BS en Iso 29661 - 2017

BS EN ISO 29661:2017
BSI Standards Publication
Reference radiation fields for radiation protection

- Definitions and fundamental concepts
BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 29661:2017.
It is identical to ISO 29661:2012, incorporating amendment 1:2015. It
supersedes BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015, which is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is
indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to ISO text carry
the number of the ISO amendment. For example, text altered by ISO
amendment A1 is indicated by  .
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 96930 0
ICS 13.280
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
31 March 2018 This corrigendum renumbers

BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 as
BS EN ISO 29661:2017
BS EN ISO 29661:2017
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 29661

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2017
ICS 13.280
English Version
Reference radiation fields for radiation protection -

Definitions and fundamental concepts (ISO 29661:2012,
including Amd 1:2015)
Champs de rayonnement de référence pour la
radioprotection - Définitions et concepts
fondamentaux (ISO 29661:2012, y compris Amd
1:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 September 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 29661:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN ISO 29661:2017
EN ISO 29661:2017 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 29661:2012, including Amd 1:2015 has been prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 85 “Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 29661:2017 by Technical
Committee CEN/TC 430 “Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 29661:2012, including Amd 1:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 29661:2017
without any modification.
3
BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................................. iv
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................... v
1 Scope....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references.......................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions.......................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Quantities and conversion coefficients......................................................................................................... 9
4 Symbols................................................................................................................................................................ 15
5 Application of the measurement quantities and units............................................................................. 17
5.1 Measurement quantities for area monitoring............................................................................................. 17
5.2 Measurement quantities for individual monitoring................................................................................... 18
5.3 Establishing of the measurement quantities for area and individual monitoring............................ 18
6 Calibration and determination of the response in reference radiation fields.................................... 18
6.1 General principles.............................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2 Calibration in reference radiation fields....................................................................................................... 19
6.3 Determination of the response in reference radiation fields.................................................................. 21
6.4 Methods for the determination of the calibration coefficient................................................................. 22
6.5 Special considerations for area dosemeters (area survey meters)...................................................... 25
6.6 Special considerations for personal dosemeters...................................................................................... 26
7 Uncertainty........................................................................................................................................................... 30
8 Certificates........................................................................................................................................................... 30
Annex A (normative) List of reference conditions and standard test conditions............................................ 31
Annex B (normative) Description of the calibration coefficient........................................................................... 32
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 BS EN ISO 29661:2017
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 29661 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Introduction
International Standards ISO 4037, ISO 6980, ISO 8529 and ISO 12789[1]...[12], with focus on photon, beta and
neutron reference radiation fields, are each divided into several parts: one part gives the methods of production
and characterization of reference radiation fields, and others describe the dosimetry of the reference radiation
qualities and the procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and doserate meters
in terms of the operational quantities of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
(ICRU)[25] [26] [27] [28] [31].
The subject of these four International Standards is the same; they differ only in the kind of radiation each
addresses. Their terms and definitions, and most of the descriptions of methods and procedures given are
basically the same — whatever the radiation. Nevertheless, they do differ, more or less, from one to the other
in detail. This International Standard brings together terms and definitions and fundamental concepts common
to all of them. Thus, it serves to harmonize International Standards on radiation protection.
Besides definitions relating to calibration primary quantities, the operational quantities for area and individual
monitoring are specified. For area monitoring, the operational quantities are ambient dose equivalent, H*(10),
 
directional dose equivalents, H'(0,07, Ω ) and H'(3, Ω ), and the appropriate dose rates. For individual monitoring
using personal dosemeters, the dose equivalent quantities, Hp(10), Hp(0,07) and Hp(3), and the respective dose
rates are available.
The method used to represent these operational quantities is the following. First, a basic (primary) quantity, such
as air kerma free-in-air, fluence or absorbed dose to soft tissue, is measured. Then the appropriate operational
quantity is derived by the application of the conversion coefficient that relates the basic (primary) quantity to
the selected operational quantity. The procedure for the calibration and the determination of the response of
radiation protection dosemeters is described in general terms. Depending on the type of dosemeter under test,
the position of the reference point is specified differently and the irradiation is either carried out on a phantom
(for personal dosemeters) or free in air (for area dosemeters or area survey meters).
With the publication of this International Standard, it is intended that ISO 4037, ISO 6980, ISO 8529 and
ISO 12789 be revised successively for further harmonization since, among other aspects, certain of their
definitions differ from those published here and the symbols chosen for this International Standard are more
consistent with ICRU reports and other International Standards used for radiation protection purposes.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v

BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Reference radiation fields for radiation protection — Definitions

and fundamental concepts
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms and fundamental concepts for the calibration of dosemeters and
equipment used for the radiation protection dosimetry of external radiation — in particular, for beta, neutron
and photon radiation. It defines the measurement quantities for radiation protection dosemeters and doserate
meters and gives recommendations for establishing these quantities. For individual monitoring, it covers whole
body and extremity dosemeters (including those for the skin and the eye lens), and for area monitoring, portable
and installed dosemeters. Guidelines are given for the calibration of dosemeters and doserate meters used for
individual and area monitoring in reference radiation fields. Recommendations are made for the position of the
reference point and the phantom to be used for personal dosemeters.
This International Standard also deals with the determination of the response as a function of radiation quality
and angle of radiation incidence.
It is intended to be used by calibration laboratories and manufacturers.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

measurement (GUM:1995)
ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
Corrected by ISO/IEC 17025:2005/Cor 1:2006
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE These terms and definitions are relevant for the calibration of dosemeters and for the quantities and conversion
coefficients that are general to ISO 4037, ISO 6980, ISO 8529 and ISO 12789. Special terms and definitions can be found
in those International Standards.
3.1 General
3.1.1
angle of radiation incidence
α
angle, in the coordinate system of the dosemeter, between the direction of radiation incidence and the reference
direction of the dosemeter in unidirectional fields
3.1.2
area dosemeter
area survey meter
meter designed to measure the ambient dose equivalent (rate) or the directional dose equivalent (rate)
[SOURCE: IEV 394-22-08, modified.]
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3.1.3
background indication
indication obtained from a phenomenon, body or substance similar to the one under investigation, but for which
a quantity of interest is supposed not to be present, or is not contributing to the indication
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.2.]
3.1.4
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values
with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and the corresponding indications with
associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for
obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration
curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with
associated measurement uncertainty.
Note 2 to entry: The measurement standard can be a primary standard, a secondary standard or a working
measurement standard.
Note 3 to entry: Often the first step alone in the above definition is perceived as being calibration.
3.1.5
calibration coefficient
N(U,α)
quotient of the conventional quantity value to be measured and the corrected indication of the dosemeter
normalized to reference conditions
Note 1 to entry: The calibration coefficient N(U,α) for the reference radiation quality U and the angle of incidence α is
equivalent to the calibration factor multiplied by the instrument coefficient (see Annex B). It is given by
Ho
N (U,α ) = = C f (U,α ) ⋅ ci (1)
Gcorr
where
Ho is the conventional quantity value;
Gcorr is the corrected indication;
Cf(U,α) is the calibration factor for the radiation quality U and the angle of incidence α; and
ci is the instrument constant.
Concerning the dimension of the calibration factor and the calibration coefficient, see the Notes to 3.1.7 and 3.1.17.
Note 2 to entry: The reciprocal of the calibration coefficient is the response under reference conditions. The value of the
calibration factor may vary with the magnitude of the quantity to be measured. In such cases a dosemeter is said to have
a non-constant response (or a nonlinear indication).
Note 3 to entry: To distinguish between the indication of the standard and the dosemeter, subscripts ‘s’ and ‘d’ are used
and the respective coefficients are named N(U,α)s and N(U,α)d .
[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76 modified.]
3.1.6
calibration conditions
conditions within the range of standard test conditions actually prevailing during the calibration measurement
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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3.1.7
calibration factor
Cf(U,α)
factor by which the product of the corrected indication, Gcorr, and the associated instrument constant, ci, of the
dosemeter is multiplied to obtain the conventional quantity value to be measured under reference conditions
Note to entry: The calibration factor is dimensionless.
[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76, modified.]
3.1.8
conventional quantity value
Ho
quantity value attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose
Note to entry: The conventional quantity value Ho is the best estimate of the quantity to be measured, determined by a
primary standard or a secondary or working measurement standard which are traceable to a primary standard.
3.1.9
correction factor
k
numerical value by which the indication is multiplied to compensate for the deviation of measurement conditions
from reference conditions or for a systematic effect (e.g. ion recombination)
Note to entry: If the correction of the effect of an influence quantity requires a multiplicative factor, the influence quantity
is of type F, see Note to entry 1 for 3.1.16.
3.1.10
correction factor for non-constant response
kn
numerical value by which the indication is multiplied to compensate for the non-constant response (or non‑linear
indication) of the dosemeter, i.e. for the variation of the calibration factor or calibration coefficient with the
variation of the magnitude of the quantity to be measured
Note to entry: For a dosemeter with constant response with respect to the selected measuring quantity, kn is equal to unity.
3.1.11
corrected indication
Gcorr
indication of a dosemeter corrected for any differences of the values of the influence quantities from
reference conditions
Note 1 to entry: The corrected indication, Gcorr, can be calculated with the correction factor, k n, for non-constant
response, the q correction factors, k f, for the influence quantities of type F and the p correction summands, G w, for the
influence quantities of type S. It is given by
p q
Gcorr = k n ⋅ (G − ∑ Gw ) ⋅ ∏ k f (2)
w =1 f =1
which is a model function of the measurement necessary for any determination of the uncertainty according to
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
Note 2 to entry: To distinguish between the indication of the standard and the dosemeter, Subscripts ‘s’ and ‘d’ are used
and the respective indications are named G s,corr and Gd,corr.

