Program Name and Code: EJ6I Academic Year : 2022-23

Course Name and Code: ONS(22647) Semester : Sixth

A STUDY ON

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

MICRO PROJECT
Submitted in 2023 by the student

Sr. Roll Enrollment Seat No

No No Full name of Student No (Sem-VI)
(Sem-
VI)
1 GAURAV NITIN PHULE

2 KUNAL BABU KUMBHAR

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Y.S.Pawar
in

Three Years Diploma Program in Engineering & Technology of Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous)
ISO 9001:2008 (ISO/IEC-27001:2013)

at

1734 – TRINITY POLYTECHNIC PUNE

1
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No: of Sixth Semester of Diploma

Programme in Engineering & Technology at 1734 – Trinity Polytechnic Pune, has

completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject in the academic

year2022-23 as per the MSBTE prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: Pune Enrollment No:

Date: / /2023 Exam Seat No:

Projec tGuide Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institute

2
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No: of Sixth Semester of Diploma

Programme in Engineering & Technology at 1734 – Trinity Polytechnic Pune, has

completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject in the academic

year2022-23 as per the MSBTE prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: Pune Enrollment No:

Date: / /2023 Exam Seat No:

Projec tGuide Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institute

3
 INDEX

Sr No. Content Page No.

1. AIM OF THE MICRO-PROJECT: 05

2. EVOLUTION OF GPS 05

3. WHAT IS GPS ? 06

4. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (PRINCIPLE 07

OF OPERATION OF GPS)

5. INFORMATION IN AGPS SIGNAL 09

6. GPS ELEMENTS ( GPS SEGMENTS ) 10

7. TRACKING 12

8. APPLICATIONS OF GPS 13

9. COST OF THE SYSTEM 15

10. CONCLUSION 16

4
 AIM OF MICRO PROJECT
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

EVOLUTION OF GPS

The technology evolved from, Mr. Marconi’s transmission of radio waves. This was applied
for society during the 1920's by the establishment of radio stations, for which you only
needed a receiver. The same applies for GPS- you only need a rather special radio receiver.
Significant advances in radio were bolstered by large sums of money during and after the
Second World War, and were even more advanced by the need for communications with
early satellites and rockets, and general space exploration. The technology to receive radio
signals in a small hand-held, from 20,000kms away, is indeed amazing. Throughout the
1960s the U.S. Navy and Air Force worked on a number of systems that would provide
navigation capability for a variety of applications In 1973 finally, the U.S. Department of
Defense decided that the military had to have a super precise form of worldwide positioning.
And fortunately they had the kind of money ($12 billion!) it took to build something really
good. In short, development of the GPS satellite navigation system was begun in the 1970s
by the US Department of Defense.

The basis for the new system was atomic clocks carried on satellites, a concept successfully
tested in an earlier Navy program called TIMATION. The Air Force operated the new
system, which it called the Navstar Global Positioning System. It has since come to be known
simply as GPS. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978 and a second-generation set of
satellites ("Block II") was launched beginning in 1989. Today's GPS constellation consists of
at least 24 Block II satellites. A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. GPS
was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the
system available for civilian use.

After the downing of Korean Flight 007 in 1983 -a tragedy that might have been prevented if
its crew had access to better navigational tools- President Ronald Reagan issued a directive
that guaranteed that GPS signals would be available at no charge to the world. That directive
helped open up a commercial market. Deployment of GPS continued at a steady pace through
the 1990s, with growing numbers of civilian and military users. GPS burst into public
awareness during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. GPS was used extensively during that
conflict, so much so that not enough military-equipped GPS receivers were available.

5
 WHAT IS GPS ?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defence that
continuously transmit coded information, which makes it possible to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring the distance from the satellites. The satellites transmit very
low power specially coded radio signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the
receiver to compute position, velocity and time thus allowing anyone one with a GPS
receiver to determine their location on earth. Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute
positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock.

The system was designed so that receivers did not require atomic clocks, and so could be
made small and inexpensively. The gps system consists of three pieces. There are the
satellites that transmit the position information, there are the ground stations that are used to
control the satellites and update the information, and finally there is the receiver that you
purchased. It is the receiver that collects data from the satellites and computes its location
anywhere in the world based on information it gets from the satellites. There is a popular
misconception that a gps receiver somehow sends information to the satellites but this is not
true, it only receives data.

6
 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
OF GPS)

The principle behind GPS is the measurement of distance (or "range") between the receiver
and the satellites. The satellites also tell us exactly where they are in their orbits above the
Earth. It works something like this-If we know our exact distance from a satellite in space, we
know we are somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere with radius equal to the
distance to the satellite radius. By measuring its distance from a second satellite, the receiver
knows it is also somewhere on the surface of a second sphere with radius equal to its distance
from the second satellite. Therefore, the receiver must be somewhere along a circle which is
formed from the intersection of the two spheres. Measurement from a third satellite
introduces a third sphere.

