part F
0 1 2
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
1 point is earned for indicating that block A transfers all of its kinetic energy to block B (i.e., block B
has more kinetic energy when it reaches the spring than in Case 1).
1 point is earned for indicating that the greater kinetic energy means a larger compression because the
elastic potential energy is equal to the initial kinetic energy.
Example Response:
Block A transfers all of its kinetic energy to block B in the elastic collision, so block B has more kinetic energy than
in case 1. This means that there is more spring potential energy when the spring is compressed, so it is compressed
a larger amount.
Part G
Note: If part (g) is answered with a correct interpretation of Equation 1 consistent with an incorrect response in part
(f), both points can be earned in part (g).
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that Equation 2 best models the compression with an attempt at an
explanation that addresses functional dependence.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation that addresses the dependence of d on v.
Example Response:
Since v is proportional to d in equation 2, as v increases d will increase, as predicted in part (f).
Part H
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating the dashed line corresponds to Case 1, with an attempt at an
explanation.
1 point is earned for a correct explanation regarding the slope of the displacement vs. time graph
OR
For a correct explanation addressing the amplitude (energy).
Example Response:
The dashed-line has an initially smaller slope representing a smaller initial speed of block B. Both graphs have
zero slope where the block B momentarily stops at the spring’s maximum displacement. The maximum
displacement is smaller for the initially slower Block B. Therefore, the dashed-line graph corresponds to Case 1.
OR
The smaller maximum displacement for the dashed line is consistent with less energy being stored in the spring.
This would indicate that block B had less initial kinetic energy when it collided with the spring corresponding to
Case 1.
2. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Two carts, cart and cart , are initially at rest and placed next to each other on a horizontal track, as
shown in Figure 1. A switch on top of cart can be pressed so that a compressed spring inside of the
cart expands and pushes a plunger outward, causing the two carts to recoil, as shown in Figure 2. Both
carts have identical but unknown masses, . The carts are designed so that bars of additional but
unknown mass can be added and secured to the carts. A group of students are asked to determine the
relationship of the momentum of the cart –bar system to the momentum of the cart –bar system
immediately after recoil. The students have access to equipment that can be found in a typical school
physics laboratory.
(a)
i. State a basic physics principle or law that the students could use to determine the relationship of the
momentum of the cart –bar system to the momentum of the cart –bar system immediately after
recoil.
ii. Using the principle or law stated in part (a)(i), determine an equation for the relationship of the
recoil in terms of quantities that can be obtained from measurements.
(b) Design an experimental procedure that the students could use to determine the relationship of the
recoil.
In the table below, list the quantities and associated symbols that would be measured in your
experiment and the equipment used to measure them. Also list the equipment that would be used to
measure each quantity. You do not need to fill in every row. If you need additional rows, you may add
them to the space just below the table.
Quantity to be Measured Symbol for Quantity Equipment for Measurement
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Describe the overall procedure to be used, referring to the table. Provide enough detail so that another
student could replicate the experiment, including any steps necessary to reduce experimental
uncertainty. As needed, use the symbols defined in the table and/or include a simple diagram of the
setup.
(c) How could the students graphically analyze the data from the procedure in part (b) to determine
whether the relationship of the momentum of the cart –bar system and the momentum of the cart
–bar system immediately after recoil is linear or nonlinear?
(d) Student 1 claims that the interaction between the carts is elastic. Student 2 claims the interaction
between the carts is inelastic. Indicate which student is correct, and why.
Part (a)i
0 1
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Student response accurately includes the following criteria.
