LOGARITHM
LOGARITHM
NURTURE COURSE
Logarithm
Corporate Office
CAREER INSTITUTE
“SANKALP”, CP-6, Indra Vihar, Kota (Rajasthan)-324005
+91-744-2757575 [email protected]
www.allen.ac.in
CONTENTS
Logarithm
THEORY............................................................................. Page – 01
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in
order to get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: logaN is defined only when
(i) N > 0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a ¹ 1
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, logaN will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.
p4 q 4
Illustration 2 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that = 1002a–1
100
Solution : log5p = a Þ p = 5a
log2q = a Þ q = 2a
p 4 q 4 54a.2 4a (10)4a (100)2a
Þ = = = = 100 2a -1
100 100 100 100
Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10–3 (c) 2 = 1281/7
(ii) Express the following in exponential form :
(a) log232 = 5 (b) log 2
4=4 (c) log100.01 = –2
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2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.
(c) log 1 N = -1 = logN 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1.
N N
Note : N = (a) loga N e.g. 2 log2 7 = 7
Do yourself - 2 :
(i) Find the value of the following :
log2 5
43 æ1ö
(a) log1.43 (b) ç ÷
30 è2ø
(ii) If 4 log2 2x = 36 , then find x.
2 25 625
Illustration 4 : Find the value of 2 log + 3 log - log
5 8 128
2 25 128
Solution : 2 log + 3 log + log
5 8 625
3
22 æ 52 ö 27
= log 2 + log ç 3 ÷ + log 4
5 è2 ø 5
2 2 56 2 7
= log . . = log1 = 0
52 29 54
Illustration 5 : If logex – logey = a , logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find the value of
b -c c -a a-b
æxö æyö æzö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ´ç ÷
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D) +
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
Solution : logax = p Þ ap = x Þ a = x1/p.
similarly bq = x2 Þ b = x2/q
æ1 2ö 1
ç + ÷.
èp qø 2 1 1
Now, log x ab = log x x x = log x x = +
1/ p 2/q
2p q
Do yourself - 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that log 9 + 2 log 6 + log81 - log12 = 3 log 3
2 4
log a log b 1
(i) logba. logab = . = 1; hence log b a = .
log b log a log a b
1
(iii) Base power formula : loga k m = loga m
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k
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal practice,
only two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of numbers to
the base 10 are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of numbers to the base e
are called Natural or Napierian logarithm. We will consider logx as logex or lnx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & viceversa :
log10 a log e a
loge a = = 2.303 ´ log10 a ; log10 a = = log10 e ´ loge a = 0.434 loge a
log10 e loge 10
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Illustration 8 : If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba . logca – logaa) + (logab . logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is equal
to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution : (logba logca – 1) + (logab . logcb – 1) + (logac logbc – 1) = 0
Do yourself - 4 :
5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e.
log28 = 3, log24 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1 then logarithm of greater
number is smaller. i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.
é x < y if a >1
loga x < logay Û ê
ë x > y if 0 < a <1
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(ii) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity then logarithm
of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the base are located on different
side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is negative.
1 æ1ö
49 = 4 ; log 1 ç ÷ = 3 ; log2 çæ ÷ö = -5; log10(0.001) = –3
e.g. log10 3 10 = ; log 1
7
3 2 è8ø è 32 ø
1 1
(iii) x + ³ 2 if x is positive real number and x + £ -2 if x is negative real number
x x
(iv) n ³ 2, n Î N
n
a = a1/ n Þ nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non negative number)
Some important values : log102 » 0.3010 ; log103 » 0.4771 ; ln2 » 0.693, ln10 » 2.303
7. ANTILOGARITHM :
The positive real number 'n' is called the antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
Thus, log n = m Û n = antilog m
Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log10(0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
200
æ1ö
(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeros) between decimal & first significant digit in ç ÷
è6ø
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5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6
y
8. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION/MODULUS FUNCTION :
y=
–x
ìx if x ³ 0
and is defined as : y = |x| = í x
î-x if x < 0
y = |x|
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Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b Î R
(a) |a| ³ 0 (b) |a| = |–a|
a |a |
(c) |ab| = |a||b| (d) =
b |b|
(e) a 2 = |a|
Solution : |x – 1| – 2 = ± 5
|x – 1| = 7, – 3
Case-I : When |x – 1| = 7 Þ x – 1 = ± 7 Þ x = 8, –6
Solution : Case-I : If x £ –1
–(x – 1) – (x + 1) = 2
Þ –x + 1 – x – 1 = 2
Þ –2x = 2 Þ x = –1 ........(i)
–(x – 1) + (x + 1) = 2
Þ –x+1+x+1=2
Case-III : If x ³ 1
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x–1+x+1=2
Þ x=1 ........(iii)
Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Solve : |x + 3| = 2(5 – x)
(ii) Solve : x|x| + 7x – 8 = 0
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Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 12 : Show that log418 is an irrational number.
log 2 3 1 1
Solution : log418 = log4(32 × 2) = 2log43 + log42 = 2 + = log 2 3 +
log 2 4 log2 4 2
assume the contrary, that this number log23 is rational number.
p
Þ log23 = . Since log23 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number
q
Þ 3 = 2p/q Þ 2p = 3q
But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction completes
the proof.