Now there are only two points which are consistent with being at the intersection of all three
spheres. One of these is usually impossible, and the GPS receivers have mathematical
methods of eliminating the impossible location. Measurement from a fourth satellite now
resolves the ambiguity as to which of the two points is the location of the receiver. The fourth
satellite point also helps eliminate certain errors in the measured distance due to uncertainties
in the GPS receiver's timing as well.

7
Here's how GPS works in five logical steps:
- The basis of GPS is "triangulation" from satellites.
- To "triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time of radio
signals.
- To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing, which it achieves with some
tricks.
- Along with distance, you need to know exactly where the satellites are in space. High
orbits and careful monitoring are the secret.
- Finally you must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the
atmosphere.

8
 INFORMATION IN A GPS SIGNAL

The GPS signal contains ephemeris and almanac data. Ephemeris data is constantly
transmitted by each satellite and contains important information such as status of the satellite
(healthy or unhealthy), current date, and time. Without this part of the message, your GPS
receiver would have no idea what the current time and date are.

This part of the signal is essential to determining a position, as we’ll see in a moment. The
almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time
throughout the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for
that satellite and for every other satellite in the system.

9
 GPS ELEMENTS ( GPS SEGMENTS )

Space Segment: The GPS technology is based on the NAVSTAR (NAVigation Satellite
Timing And Ranging) constellation composed of 24 satellites in space, the space segment of
the GPS system. There are often more than 24 operational satellites as new ones are launched
to replace older satellites. The satellite orbits repeat almost the same ground track (as the
earth turns beneath them) once each day.

These 24 satellites (21 navigational satellites and 3 active spares) are in 6 circular orbits (with
nominally four SVs in each), equally spaced (60 degrees apart), at an inclination angle of 55
degrees. These satellites weigh 1900 lbs in orbit, travel at speeds of about 14,000 kilometres
per hour or 8700 miles per hour with a 12hr period (precisely 11hr 58 min).

10
Control Segment:

It consists of a system of tracking stations located around the world. The control segment is
composed of all the ground-based facilities that are used to monitor and control the satellites.
This segment is usually unseen by the user, but is a vital part of the system. The NAVSTAR
control segment, called the operational control system (OCS) consists of 5 monitor stations, a
master control station (MCS) and 3 uplink antennas. The satellites send down subsets of the
orbital ephemeris data. The monitor stations track GPS satellites in view, collect and send
information from the satellites back to the master control station that computes the precise
orbits. The master station uploads the data which is necessary for proper operation of the
satellite, like ephemeris and clock data to the satellites. Then the information is formatted into
updated navigation messages that are transmitted through ground antennas.

User Segment:
The user segment is composed of GPS receivers composed of processors and antennas that
allow for sea, land and airborne operators to receive the broadcast. The receivers convert
space vehicle signals into position, velocity and time. A total of 4 satellites are required to
compute these calculations. In order to make this simple calculation, then, the GPS receiver
has to know two things:
•The location of at least three satellites above you
•The distance between you and each of those satellites. The GPS receiver figures both of
these things out by analyzing highfrequency, low-power radio signals from the GPS satellites.
Better units have multiple receivers, so they can pick up signals from several satellites
simultaneously.

Most modern receivers are parallel multi- channel design. Parallel receivers typically have
five to twelve receiver circuits, each devoted to GPS 72 handheld rxr one particular satellite
at all times. Parallel channels are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they
are able to receive the satellite signals even in difficult conditions such as dense foliage or
urban settings. If you want to have continuous real-time position measurements, then the
receiver has to have at least four channels. If it does, then it can devote one channel to each of
the four satellites at the same time.

11
 TRACKING

GPS tracking means to trace something or someone with the Global Positioning System. The
below diagram illustrates the basic AVL system. It shows the GPS signal arriving from
satellite to vehicle. The vehicle location is communicated to the PC (Control Center) via
wireless network. But for thousands of years Homosapiens has had the opportunity to observe
the movement and general habits of members of his own species as well as of wildlife,
particularly by following their tracks. It was a hard and particular unsafe affair. Hence the
development of satellite tracking by the Argos consortium was a quantum leap in the human
Tracking business. Since 1994 the Global Positioning System has been available for civilian
use at no cost. Nowadays GPS makes it available to everyone to track nearly everything.
Objects as well as persons can be tracked if they are fitted out with a GPS receiver
estimating the respective location. The GPS location data is stored on board of the GPS
receiver.

Modern GPS tracking systems are able to send such GPS position data from the object
directly to a receiving station. A receiving station can be a stationary receiver of a tracking
service company (in case of car tracking f. ex.) or provider of a mobile phone company, or
just a PC. Nowadays the GPS location data can be also received by small mobile gadgets like
laptops, handsets etc. The AVL tracking system consists of a GPS receiver inside the vehicle
and a communications link between the vehicle and the control Center as well as pc-based
tracking software for dispatch. The communication system is usually a cellular network
similar to the one used by your cell phone.
.