1 point is earned for indicating that the conservation of momentum applies to the situation.
Example Response:
Students should use the conservation to correctly determine the relationship between the momentum of cart X-bar
system to the momentum of the cart Y-bar system immediately after recoil.
Part (a)ii
The response earns one point for a valid equation that is consistent with (a)i, includes the conservation of
momentum, includes the speed of each cart after they recoil, and is conceptually relevant to the procedure
described in part (b).
Example Response:
Quantities “ ” and “ ” represent the masses of the respective cart-bar systems and “ ” and “ ”
represent the final velocities of the respective cart-bar systems.
0 1
1 point is earned for a valid equation that is consistent with (a)i, includes the conservation of
momentum, includes the speed of each cart after they recoil, and is conceptually relevant to the
procedure described in part (b).
Example Response:
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Quantities “ ” and “ ” represent the masses of the respective cart-bar systems and “ ” and “ ”
represent the final velocities of the respective cart-bar systems.
Part (b)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 point is earned for listing relevant/appropriate equipment that matches the measured quantities.
1 point is earned for a plausible/practical way to collect the data necessary to determine the relationship
between the mass of the each cart-bar system and their respective speeds immediately after recoil.
1 point is earned for indicating that the mass of each cart-bar system should be measured for each cart-
bar combination of masses.
1 point is earned for indicating that at least one trial should be conducted where at least one bar is
added to cart X and that at least one trial should be conducted where at least one bar is added to cart Y.
1 point is earned for indicating that the speed of each cart should be directly or indirectly measured
immediately after the recoil has occurred.
1 point is earned for attempting to reduce uncertainty (e.g., multiple trials, with some parameter either
fixed or varied -- e.g. “perform the same combination of masses for cart Xand cart Ymultiple times” --
as appropriate).
Example Response:
1. An electronic balance should be used to measure the mass of cart X and cart Y.
2. Place a motion sensor along the same line as the direction of travel of cart X after the recoil so that data about the
cart’s speed (or velocity) as a function of time can be measured.
3. Place a motion sensor along the same line as the direction of travel of cart Y after the recoil so that data about the
cart’s speed (or velocity) as a function of time can be measured.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
4. Place cart X and cart Y on the level surface and in contact such that the spring is completely compressed. Cart Y
should be oriented so that the plunger can apply a force onto cart X.
5. Press the switch that will allow the spring to expand.
7. Use the motion sensors to measure the speed (or velocity) of cart X and cart Y immediately after the collision.
7. To reduce error, perform steps 1 through 6 multiple times.
8. Repeat the experiment by adding at least one bar to cart X and measuring the mass of the cart X-bar system. To
reduce error, perform this trial multiple times.
9. Repeat the experiment by adding at least one bar to cart Y and measuring the mass of the cart Y-bar system. To
reduce error, perform this trial multiple times.
Part (c)
0 1 2 3
Student response accurately includes all of the following criteria.
1 point is earned for indicating that the momentum of the cart Y-bar system immediately after the
collision can be graphed on the vertical axis.
1 point is earned for indicating that the momentum of the cart X-bar system immediately after the
collision can be graphed on the horizontal axis.
1 point is earned for indicating that the shape of the curve on the graph will indicate if the relationship
is linear or nonlinear.
Example Response:
Students should graph the momentum of the cart Y-bar system immediately after the collision on the vertical axis
and the momentum of the cart X-bar system immediately after the collision on the horizontal axis. Then the shape
of the curve of the graph will help the students determine if the relationship is linear or not.
Part (d)
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
0 1
1 point is earned for indicating that the kinetic energy of the system containing both carts (with or
without bars) is not the same immediately before the recoil and immediately after the recoil.
Example Response:
The kinetic energy of each cart-bar system before the collision is zero, and after the plunger is pushed outward, the
kinetic energy of the each cart-bar system is non-zero. Since kinetic energy is not conserved in the collision, the
collision must be classified as inelastic.
3.
The experimental apparatus shown in the figure above contains a pendulum consisting of a 0.66 kg ball
attached to a string of length 0.60 m. The pendulum is released from rest at an angle of 60 degrees and
collides with a ball of mass 0.22 kg initially at rest at the edge of a table. The 0.22 kg ball hits the floor
a distance of 1.4 m from the edge of the table.
a. Calculate the speed of the 0.66 kg ball just before the collision.
b. Calculate the speed of the 0.22 kg ball immediately after the collision.
c. Calculate the speed of the 0.66 kg ball immediately after the collision.
d. Indicate the direction of motion of the 0.66 kg ball immediately after the collision. ____ To the
left ____ To the right
e. Calculate the height to which the 0.66 kg ball rises after the collision.
f. Based on your data, is the collision elastic? ____ Yes ____ No Justify your answer.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part A
One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of energy
One point is earned for a correct expression for determining the vertical drop-distance
One point is earned for substitution of a drop distance (other than 0.60 m) into a correct expression for the speed of
the 0.66 kg ball just before the collision
0 1 2 3
The student earns all of the following points:
One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of energy
One point is earned for a correct expression for determining the vertical drop-distance
One point is earned for substitution of a drop distance (other than 0.60 m) into a correct expression for the speed of
the 0.66 kg ball just before the collision
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part B
The speed immediately after the collision equals the horizontal speed of the 0.22 kg ball as it leaves the table,
which is the horizontal distance it travels divided by the time it takes to fall.
One point is earned for a correct expression for the time it takes the 0.22 kg ball to fall
One point is earned for consistent substitution of the time into a correct expression for the speed of the 0.22 kg ball
after the collision
One point is earned for the correct numerical value of the speed
0 1 2 3
The speed immediately after the collision equals the horizontal speed of the 0.22 kg ball as it leaves the table,
which is the horizontal distance it travels divided by the time it takes to fall.
One point is earned for a correct expression for the time it takes the 0.22 kg ball to fall
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
One point is earned for consistent substitution of the time into a correct expression for the speed of the 0.22 kg ball
after the collision
Part C
One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of momentum
One point is earned for consistent substitution of the answer from part (a) as v0.66i in a correct expression for v0.66f
0 1 2 3
One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of momentum
One point is earned for consistent substitution of the answer from part (a) as v0.66i in a correct expression for v0.66f
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part D
One point is earned for indicating “To the right” as the direction of motion of the 0.66 kg ball after the collision
0 1
One point is earned for indicating “To the right” as the direction of motion of the 0.66 kg ball after the collision
Part E
One point is earned for an appropriate conservation of energy statement
One point is earned for consistent substitution of v0.66f from part (c) into a correct expression for h′
0 1 2
One point is earned for an appropriate conservation of energy statement
One point is earned for consistent substitution of v0.66f from part (c) into a correct expression for h′
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part F
One point is earned for any indication of comparing kinetic energies of the system before and after the collision
One point is earned for calculating the two values of kinetic energy
One point is earned for indication that the difference in the kinetic energies means an inelastic collision
0 1 2 3
One point is earned for any indication of comparing kinetic energies of the system before and after the collision
One point is earned for calculating the two values of kinetic energy
One point is earned for indication that the difference in the kinetic energies means an inelastic collision
4.
Several students are riding in bumper cars at an amusement park. The combined mass of car A and its