Illustration 13 : If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the length of hypotenuse
and c – b ¹ 1, c + b ¹ 1, then show that
logc+ba + logc–ba = 2logc+ba . logc–ba.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 .......... (i)
1 1 log a (c - b) + loga (c + b)
LHS = log (c + b) + log (c - b) = log (c + b).log (c - b)
a a a a
loga (c 2 - b2 ) loga a 2
= = (using (i))
loga (c + b).loga (c - b) log a (c + b).log a (c - b)
2
=
log a (c + b).loga (c - b) = 2log(c+b)a . log(c – b) a = RHS
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ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
Solve for x Î R (Q.1 to Q.7)
1. 4x – 10.2x–1 = 24 2. 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x
1
3. 32x–3 – 9x–1 + 272x/3 = 675. 4. 7x +2 - .7 x +1 - 14.7 x -1 + 2.7 x = 48
7
x +1 x 2 + 2x -11 9
5.
æ5ö
ç3÷
è ø
æ 9 ö
.ç ÷
è 25 ø
æ5ö
=ç ÷
è3ø
6. (3x 2 - 7.2x +3.9
)
- 9 3 log ( 7 - x ) = 0
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2 2 2 2 2
6. If log2(x + 1) + log13(x + 1) = log2(x + 1) log13(x + 1), (x ¹ 0), then log7(x + 24) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 æ a 4 b3 ö
7. ÷ = ap + bp + gp + d (" p Î R – {0}), then
3 2
Given log3a = p = logbc and logb9 = . If log 9 ç
p2 è c ø
(a+b+g+d) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
If x1 & x2 are the two values of x satisfying the equation 7 2x - 2 ( 7x ) + 72x +24 = 0 , then (x1 + x2)
2 2
+ x +12
10.
equals-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 7
n
11. If x, y Î 2 when n Î I and 1 + logxy = log2y, then the value of (x + y) is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
2
12. If n Î N such that characteristic of n to the base 8 is 2, then number of possible values of n is-
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 448 (D) infinite
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. If x = log 2 ( )
56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + .......¥ , then which of the following statements holds good ?
(A) x < 0 (B) 0 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 4 (D) 3 < x < 4
2. The greatest value of (4log10x – logx(.0001)) for 0 < x < 1 is-
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 8 (D) –8
3. The number of integral solutions of | log5 x 2 - 4 |= 2 + | log 5 x - 3 | is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
1-a - b
2(1- b )
4. If 60a = 3 and 60b = 5 then the value of 12 equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 12
log b+ c a + log c- b a
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5. Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of log a · log a (b + c ¹ 1, c – b ¹ 1) equals
b+c c-b
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[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
If ( log b a ) + ( log a b ) = 79 , (a > 0, b > 0, a ¹ 1, b ¹ 1 ) then value of (logb a) + (logab) can be-
2 2
9.
(A) 71/7 > (42)1/14 > 1 (B) log3(5) log7(9) log11(13) > – 2
1 1
(C) 99 + 70 2 + 99 - 70 2 is rational (D) log 3 + log 3 > 3
4 7
EXERCISE (S-1)
æ ö æ ö
Let A denotes the value of log10 ç ab + (ab) - 4(a + b) ÷ + log10 ç ab - (ab) - 4(a + b) ÷
2 2
1.
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø
log b ( log b N )
4 -1 -4 / 3 log b a
2. Compute the following : (a) log1 / 3 729. 9 .27 3
(b) a
4. Calculate : 4
5log 4 2 (3- 6 )- 6 log (
8 3- 2 )
1 3
log 6 3
æ 2
ö
+3
( 7)
log 5 9
81
- (125)
log25 6
5. Simplify : .ç log 25 7
÷÷
409 ç
è ø
æ1ö
log1/ 5 ç ÷ 4 1
6. Simplify : 5 è2ø
+ log 2
+ log1 / 2
7+ 3 10 + 2 21
2 a 2 b5
7. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and logc (8) = 2 . Write log 2 as a function of 's'
s3 + 1 c4
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(a,b,c>0, c¹1).