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3.1.12
correction summand
Gw
value added to the indication to compensate the deviation of measurement conditions from reference conditions
or for a systematic error (e.g. zero indication)
Note to entry: If the correction of the effect of an influence quantity requires a summand, the influence quantity is of
type S, see Note 1 to entry 3.1.16.
3.1.13
ICRU tissue
material equivalent to the human soft tissue with a density of 1 g·cm −3 and a mass composition of 76,2 %
oxygen, 11,1 % carbon, 10,1 % hydrogen and 2,6 % nitrogen
[SOURCE: ICRU Report 33.]
3.1.14
ICRU sphere
spherical phantom of 30 cm in diameter made of ICRU tissue
Note to entry: This phantom is only used for the calculation of conversion coefficients to ambient or directional dose
equivalent and not for dosemeter calibration.
3.1.15
indication
G
quantity value provided by a measuring instrument or a measuring system
Note 1 to entry: A measuring instrument or a measuring system may consist of several parts, e.g. the ionisation chamber
plus the electrometer, or the complete instrument in one housing, but always without the phantom (if used). In this
International Standard it is always termed a dosemeter.
Note 2 to entry: The units of the indication of the dosemeter are not necessarily the same as that of the measurand. For
example, for measurements with ionisation chambers the instrument indication is, in general, the value of the current I or
of the charge Q. It is necessary to document whether the indication is normalized to the reference conditions to account for
influence quantities and is corrected for intrinsic background and other influences. The corrected indication is named Gcorr.
Note 3 to entry: To distinguish between the indication of the standard and the dosemeter, subscripts ‘s’ and ‘d’ are used
and the respective indications are named G s and Gd.
3.1.16
influence quantity
quantity that, in a direct measurement, does not affect the quantity that is actually measured, but affects the
relation between the indication and the measurement result
Note 1 to entry: The correction of the effect of the influence quantity can require a correction factor (influence quantity
of type F) and/or a correction summand (influence quantity of type S) to be applied to the indication of the dosemeter, e.g.
energy for type F and microphony or electromagnetic disturbance for type S, see 3.1.9 and 3.1.12.
Note 2 to entry: The dose rate is an influence quantity when measuring the dose.

BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
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3.1.17
instrument constant
ci
constant by which the indication of the dosemeter, G, or — if corrections or a normalization were applied — the
corrected indication, Gcorr, is multiplied to convert it to the same unit as the measurand
Note to entry: If the instrument’s indication is already expressed in the same unit as the measurand, ci is unnecessary.
3.1.18
measurand
quantity intended to be measured
3.1.19
measured quantity value
measured value
M
quantity value representing a measurement result
Note to entry: See 6.2.4.
3.1.20
monitor device
device installed in an irradiation facility to monitor the fluence or dose (rate) of the irradiation field
3.1.21
personal dosemeter
meter designed to measure the personal dose equivalent (rate)
Note to entry: A personal dosemeter can be worn on the trunk (whole-body personal dosemeter), at the extremities
(extremity personal dosemeter) or close to the eye lens (eye lens dosemeter).
3.1.22
phantom
artefact constructed to simulate the scattering properties of the human body or parts of the human body such
as the extremities
Note to entry: A phantom can be used for the definition of a quantity and made of artificial material, e.g. ICRU tissue,
or for the calibration and then be made of physically existing material, see 6.6.2 for details.
3.1.23
point of test
point in the radiation field at which the conventional quantity value is known
3.1.24
primary measurement standard
primary standard
measurement standard established using a primary reference measurement procedure, or created as an
artefact, chosen by convention
EXAMPLE Free-air chambers as primary measurement standards of the measurand air kerma free-in-air.
Note 1 to entry: A primary standard has the highest metrological quality in a given field of metrology.

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Note 2 to entry: The quantity value of the primary standard is equated to the best estimate of the quantity to be measured,
i.e. the conventional quantity value.
3.1.25
quantity
property of a phenomenon, body or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as
a number and a reference
Note to entry: The quantities considered in the scope of this International Standard are the operational quantities for
radiation protection purposes (ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent and the
respective dose rates) and the basic quantities such as air kerma free-in-air, fluence and absorbed dose to soft tissue.
3.1.26
quantity value
number and reference together expressing magnitude of a quantity
EXAMPLE 1,52 µGy h −1 as the dose rate in a given radiation field.
Note to entry: A quantity value is a product of a number and a measurement unit (the unit one is generally not indicated
for quantities of dimension one).
3.1.27
radiation detector
apparatus or substance used to convert incident ionizing radiation energy into a signal suitable for indication
and/or measurement
[SOURCE: IEV 394-24-01.]
3.1.28
radiation quality
U
characteristic of ionizing radiation determined by the spectral distribution of radiation with respect to energy
Note to entry: The characteristic is expressed by parameters which are given together with their values in ISO 4037,
ISO 6980, ISO 8529 and ISO 12789. Examples of the parameters are effective energy, half-value layer, X-ray tube voltage
and filtration.
3.1.29
reference direction
direction, in the coordinate system of the dosemeter, with respect to which the angle of radiation incidence is
measured in reference fields
Note 1 to entry: At the angle of incidence of 0° the reference direction of the dosemeter is parallel to the direction of radiation
incidence. At the angle of 180° the reference direction of the dosemeter is anti-parallel to the direction of radiation incidence.
Note 2 to entry: The reference direction, in the coordinate system of the dosemeter, points into the dosemeter (see
Figure 1). For parts to be irradiated consisting of a personal dosemeter and a cylindrical phantom such as a pillar or rod
phantom the reference direction points into the phantom and is perpendicular to the centre line of the phantom.
3.1.30
reference operating condition
reference condition
operating condition prescribed for evaluating the performance of a measuring instrument or measuring system
or for comparison of measurement results

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ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
3.1.31
reference orientation
orientation of the dosemeter for which the direction of the incident radiation coincides with the reference
direction of the dosemeter
3.1.32
reference point
point of the dosemeter that is placed at the point of test for calibration and test purposes
Note 1 to entry: The distance of the measurement is given by the distance between the emission point of the radiation
source and the reference point of the dosemeter.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of the calibration of a personal dosemeter, the phantom has to be included in the calibration
process, see Figure 1 and 6.6.3.
3.1.33
reference radiation field
radiation field whose radiation quality and dosimetric parameters have values according to International
Standards or which is provided by the BIPM
Note 1 to entry: Examples of such International Standards are ISO 4037, ISO 6980, ISO 8529 and ISO 12789.
Note 2 to entry: In the upper part of Figure 1, the direction of the radiation incidence and the reference direction are
parallel, i.e. the angle of incidence is α = 0°. In the lower part of Figure 1, the direction of radiation incidence and the
reference direction have an angle of incidence of α = 45°.
3.1.34
response
R
quotient of the indication, G, or of the corrected indication, Gcorr, and the conventional quantity value to be measured
Note 1 to entry: The full specification of the response includes specification of whether it is determined from G or Gcorr
and a statement of the measuring quantity. Examples are the response of the corrected indication with respect to fluence,
RΦ, the response of the non-corrected indication with respect to kerma, R K, and the response of the corrected indication
with respect to the absorbed dose, R D.
Note 2 to entry: The reciprocal of the response at reference conditions is equal to the calibration coefficient.
Note 3 to entry: The value of the response may vary with the magnitude of the quantity to be measured (dose or dose
rate). In such cases the response is said to be non-constant (or the indication is nonlinear).
Note 4 to entry: The response usually varies with the energy and directional distribution of the incident radiation. Therefore,