occupants is 250 kg. The combined mass of car B and its occupants is 200 kg. Car A is 15 m away from
car B and moving to the right at 2.0 m/s, as shown, when the driver decides to bump into car B, which
is at rest.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
(a) Car A accelerates at 1.5 m/s2 to a speed of 5.0 m/s and then continues at constant velocity until it
strikes car B. Calculate the total time for car A to travel the 15 m.
(b) After the collision, car B moves to the right at a speed of 4.8 m/s .
i. Calculate the speed of car A after the collision.
ii. Indicate the direction of motion of car A after the collision.
____ To the left ____ To the right ____ None; car A is at rest.
(c) Is this an elastic collision?
____ Yes ____ No
Justify your answer.
Part A
1 point is earned: For the correct value of , the time car A is accelerating
vf = vi + at1
t1 = (vf-vi)/a = (5.0 m/s - 2.0 m/s)/(1.5 m/s)
t1 = 2.0 s
1 point is earned:For a correct value of x1 , the distance car A travels while accelerating
x1 = vit1 + ½ at12
x1 = (2.0 m/s)(2.0 s)+ ½(1.5 m/s2)(2.0 s)2
x1 = 7.0 m
Note: The equation vf2 = vi2 + 2ax1 could also be used.
1 point is earned:For a correct value of (x-x1), the distance car A travels at constant velocity
(x-x1) = (15.0 m - 7.0 m) = 8.0 m
1 point is earned:For correctly calculating t2, the time car A travels at constant velocity
x = x1 + vft2
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
t2 = (x-x1)/vf = (15.0 m - 7.0 m)/5.0 m/s
t2 = 1.6 s
ttot = t1 + t2 = 2.0 s + 1.6 s
ttot = 3.6 s
0 1 2 3 4
The student response earns four of the following points:
1 point is earned: For the correct value of , the time car A is accelerating
vf = vi + at1
t1 = (vf-vi)/a = (5.0 m/s - 2.0 m/s)/(1.5 m/s)
t1 = 2.0 s
1 point is earned:For a correct value of x1 , the distance car A travels while accelerating
x1 = vit1 + ½ at12
x1 = (2.0 m/s)(2.0 s)+ ½(1.5 m/s2)(2.0 s)2
x1 = 7.0 m
Note: The equation vf2 = vi2 + 2ax1 could also be used.
1 point is earned:For a correct value of (x-x1), the distance car A travels at constant velocity
(x-x1) = (15.0 m - 7.0 m) = 8.0 m
1 point is earned:For correctly calculating t2, the time car A travels at constant velocity
x = x1 + vft2
t2 = (x-x1)/vf = (15.0 m - 7.0 m)/5.0 m/s
t2 = 1.6 s
ttot = t1 + t2 = 2.0 s + 1.6 s
ttot = 3.6 s
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part B(i,ii)
(i)
1 point is earned: For any clear statement that momentum is conserved
mAvAi = mAvAf + mBvB
1 point is earned: For a correct answer
vAf = 1.2 m/s
(ii)
1 point is earned: For indicating a direction of car A after the collision that is consistent with the calculation of vAf
Note: A correct calculation yields a direction to the right.
0 1 2 3
The student response earns three of the following points:
(i)
1 point is earned: For any clear statement that momentum is conserved
mAvAi = mAvAf + mBvB
1 point is earned: For a correct answer
vAf = 1.2 m/s
(ii)
1 point is earned: For indicating a direction of car A after the collision that is consistent with the calculation of vAf
Note: A correct calculation yields a direction to the right.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part C
1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the collision is not elastic
1 point is earned: For a statement that kinetic energy is not conserved
1 point is earned: For clearly showing that Kf<Ki, implying the collision is non-elastic
Ki = 3125 J
Kf = 2484 J
Note: Two points were awarded for checking “yes” with a clear, correct explanation that it is a partially elastic
collision
0 1 2 3
The student response earns three of the following points:
1 point is earned: For correctly indicating that the collision is not elastic
1 point is earned: For a statement that kinetic energy is not conserved
1 point is earned: For clearly showing that Kf<Ki, implying the collision is non-elastic
Ki = 3125 J
Kf = 2484 J
Note: Two points were awarded for checking “yes” with a clear, correct explanation that it is a partially elastic
collision
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
5.
Two blocks A and B of equal mass m are on a frictionless track, as shown in the figure above. Block A,
initially moving with speed v1, has a perfectly elastic collision with block B. Block B has a speed v1
immediately after the collision, and then it travels around a circular loop of radius R, where R is much
larger than the size of the blocks. The speed of block B at the top of the loop is vtop. Block B then slides
up a ramp until it comes momentarily to rest at a height h above the floor.
a. Derive an equation for the height h in terms of m, R, vtop. and g, as appropriate.