12
 APPLICATIONS OF GPS

GPS in marine system: Marine GPS receivers feature waterproof casings, marine chart
plotter maps, and even fishing tables and celestial schedules. Most can also store highway
map information, so you can use your marine GPS to get you to the marina and then out to
the fish.

GPS for Private and commercial Use: The GPS system is free for everyone to use,
all that is needed is a GPS receiver, which costs about $90 and up (March 2005). This has led
to widespread private and commercial use. An example of private use is the popular activity
Geocaching where a GPS unit is used to search for objects hidden in nature by traveling to
the GPS coordinates. Commercial use can be land measurement, navigation and road
construction.

GPS on Air Planes Most airline companies allow private use of ordinary GPS units on
their flights, except during landing and take-off, like all other electronic devices. The unit
does not transmit radio signals like mobile phones, it can only receive. Note, however, that
some airline companies might disallow it for security reasons, such as unwillingness to let
ordinary passengers track the flight route.

13
GPS For Visually Impaired
The projects of the navigation system using GPS for the visually impaired have been
conducted quite a few times. GPS was introduced in the late 80’s and since then there have
been several research projects such as MoBIC, Drishti, and Brunel Navigation System for the
Blind, NOPPA, Braille Note GPS and Trekker.

MoBIC
MoBIC means Mobility of Blind and Elderly people interacting with Computers, which was
carried out from 1994 to 1996 supported by the Commission of the European Union. It was
developing a route planning system, which is designed to allow a blind person access to
information from many sources such as bus and train timetables as well as electronic maps of
the locality. The planning system helps blind people to study and plan their routes in advance,
indoors.

GPS for Horticulture In orchards

GPS is used mainly for orchard mapping or electrical mapping. The GPS system allows
orchardist's to accurately keep records of chemical applications, which is extremely important
where the government is concerned. It can keep track of orchard costs, record and track
yields. GPS also allows for the fine-tuning of orchard management techniques for the grower.

14
 COST OF THE SYSTEM

This remarkable system was not heap to build. Development of the $10 billion GPS satellite
navigation system was begun in the 1970s by the US Department of Defense, which
continues to manage the system, to provide continuous, worldwide positioning and
navigation data to US military forces around the globe. Ongoing maintenance, including the
launch of replacement satellites, adds to the cost of the system. Amazingly ,GPS actually
predates the introduction of the personal computer. Its designers may not have foreseen a day
when we would be carrying small portable receivers, weighing less than a pound, at a price as
less as $300, that would not only tell us where we are in position coordinates
(latitude/longitude), but would even display our location on an electronic map along with
cities, streets and more.

A commercial receiver used for navigation purposes will be able to measure only the coarse
pseudo range distances coded on one of the two frequencies. Such receivers are available
from 1500 FF or 300 USD. On the opposite, dual frequency receivers able to measure both
pseudo-range and phase data on both carrier waves cost up to 150,000 FF or 30,000 USD.
There is an intermediate category of receivers which allow relatively precise positioning
without being excessively costly. Those are the single frequency receivers, which measure
pseudo-range and phase data on only one of the two wavelength. Acquiring data only on the
frequency with the higher signal/noise ratio, those receivers are built with relatively cheap
electronic.

15
 CONCLUSION

Imagine being an archaeologist on an expedition to the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. After

preparing for your trip for months, you are certain that somewhere close by are the ruins of
villages once populated by Mayan Indians. The forest is dense, the sun is hot, and the air is
humid. The only way you can record where you have been, or find your way back to
civilization, is by using the almost magic power of your GPS receiver. Or let's suppose you
are an oceanographer for the International Ice Patrol. You may be responsible for finding
icebergs that form in the cold waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Some of these icebergs are
50 miles long. They are a major threat to the ships that travel those waters, and more than 300
of them form every winter. Using a GPS receiver, you are able to help ships avoid disaster by
zeroing in on the position of the icebergs and notifying ship captains of their locations,
perhaps averting disaster.

There will probably be a time soon when every car on the road can be equipped with a GPS
receiver, including a video screen installed in the dashboard. The indash monitor will be a
full-color display showing your location and a map of the roads around you. It will probably
monitor your car's performance and your car phone as well. Systems as amazing as this one
are already being tested on highways in the United States. GPS is rapidly changing the way
people are finding their way around the earth. Whether it is for fun, saving lives, getting there
faster or whatever use you can dream of, GPS navigation is becoming more common every
day. GPS will figure in history alongside the development of the sea-going chronometer. This
device enabled seafarers to plot their course to an accuracy that greatly encouraged maritime
activity, and led to the migration explosion of the nineteenth century. GPS will affect
mankind in the same way. There are myriad applications that will benefit us individually and
collectively.

16