it may be useful to give the response as table of single values or diagram or curve or function R( E, Ω ) of the mean radiation

energy E of the radiation quality U and the direction Ω of the incident monodirectional radiation. R( E ) describes the
 
“energy dependence” and R(Ω ) the “angular dependence” of the response; for the latter Ω may be expressed by the
angle, α, between the reference direction of the dosemeter and the direction of an external monodirectional field.
Note 5 to entry: For the determination of the energy dependence the most accurate information is obtained experimentally
if small spectra are used, e.g. for X-rays the radiation qualities of the N series as described in ISO 4037-1.

BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 BS EN ISO 29661:2017
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
"
Key
1 personal dosemeter
2 water slab phantom
3 reference point
a Direction of radiation incidence.
b Reference direction.
c Radiation incidence.
Figure 1 — Reference direction and direction of radiation incidence of personal dosemeter mounted
on water slab phantom [see 6.6.2 a)]
3.1.35
secondary measurement standard
secondary standard
measurement standard established through calibration with respect to a primary measurement standard for a
quantity of the same kind
Note 1 to entry: Calibration may be obtained directly between a primary measurement standard and a secondary
measurement standard, or involve an intermediate measuring system calibrated by the primary measurement standard
and assigning a measurement result to the secondary measurement standard.
Note 2 to entry: A secondary standard can be represented variously, e.g. as a measuring device or a radionuclide source unit.

BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Note 3 to entry: The calibration of the secondary standard is only valid for the irradiation conditions used, e.g. energy,
dose and/or dose rate, environmental conditions.
Note 4 to entry: The quantity value of the secondary standard is equated to the best estimate of the quantity to be
measured, i.e. the conventional quantity value.
3.1.36
standard test conditions
conditions represented by the range of values for the influence quantities under which a calibration or
determination of the response is carried out
Note 1 to entry: Appropriate corrections to reference conditions should be made.
Note 2 to entry: Ideally, calibrations should be carried out under reference conditions. As this is not always achievable
(e.g. for ambient air pressure) or convenient (e.g. for ambient temperature) a (small) interval around the reference values
is acceptable. Values for the standard test conditions together with the reference conditions are given in Table A.1.
[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76 modified.]
3.1.37
true quantity value
quantity value consistent with the definition of a quantity
Note to entry: In the error approach to describing measurement, a true quantity value is considered unique and, in
practice, unknowable. The uncertainty approach is to recognize that, owing to the inherently incomplete amount of detail in
the definition of a quantity, there is not a single true quantity value but rather a set of true quantity values consistent with the
definition. However, this set of values is, in principle and in practice, unknowable. Other approaches dispense altogether
with the concept of true quantity value and rely on the concept of metrological compatibility of measurement results for
assessing their validity.
3.1.38
working measurement standard
measurement standard that is used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or measuring systems
Note to entry: According to ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, a working measurement standard is always traceable to a
primary standard.
3.2 Quantities and conversion coefficients

3.2.1
absorbed dose
D
quotient of dE by dm, where dE is the mean energy imparted to matter of mass dm, thus
dE
D=
dm
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the absorbed dose is joules per kilogram (J·kg −1), known as grays (Gy).
Note 2 to entry: The full specification of the absorbed dose includes the specification of the material, e.g. soft tissue or air.
Note 3 to entry: The absorbed dose rate D is the quotient of dD by dt, where dD is the increment of the absorbed dose
in time interval dt. The unit is grays per second (Gy·s −1). Other units are any quotient of the gray or its decimal multiples
and a suitable unit of time (e.g. mGy·h −1).