b. Suppose that the speed v1 of block A is doubled. Will the final height of block B be greater than,
less than, or equal to 2h? _____Greater than 2h _____Less than 2h _____ Equal to 2h Briefly
explain how you arrived at your answer.
c. Blocks A and B (both of mass m) are moved to a different frictionless track, as shown above. Let
vA be the minimum initial speed for block A that allows block B to make it over the hump in the
track. Block A is then replaced with a larger block, block C, which has mass 2m, as shown
below. Block C makes a completely inelastic collision with block B so that both blocks stick
together and travel along the track. What is the minimum initial speed vC that block C must have
so that the two-block system makes it over the hump? Express your answer in terms of vA.
Part A
1 point is earned: For using an equation expressing the conservation of energy
mgh = 2mgR + 1/2mvtop2 or mgh = (1/2)mv12 or mgh = (1/2)mv2
1 point is earned: For using two forms of energy when block B is at the top of the loop or using the initial kinetic
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
energy
1 point is earned: For expressing the correct answer in terms of the listed quantities
0 1 2 3
Student response earns 3 of the following 3 point(s)
1 point is earned: For using an equation expressing the conservation of energy
mgh = 2mgR + 1/2mvtop2 or mgh = (1/2)mv12 or mgh = (1/2)mv2
1 point is earned: For using two forms of energy when block B is at the top of the loop or using the initial kinetic
energy
1 point is earned: For expressing the correct answer in terms of the listed quantities
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part B
1 point is earned: For a correct answer “Greater than 2h ” with an explanation
No point is earned for a correct selection without an explanation. If an incorrect answer is selected,
the following point for using conservation of energy can still be earned.
1 point is earned: For using an equation or semi-quantitative reasoning expressing the conservation of energy
Note: “semi-quantitative reasoning” here includes reasoning in terms of proportionality, squared relationships, etc.
mgh = 1/2 mv12
h = v12/2g
0 1 2
1 point is earned: For a correct answer “Greater than 2h ” with an explanation
No point is earned for a correct selection without an explanation. If an incorrect answer is selected,
the following point for using conservation of energy can still be earned.
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
1 point is earned: For using an equation or semi-quantitative reasoning expressing the conservation of energy
Note: “semi-quantitative reasoning” here includes reasoning in terms of proportionality, squared relationships, etc.
mgh = 1/2 mv12
h = v12/2g
Part C
Correct answer: VC = 3/2VA
Note: there is no “answer point”, so no credit is awarded for an answer with no work shown
1 point is earned: For using momentum conservation to relate the speeds before and after the completely inelastic
collision between blocks B and C
2mvC = (2m +m)VBC = 3 mvBC, where vBC is the speed of blocks B and C after the collision
2vC = 2vBC
1 point is earned: For setting the speed of blocks B and C after the collision equal to the speed of block B after its
elastic collision with block A, in order for blocks B and C to make it over the hump.
2vC = 3vA
vC = 3/2vA
0 1 2
Correct answer: VC = 3/2VA
Note: there is no “answer point”, so no credit is awarded for an answer with no work shown
1 point is earned: For using momentum conservation to relate the speeds before and after the completely inelastic
collision between blocks B and C
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
2mvC = (2m +m)VBC = 3 mvBC, where vBC is the speed of blocks B and C after the collision
2vC = 2vBC
1 point is earned: For setting the speed of blocks B and C after the collision equal to the speed of block B after its
elastic collision with block A, in order for blocks B and C to make it over the hump.
2vC = 3vA
vC = 3/2vA
6.
A 2.0 kg frictionless cart is moving at a constant speed of 3.0 m/s to the right on a horizontal surface, as
shown above, when it collides with a second cart of undetermined mass m that is initially at rest. The
force F of the collision as a function of time t is shown in the graph below, where t = 0 is the instant of
initial contact. As a result of the collision, the second cart acquires a speed of 1.6 m/s to the right.
Assume that friction is negligible before, during, and after the collision.
a. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the 2.0 kg cart after the collision.
b. Calculate the mass m of the second cart. After the collision, the second cart eventually
experiences a ramp, which it traverses with no frictional losses. The graph below shows the
speed v of the second cart as a function of time t for the next 5.0 s, where t = 0 is now the instant
at which the carts separate.
c. Calculate the acceleration of the cart at t = 3.0 s.
d. Calculate the distance traveled by the second cart during the 5.0 s interval after the collision (0 s
< t < 5.0 s).
e. State whether the ramp goes up or down and calculate the maximum elevation (above or below
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
the initial height) reached by the second cart on the ramp during the 5.0 s interval after the
collision (0 s < t < 5.0 s).
Part A
1 point is earned: For any statement indicating that impulse equals change in momentum
1 point is earned: For any statement indicating that impulse can be determined from the area under the graph
∆p = F∆t = area under the curve
1 point is earned: For recognizing that the impulse on the 2 kg cart is negative, and subtracting it from the initial
momentum of the cart
p2 kg after = (2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) – 5 N ⋅ s = 1 N ⋅ s
p2 kg after = (2 kg)v2 kg after = 1 N ⋅ s
1 point is earned: For the correct answer
p2 kg after = 0.5 m/s to the right
0 1 2 3 4
The student response earns all of the following points:
1 point is earned: For any statement indicating that impulse equals change in momentum
