Denguefinalpdf-170803082145 2
Denguefinalpdf-170803082145 2
Vasoactive mediators
• NOTIFICATION
STEP III • Management decision (A/B/C)
Laboratory Manifestations
Hematocrit/ Packed cell volume:
Measured by capillary centrifugation or automated
analyzers
Crude estimate= Hb× 3
Capillary values may be 5-10% higher than venipuncture
values
May be altered by bleeding/volume replacement
Increase in Hct by 20% DHF or plasma leakage
When previous value NA > 45% is significant
Other Manifestations
Peripheral Smear and TLC
Normal, Leukocytosis Leukopenia
Lymphocytosis and Atypical lymphocytes
Thrombocytopenia
Automated Platelet Counters : Giant platelets;
pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA induced platelet
aggregates).
between day 3 - 8 following the onset of illness
Other Manifestations
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyponatremia
Mild increase in AST, ALT upto 200-250
> 1000 Hepatic involvement and severe Dengue
↑ PT, APTT
↑ Urea / Creatinine
Mild albuminuria
Reduced Serum Complement
Role of Ultrasonoraphy in Dengue
Fluid accumulation:
Pleural effusion: Right side or B/L
Ascites
Pericardial effusion
Acalculous Cholecystitis
GB wall thickening and pericholecystic fluid
>3mm ↑ severity
Hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnosis of Dengue virus
infection
Laboratory criteria for
confirmation of dengue fever
Isolation of the dengue virus from serum or autopsy
samples
Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in IgG or
IgM antibody titres to one or more dengue virus antigens
in paired serum samples
Demonstration of dengue virus antigen in autopsy tissue,
serum or CSF samples by immunohistochemistry,
immunofluorescence or ELISA
Detection of dengue virus genomic sequences in autopsy
tissue serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
Serological tests for dengue are not much helpful for the
clinical management except in a minority of cases where the
diagnosis is in doubt. It is mostly done to establish the
diagnosis for epidemiological information.
Dengue NS-1 Antigen
NS-1 is a non structural protein associated with
intracellular organalles and transported to the surface
by secretory pathways.
More efficient with acute phase sera of primary
infection as compared to secondary dengue infection
Soluble hexameric form found to circulate in the blood
of patients with acute dengue
ELISA has been developed for specific detection of
Dengue NS-1 type Antigen.
Serological tests available for
Dengue
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
Neutralization test
Indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test
Complement fixation
Dot blotting
Western blotting
Rapid immunochromatography test
ELISA
MAC-ELISA ( IgM-Antibody
Capture ELISA)
Cross reactivity between other circulating flaviviruses.
Can not be used to determine the type of virus.
antigens used for this assay are derived from the
dengue virus envelope protein
MAC-ELISA has a sensitivity and specificity of
approximately 90% and 98%, respectively but only
when used five or more days after onset of fever.
IgG ELISA
Utilizes the same viral antigens as the MAC ELISA
Similar principle
10 Dengue: negative IgG in the acute phase and a positive
IgG in the convalescent phase of the infection
20 Dengue: positive IgG in the acute phase and a 4 fold
rise in IgG titer in the convalescent phase
Requires paired sera with at least 7 day interval between
the 2 samples
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
test
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
test
Requires paired sera with at least 7 day interval between
the 2 samples
Cross reaction with other flaviviruses
HI assay does not differentiate between IgM and IgG
10 dengue: low-undetectable levels in acute sera HI
titer < 1:1280
20 dengue: 4 fold rise between 2 samples with peak titers
> 1:2560
Rapid Tests
Various tests are available
Most based on “Immunochromatography”
Give results in 30-60 minutes.
Various commercial kits are available
Variable sensitivity and specificity
Accuracy in testing for IgM antibodies is lower than
ELISA.
However, their accuracy in testing for IgG antibodies
seems to be greater than ELISA
Can not be used for reporting or in surveillance
1 0 Dengue vs 2 0 Dengue
10 Dengue 20 Dengue
NS-1 High Low
IgM High Low /undetectable
IgM/IgG ratio >1.2 <1.2
HI titer < 1:2560 > 1:2560
IgG paired sample -ve +ve Both sample +ve
ELISA with 4 fold rise
Final Interpretation of Diagnostic tests
Highly suggestive
IgM + in a single serum sample
IgG + in a single serum sample with a HI titre of 1280 or greater
Confirmed
PCR +
Virus culture +
IgM seroconversion in paired sera
IgG seroconversion in paired sera; or
Fourfold IgG titer increase in paired sera
Treatment
Management is relatively simple, inexpensive and very
effective in saving lives so long as correct and timely
interventions are instituted.
Main Pathological Abnormality is LOSS OF PLASMA
VOLUME FROM THE VASCULAR
COMPARTMENT because of increased capillary
permeability.
Early and effective replacement of plasma losses with
plasma expander or fluid and electrolyte solution results in
a favorable outcome in most cases.
TREATMENT PRINCIPLE
MONITOR
vital parameters
If not tolerated
Start NS or RL at
maintenance rate
No warning
signs Give minimum volume required to
maintain good perfusion Warning signs or
patient
and urine output ↑ Hct
improving
2–3 ml/kg/hr
Vital signs
worsening; Obtain Hct and reassess Hct same or
Hct rising clinically rising minimally
RL ( Osm= 273mOsm/L)
may not be suitable for resuscitation of patients with
severe hyponatremia
Can be used after initial fluid resuscitation with NS
O2 Inhalation
Out of Critical
Critical Phase Phase
Reduce IV fluids
Hemodynamic Shock with Shock with May give furosemide
ally stable low Hct high Hct 0.1–0.5 mg/kg OD or BD