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3.2.2
absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient
hD
quotient of the dose equivalent, H, and the absorbed dose, D
H
hD =
D
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient is sieverts per gray (Sv·Gy−1).
Note 2 to entry: The full specification of the absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient includes the
specification of the radiation to which it refers and of the type of dose equivalent (ambient, directional or personal), as well
as for the absorbed dose the material, e.g. air or soft tissue. The absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient
 
hD depends on the energy and, for Hp(10), Hp(3), Hp(0,07), H'(3; Ω ) and H'(0,07; Ω ) , also on the directional distribution of
the incident radiation. Therefore, it is useful to consider the conversion coefficient as a function, hD (E, α), of the energy, E,
of monoenergetic particles at several angles of incidence α.
 
Note 3 to entry: The conversion coefficients from D to H'(0,07; Ω ) , to H'(3; Ω ) , to H*(10), to Hp(10), to Hp(3) or to
Hp(0,07) for the radiation quality U and the angle of incidence α, are indicated as h'D (0,07;U,α ) , h'D (3;U,α ) , h D* (10;U) ,
hpD (10;U, α), hpD (3;U, α), and hpD (0,07;U, α), respectively.
3.2.3
total air kerma free-in-air
Ka
quotient of dEtr by dm, where dEtr is the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated
by uncharged particles in a mass, dm, of air at a point of interest in air
dE tr
Ka =
dm
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of air kerma is joules per kilogram (J·kg −1), known as grays (Gy).
Note 2 to entry: The air kerma rate, K a , is a quotient of dKa by dt, where dKa the increment of the air kerma in time
interval dt. The unit is grays per second (Gy·s −1). Other units are any quotient of the gray or its decimal multiples and a
suitable unit of time (e.g. mGy·h −1).
Note 3 to entry: The definition given specifies the total air kerma. It is given by the sum of the collision air kerma, Ka,coll,
and the radiative air kerma, Ka,rad: Ka = Ka,coll + Ka,rad. The collision air kerma is the part of the air kerma that leads to the
production of electrons through Compton scattering, photoelectric effect and pair production that dissipate their energy
as ionization in or near the electron tracks in the medium. The radiative air kerma is the part of the air kerma that leads
to the production of third-generation photons as the secondary charged particles are decelerated in the medium. The
third‑generation photons are produced via a) bremsstrahlung emission, b) positron annihilation in flight, c) fluorescence
emission as a result of electron- and positron-impact ionization, and d) the effects on these processes of energy-loss
straggling and knock-on electron production. This scheme goes beyond that of ICRU 33, which formally includes only a).
See Reference [37] for details.
[SOURCE: ICRU 60, modified.]
3.2.4
air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient
hK
quotient of the dose equivalent, H, and the collision air kerma free-in-air, Ka,coll, at a point in the photon
radiation field
H
hK =
K a, coll
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient is sieverts per gray (Sv·Gy−1).
Note 2 to entry: The collision air kerma is the part of the air kerma that leads to the production of electrons that dissipate
their energy as ionization in or near the electron tracks in the medium. Therefore, this collision air kerma was always meant
in the definition of the conversion coefficient, although not precisely specified. See Reference [37] for details.

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Note 3 to entry: The collision air kerma, Ka,coll, is related to the total air kerma by the factor g : Ka,coll = Ka · (1-g).
Factor g is the fraction of the energy of the secondary electrons liberated by photons that is lost by radiative processes
(bremsstrahlung, fluorescence radiation or annihilation radiation of positrons). For water or air and for energies lower than
1,3 MeV, g is less than 0,003.
Note 4 to entry: The full specification of an air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient includes the specification
of the type of dose equivalent, e.g. ambient, directional or personal. The conversion coefficient, hK, depends on the energy
 