1 point is earned: For any statement indicating that impulse can be determined from the area under the graph
∆p = F∆t = area under the curve
1 point is earned: For recognizing that the impulse on the 2 kg cart is negative, and subtracting it from the initial
momentum of the cart
p2 kg after = (2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) – 5 N ⋅ s = 1 N ⋅ s
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Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
p2 kg after = (2 kg)v2 kg after = 1 N ⋅ s
v2 kg after = 0.5 m/s to the right
Part B
1 point is earned: For any statement of conservation of momentum
p2 kg before = p2 kg after + pm after
1 point is earned: For correct substitutions
6 N ⋅ s = 1 N ⋅ s + m(1.6 m/s)
m = 3.1 kg
Alternate solution
The average acceleration is the average force divided by the mass
1 point is earned: For calculating the average acceleration
1 point is earned: For calculating the average force
m = (5000 N)/(1600 m/s2)
m = 3.1 kg
Note: An alternate solution is to do part (b) first using impulse, in which case the first two points noted above for
part (a) could be earned. Then conservation of momentum can be used to solve part (a), so the first point noted
above for part (b) could be earned.
Page 30 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned: For any statement of conservation of momentum
p2 kg before = p2 kg after + pm after
1 point is earned: For correct substitutions
6 N ⋅ s = 1 N ⋅ s + m(1.6 m/s)
m = 3.1 kg
Alternate solution
The average acceleration is the average force divided by the mass
1 point is earned: For calculating the average acceleration
1 point is earned: For calculating the average force
m = (5000 N)/(1600 m/s2)
m = 3.1 kg
Note: An alternate solution is to do part (b) first using impulse, in which case the first two points noted above for
part (a) could be earned. Then conservation of momentum can be used to solve part (a), so the first point noted
above for part (b) could be earned.
Page 31 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part C
1 point is earned: For using the slope of the graph to determine the acceleration
a = –0.73 m/s2
0 1 2
1 point is earned: For using the slope of the graph to determine the acceleration
a = –0.73 m/s2
Part D
1 point is earned: For using the area under the curve or one of the equations d = vt or
1 point is earned: For calculating a distance for each segment of the graph
d1 = (1.6 m/s)(2 s) = 3.2 m
d2 = 1.6 m
d3 = (0.5 m/s)(1.5 s) = 0.8 m
dtot = d1 + d2 + ds
Page 32 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
dtot = 5.5 m
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned: For using the area under the curve or one of the equations d = vt or
1 point is earned: For calculating a distance for each segment of the graph
d1 = (1.6 m/s)(2 s) = 3.2 m
d2 = 1.6 m
d3 = (0.5 m/s)(1.5 s) = 0.8 m
dtot = d1 + d2 + ds
dtot = 5.5 m
Part E
The acceleration is negative, so the cart must be moving opposite to the force of gravity, which is the only force
acting on it.
1 point is earned: For indicating that the ramp goes up
1 point is earned: For using conservation of energy
h = 0.12 m
Page 33 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
0 1 2 3
The acceleration is negative, so the cart must be moving opposite to the force of gravity, which is the only force
acting on it.
1 point is earned: For indicating that the ramp goes up
1 point is earned: For using conservation of energy
h = 0.12 m
7. A new kind of toy ball is advertised to “bounce perfectly elastically” off hard surfaces. A student
suspects, however, that no collision can be perfectly elastic. The student hypothesizes that the collisions
are very close to being perfectly elastic for low-speed collisions but that they deviate more and more
from being perfectly elastic as the collision speed increases.
a. Design an experiment to test the student’s hypothesis about collisions of the ball with a hard
surface. The student has equipment that would usually be found in a school physics laboratory.
i. What quantities would be measured?
ii. What equipment would be used for the measurements, and how would that equipment be
used?
iii. Describe the procedure to be used to test the student’s hypothesis. Give enough detail so
that another student could replicate the experiment.
b. Describe how you would represent the data in a graph or table. Explain how that representation
would be used to determine whether the data are consistent with the student’s hypothesis.
c. A student carries out the experiment and analysis described in parts (a) and (b). The student
immediately concludes that something went wrong in the experiment because the graph or table
shows behavior that is elastic for low-speed collisions but appears to violate a basic physics
principle for high-speed collisions.
i. Give an example of a graph or table that indicates nearly elastic behavior for low-speed
collisions but appears to violate a basic physics principle for high-speed collisions.
ii. State one physics principle that appears to be violated in the graph or table given in part
Page 34 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
(c)i. Several physics principles might appear to be violated, but you only need to identify
one. Briefly explain what aspect of the graph or table indicates that the physics principle is
violated, and why.
Part A
4 points total
Parts i, ii, and iii are scored as a unit
1 point is earned: For an overall plan in which quantities are measured that could be used to compare mechanical
energy before and after a collision with a hard surface
1 point is earned: For a conceptually plausible plan to measure pre- and post-collision positions and/or speeds that
could be used to compare pre- and post-collision mechanical energies, without extraneous equipment and/or
measurements
1 point is earned: For having lab equipment and measurement procedures well specified
1 point is earned: For a procedure that includes trials of different pre-collision speeds, ranging from low speed to
high speed (as is needed to test the student’s hypothesis)
Example 1:
i. The drop height of the ball and the bounce height.

