Structural Geology Draft
Structural Geology Draft
GEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Bedrock Map
of Michigan
Types of Geological Maps
Surficial Maps
Surficial Map of
Manitoba, Canada
Types of Geological Maps
Structural Maps
Slip
The displacement that occurs
during faulting is called the slip.
The total displacement is known as
the next slip. This may be along the
strike direction or the dip direction
or along both.
Parts of a Fault
Slip has been already described as the displacement along the fault
plane. If the displacement is along the strike direction of the fault plane, such
a fault is described as strike slip fault. On the other hand. If the
displacement occurs partly along the strike direction of the fault plane, such
a fault is called an oblique slip fault.
Classifications and Types of Folds
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Porosity refers to the amount of open space, or
pores, within a rock. It is a measure of how
much water or other fluids the rock can hold.
Porosity is important for understanding of
aquifers, oil reservoirs, and other geological
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
formations that store fluids. Rocks with high
porosity are generally more permeable and can
POROSITY hold more fluids.
PERMEABILITY
DENSITY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH
Permeability refers to the ability of
rock to allow fluids to flow through it.
It is related to porosity but also
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
depends on the connectivity of the
POROSITY pores. Rocks with high permeability
are generally easier to extract fluids
from, such as oil or water.
PERMEABILITY
DENSITY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH
HARDNESS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Density is the mass of a rock per unit
volume. It is an important property
POROSITY for determining the weight and
strength of a rock, and it can be used
PERMEABILITY
to distinguish between different types
of rocks.
DENSITY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRENGTH
HARDNESS
ELASTICITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
POROSITY
PERMEABILITY
Mechanical properties of
DENSITY rocks are properties that
describe how rocks behave
MECHANICAL
under stress or strain. These
PROPERTIES
properties include strength,
STRENGTH hardness, elasticity, and
plasticity.
HARDNESS
ELASTICITY
PLASTICITY
POROSITY
PERMEABILITY
Strength refers to the ability of a rock
DENSITY
to resist deformation and breaking
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES under stress. It depends on a variety
of factors, such as the mineral
composition, structure, and history of
STRENGTH
rocks. Strength is an important
property of determining the stability
HARDNESS of geological formations and designing
structures that rely on the strength of
ELASTICITY
rock, such as dams or bridges.
PLASTICITY
PERMEABILITY
Hardness is a measure of a rock’s resistance to
DENSITY scratching or abrasion. It is determined by the
mineral composition of the rock and is often
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES used to identify different types of rocks.
Hardness is an important property for
STRENGTH
determining the suitability of a rock for
various purposes, such as construction
HARDNESS materials or decorative purposes.
ELASTICITY
PLASTICITY
DENSITY
Elasticity is the ability of a rock to deform and
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES then return to its original shape when the stress
is removed. It is related to the strength of the
STRENGTH
rock and depends on the mineral composition
HARDNESS and structure. Elasticity is important for
understanding the behavior of rocks under
stress and designing structures that can
ELASTICITY withstand deformation.
PLASTICITY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Plasticity is the ability of a rock to deform
STRENGTH permanently under stress, without fracturing
or breaking. It is related to the strength and
HARDNESS elasticity of the rock and depends on the
mineral composition and structure. Plasticity is
ELASTICITY
important for understanding the long-term
behavior of rocks under stress and designing
PLASTICITY structures that can withstand permanent
deformation.
DYNAMIC PROPERTY
OF ROCKS
DYNAMIC PROPERTY OF ROCKS
WAVE
THEORY
WAVE THEORY