and, for Hp(10), Hp(3), Hp(0,07), H'(3; Ω ) and H'(0,07; Ω ) , also on the directional distribution of the incident radiation. It
is, therefore, useful to consider the conversion coefficient as a function, hK (E, α), of the energy, E, of monoenergetic
photons at several angles of incidence α.
Note 5 to entry: The conversion coefficients from the air kerma free-in-air, Ka, to H'(0,07) , to H'(3) , to H*(10), to Hp(10),
to Hp(3) or to Hp(0,07) for the radiation quality U and the angle of incidence α are indicated as h'K (0,07;U,α ) , h'K (3;U,α ),
h*K (10;U) , hpK (10;U, α), hpK (3;U, α), and hpK (0,07;U, α), respectively.
3.2.5
ambient dose equivalent
H*(d)
dose equivalent at a point in a radiation field that would be produced by the corresponding expanded and
aligned field, in the ICRU sphere at a depth, d, on the radius opposing the direction of the aligned field
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the ambient dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J·kg-1), known as sieverts (Sv).
Note 2 to entry: In the expanded and aligned field, the fluence and its energy distribution have the same values throughout
the volume of interest as in the actual field at the point of test; the field is unidirectional.
Note 3 to entry: The full specification of the ambient dose equivalent includes the specification of the reference depth, d,
expressed in millimetres.
Note 4 to entry: The ambient dose equivalent rate, H * ( d ), is the quotient of dH*(d) by dt, where dH*(d) is the increment
of the ambient dose equivalent at a depth, d, in time interval dt. The unit is sieverts per second (Sv·s −1). Other units are any
quotient of the sievert or its decimal multiples and a suitable unit of time (e.g. mSv·h −1).
3.2.6
directional dose equivalent

H ′(0, 07, Ω )
dose equivalent at a point in a radiation field that would be produced by the corresponding expanded field, in

the ICRU sphere at a depth, d, on a radius in a specified direction, Ω
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the directional dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J·kg-1), known as sieverts (Sv).
Note 2 to entry: In a unidirectional field, the direction can be specified in terms of the angle, α, between the radius
opposing the incident field and a specified radius. For α = 0°, the quantity H′(d; 0°) may be written as H′(d).
Note 3 to entry: In the expanded field, the fluence and its angular and energy distributions have the same values
throughout the volume of interest as in the actual field at the point of test.
Note 4 to entry: The full specification of the directional dose equivalent includes the specification of the reference depth,
d, expressed in millimetres.
Note 5 to entry: The directional dose equivalent rate, H'  ( d ), is the quotient of dH′(d) by dt, where dH′(d) is the increment
of the directional dose equivalent at a depth, d, in time interval dt. The unit is sieverts per second (Sv·s −1). Other units are
any quotient of the sievert or its decimal multiples and a suitable unit of time (e.g. mSv·h −1).

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3.2.7
dose equivalent
H
product of Q and D at a point in tissue, where D is the absorbed dose and Q is the quality factor at that point, thus
H = Q⋅D
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J·kg −1), known as sieverts (Sv).
Note 2 to entry: The dose equivalent rate H is the quotient of dH by dt, where dH is the increment of the dose equivalent
in time interval dt. The unit is sieverts per second (Sv·s −1). Other units are any quotient of the sievert or its decimal
multiples and a suitable unit of time (e.g. mSv·h −1).
[SOURCE: ICRU 51.]
3.2.8
effective dose
IE
result of the summation of the equivalent doses in tissues or organs, each multiplied by the appropriate tissue
weighting factor, given by the expression
IE = ∑ wT ⋅ H T
T
where HT is the equivalent dose in tissue or organ, T, and wT is the tissue weighting factor for tissue, T, and the
effective dose can also be expressed as the sum of the doubly weighted absorbed dose in all the tissues and
organs of the body
Note to entry: In this International Standard, the symbol IE is used for the effective dose in order to distinguish it from
energy, for which E is the common symbol.
3.2.9
energy and direction distribution of the fluence
energy and direction distribution of the particle fluence
energy distribution of particle radiance
Φ E,Ω
quotient of dΦ by dE and d Ω , where dΦ is the fluence of particles with energy between E and E + dE and
propagating within a solid angle d Ω around a specified direction Ω , expressed as
d 2Φ
Φ E,Ω =
dE dΩ
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the energy and direction distribution of the (particle) fluence is m −2·J −1·sr−1; a widely used
unit is (cm −2·MeV−1·sr−1).
Note 2 to entry: The full specification of the fluence includes the specification of the kind of particles, e.g. neutrons,
photons or betas.
Note 3 to entry: The energy and direction distribution of the (particle) fluence rate ΦE,Ω is the quotient of d ΦE,Ω by dt,
where dΦ E,Ω is the increment of the energy and direction distribution of the fluence in time interval dt. The unit is
m −2·J −1·sr−1·s −1; a widely used unit is (cm −2·MeV−1·sr−1·s −1).