ii. A meterstick to measure the heights and a video camera to record the ball’s motion.
iii. Place the meterstick upright against the wall. Drop the ball from 10 different drop heights, using the video
camera to record the bounce heights.
Example 2:
i. The speed of the ball immediately before and immediately after it bounces.
ii. A photogate near the floor, at a height just above the diameter of the ball, to measure the ball’s speed.
iii. Drop the ball through the photogate. Record the speeds measured by the photogate before and after the
bounce. Change the drop height of the ball at least five times, covering a range of heights from “low” to
“high.”
0 1 2 3 4
Page 35 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Parts i, ii, and iii are scored as a unit
1 point is earned: For an overall plan in which quantities are measured that could be used to compare mechanical
energy before and after a collision with a hard surface
1 point is earned: For a conceptually plausible plan to measure pre- and post-collision positions and/or speeds that
could be used to compare pre- and post-collision mechanical energies, without extraneous equipment and/or
measurements
1 point is earned: For having lab equipment and measurement procedures well specified
1 point is earned: For a procedure that includes trials of different pre-collision speeds, ranging from low speed to
high speed (as is needed to test the student’s hypothesis)
Example 1:
1. The drop height of the ball and the bounce height.

2. A meterstick to measure the heights and a video camera to record the ball’s motion.
3. Place the meterstick upright against the wall. Drop the ball from 10 different drop heights, using the video
camera to record the bounce heights.
Example 2:
1. The speed of the ball immediately before and immediately after it bounces.
2. A photogate near the floor, at a height just above the diameter of the ball, to measure the ball’s speed.
3. Drop the ball through the photogate. Record the speeds measured by the photogate before and after the
bounce. Change the drop height of the ball at least five times, covering a range of heights from “low” to
“high.”
Part B
4 points total
1 point is earned: For describing how to plot or otherwise represent the data in a way that could be used to test the
hypothesis
1 point is earned: For describing how to compare the post-collision to pre-collision mechanical energy (or a
plausible alternative) to quantify the elasticity of the collision
1 point is earned: For comparing the low-speed versus high-speed results
1 point is earned: For addressing the hypothesis with an analysis such as a slope, ratio, or difference
Page 36 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Example 1:
Make a graph of the bounce height hf as a function of the drop height hi. If the data are consistent with
the hypothesis, then the data will (1) lie close to the line hf = hi for low drop heights, and (2) lie below
this line for high drop heights
Example 2:
Make a graph of vf2-vi2 as a function of vi, where vf and vi are the ball’s speed just after and just before
the bounce, respectively. If the data are consistent with the hypothesis, then vf2-vi2 will (1) be close to
zero for low speeds, and (2) be negative for high speeds.
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned: For describing how to plot or otherwise represent the data in a way that could be used to test the
hypothesis
1 point is earned: For describing how to compare the post-collision to pre-collision mechanical energy (or a
plausible alternative) to quantify the elasticity of the collision
1 point is earned: For comparing the low-speed versus high-speed results
1 point is earned: For addressing the hypothesis with an analysis such as a slope, ratio, or difference
Example 1:
Make a graph of the bounce height hf as a function of the drop height hi. If the data are consistent with
the hypothesis, then the data will (1) lie close to the line hf = hi for low drop heights, and (2) lie below
this line for high drop heights
Example 2:
Make a graph of vf2-vi2 as a function of vi, where vf and vi are the ball’s speed just after and just before
the bounce, respectively. If the data are consistent with the hypothesis, then vf2-vi2 will (1) be close to
zero for low speeds, and (2) be negative for high speeds.
Page 37 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
Part C
4 points total
Part(i)
1 point is earned: For drawing a graph or table that shows that the low-speed collisions are nearly perfectly elastic
1 point is earned: For drawing a graph or table that shows a violation of a physics principle for higher-speed
collisions
Example for energy conservation:
A graph of the ratio (Post-collision mechanical energy / Pre-collision mechanical energy) as a