10. Prove that a x - b y = 0 where x = log a b & y = log b a , a >0 , b > 0 & a , b ¹ 1.
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11. Solve the following equations :
1
i. logx–13 = 2 ii. log 4 (2log 3 (1 + log 2 (1 + 3log 3 x))) =
2
æ x2 ö
i. log1/2 2 (4x) + log 2 ç ÷ = 8 ii. log 0.5x x 2 - 14 log16x x 3 + 40log 4x x = 0
è 8 ø
æ 2+ x ö æ 2 ö
iii. log3(4.3x – 1) = 2x + 1 iv. log 5 ç ÷ = log 5 ç ÷
è 10 ø è x +1 ø
v. 1 + 2log(x+2)5 = log5(x + 2) vi. log424x = 2log 2 4
4
viii. 2 log 8 (2x) + log 8 (x + 1 - 2x) =
2
vii. log2(4.3x – 6) – log2(9x – 6) = 1
3
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
2 3
2. Find the value of the expression 6
+
log 4 (2000) log5 (2000) 6
3. Given that log23 = a, log35 = b and log72 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base 140
in terms of a,b & c.
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4. If a,b and c are positive real numbers such that a log3 7 = 27;b log7 11 = 49 and c log11 25 = 11 . Find the
( 2
value of a 3 + b 7 + c 11
(log 7) (log 11) 2
(log 25)
.
2
)
x
5. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that 2log(2y – 3x) = logx + logy, find .
y
6. The real x and y satisfy log 8x + log4y2 = 5 and log8y + log4x2 = 7, find xy.
7. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5(a – b).
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8. Solve following equations
(i) |x – 1| = 5 (ii) |x + 1| = |2x – 1|
(iii) |x – 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10 (iv) |2x – 1| – |x – 3| = 7
(v) x + |3x – 2| = 2 (vi) |log2 x| = 3
9. Solve the system of equations :
loga x loga(xyz) = 48
logay loga(xyz) = 12, a > 0, a ¹ 1
logaz loga(xyz) = 84
10. Let y = log2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log2 192 + 16 - log2 12.log 2 48 + 10. Find y Î N.
11. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 6 10 (Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base
of the logarithm is 6.
Find the value of LMN.
12. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation (2017)(x) log2017 x = x 2 .
13. If (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are the solution of the system of equation.
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
then show that the value of log 30(x1y1x2y2) = 12.
14. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of
the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25)
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.
10 x+y
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15. (a) If x,y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then = N where N is a natural number,
3 2
find the value of N.
(b) If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca and z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.
b2 = ac.
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EXERCISE (JA)
1. log3/4 log8(x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4(x2 + 7)–1 = –2. [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]
( 2x )
ln 2
= (3y)ln 3
3lnx = 2 lny
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
æ ö
1 1 1 1
4. The value of 6 + log 3 ç 4- 4- 4- ...... ÷ is [JEE 2012, 4M]
2
ç 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ÷
è ø
5. If 3x = 4x–1, then x = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]
2log 3 2 2 1 2log 2 3
(A) (B) 2 - log 3 (C) 1 - log 3 (D) 2log 3 - 1
2log 3 2 - 1 2 4 2
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ANSWERS
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
-7 1
1. x=3 2. x = –2 3. x = 3 4. x = 0 5. x = ,2 6. x = , 6 7. x = 1
2 5
1 3
15. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x = ± (iii) x = (iv) x = 4
2 2
-1
18. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 1 (vi) 4 19. 8
2
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B,C 10. A,B,D
EXERCISE (S-1)
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2 3 25
7. 2s + 10s – 3(s +1) 8.
2
11. i. {1 + 3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2} v. {0} vi. {–5}
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12. i. {2–7, 2} ii. {1/ 2,1, 4} iii. {–1, 0} iv. {3} v. {–9/5, 23}
EXERCISE (S-2)
1 + 2ac 9
1. 2 2. 1/6 3. 4. 469 5. 4/9 6. xy = 2 7. 1
2c + abc + 1
-11 1
8. (i) x = 6,–4(ii) x = 2,0 (iii) x = 3, (iv) x = 5,–9(v) x = 1,0 (vi) x = 8,
3 8
4 7 æ 1 1 1 ö 2
9. (a , a,a ) or ç 4 , , 7 ÷ 10. y = 6 11. 23040 12. (2017)
èa a a ø
14. (a) 0.5386; 1.5386; 3.5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 15. (a) 507
EXERCISE (JA)
1. x = 3 or –3 2. B 3. C 4. 4 5. A,B,C
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Important Notes
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