function of precollision speed, in which the graph stays near 1.0 for low initial speeds but becomes
greater than 1.0 for high-speed collisions.
Part(ii)
1 point is earned: For a correct description of the aspect of the graph or table that shows a violation of the physical
principle indicated
1 point is earned: For a correct explanation of why the representation shows a violation of the physical principle
indicated
Example for energy conservation using the graph described above:
The value of the energy ratio shows a violation of conservation of energy when it becomes greater
than 1.0 because the final energy cannot be greater than the initial energy.
0 1 2 3 4
Part(i)
1 point is earned: For drawing a graph or table that shows that the low-speed collisions are nearly perfectly elastic
1 point is earned: For drawing a graph or table that shows a violation of a physics principle for higher-speed
Page 38 of 39
Momentum FRQ Quiz 1
collisions
Example for energy conservation:
A graph of the ratio (Post-collision mechanical energy / Pre-collision mechanical energy) as a

function of precollision speed, in which the graph stays near 1.0 for low initial speeds but becomes
greater than 1.0 for high-speed collisions.
Part(ii)
1 point is earned: For a correct description of the aspect of the graph or table that shows a violation of the physical
principle indicated
1 point is earned: For a correct explanation of why the representation shows a violation of the physical principle
indicated
Example for energy conservation using the graph described above:
The value of the energy ratio shows a violation of conservation of energy when it becomes greater
than 1.0 because the final energy cannot be greater than the initial energy.
Copyright © 2021. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program. Use or distribution of these materials online or in print beyond your school’s
participation in the program is prohibited.
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AP Physics 1 Scoring Guide

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(f) Briefly explain your reasoning for part (e).

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

The response accurately includes

1 point is earned for stating the compression distance is larger.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for a correct explanation that addresses the dependence of d on v.

Since v is proportional to d in equation 2, as v increases d will increase, as predicted in part (f).

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Quantity to be Measured Symbol for Quantity Equipment for Measurement

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Student response accurately includes the following criteria.

Student response accurately includes the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

5. Press the switch that will allow the spring to expand.

7. To reduce error, perform steps 1 through 6 multiple times.

Student response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Student response accurately includes the following criteria.

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of energy

The student earns all of the following points:

One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of energy

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The student earns all of the following points:

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of momentum

The student earns all of the following points:

One point is earned for work indicating use of conservation of momentum

Momentum FRQ Quiz 1

The student earns all of the following points:

One point is earned for an appropriate conservation of energy statement

The student earns all of the following points:

One point is earned for an appropriate conservation of energy statement

Yes No