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3.2.10
energy distribution of the fluence
energy distribution of the particle fluence
ΦE
quotient of dΦ by dE, where dΦ is the fluence of particles of energy between E and E + dE
dΦ
ΦE =
dE
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the energy distribution of the (particle) fluence is m −2·J −1; a widely used unit is cm −2·MeV−1.
photons or betas.
Note 3 to entry: The measurand energy distribution of the (particle) fluence is used generally in neutron dosimetry.
Note 4 to entry: The energy distribution of the (particle) fluence rate ΦE is the quotient of dΦΕ by dt, where dΦΕ is the
increment of the energy distribution of the fluence in time interval dt. The unit is (m −2·J −1·s −1); a widely used unit is
(cm −2·MeV−1·s −1).
3.2.11
equivalent dose
HT
dose in a tissue or organ given by
HT = ∑ wR ⋅ DT,R
R
where DT,R is the mean absorbed dose from radiation, R, in a tissue or organ, T, and wR is the radiation
weighting factor
Note to entry: Since wR is dimensionless, the unit for the equivalent dose is the same as for the absorbed dose, J kg –1,
expressed as sieverts (Sv).
[SOURCE: ICRP Report 103.]
3.2.12
fluence
particle fluence
Φ
quotient of dN by da, where dN is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area da, thus
dN
Φ =
da
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the fluence is m −2; a widely used unit is cm −2.
photons or betas.
Note 3 to entry: The fluence rate, Φ , is the quotient of dΦ by dt, where dΦ is the increment of the fluence in time interval
dt. The unit is (m −2·s −1); a widely used unit is (cm −2·s −1).

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3.2.13
fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient
particle fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient
hΦ
quotient of the dose equivalent, H, and the (particle) fluence, Φ, at a point of test in the radiation field, undisturbed
by the irradiated object
H
hΦ =
Φ
Note 1 to entry: The full specification of the fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient includes the specification
of the kind of particles, e.g. neutrons, photons or betas, and of the type of dose equivalent, e.g. ambient, directional or

personal dose equivalent. The conversion coefficient hΦ depends on the energy and, for Hp(10), Hp(3), H'(3; Ω ) and

H'(0,07; Ω ) , on the directional distribution of the incident radiation also.
Note 2 to entry: The SI unit of the (particle) fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient is Sv·m −2; a frequently
used unit is Sv·cm −2.
3.2.14
linear energy transfer
linear collision stopping power
L
quotient of dE by dl, where dE is the mean energy lost by the charged particle due to collisions with electrons,
in traversing a distance dl, thus
dE
L=
dl
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the linear energy transfer is joules per metre (J·m −1), a widely used non-SI unit is keV·µm −1.
Note 2 to entry: L is sometimes termed the unrestricted linear energy transfer.
3.2.15
personal dose equivalent
Hp(d)
dose equivalent in soft tissue, at an appropriate depth, d, below a specified point on the body
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of the personal dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J·kg −1), known as sieverts (Sv).
Note 2 to entry: The full specification of the personal dose equivalent includes the specification of the depth, d, expressed
in millimetres.
Note 3 to entry: Soft tissue in this context is ICRU 4-element tissue with a density of 1 g·cm −3, see 3.1.13.
Note 4 to entry: For the estimation of the local skin dose, a depth of 0,07 mm is employed. The personal dose equivalent
for this depth is then denoted by Hp(0,07). For the estimation of the effective dose, a depth of 10 mm is employed with
analogous notation Hp(10). For the lens of the eye, a depth of 3 mm is employed with analogous notation Hp(3).
Note 5 to entry: In the ICRU Report 47 [27], ICRU has extended the definition of the personal dose equivalent to include
the dose equivalent at a depth, d, in a phantom having the composition of the ICRU tissue. Then Hp(d), for the calibration
of personal dosemeters, is the dose equivalent at d in a phantom composed of ICRU tissue, but of the size and shape of
the phantom used for the calibration (see 6.6.2).
Note 6 to entry: The personal dose equivalent rate H p ( d ) is the dose equivalent rate in soft tissue below a specified
point on the body at an appropriate depth, d. The unit is sievert per second (Sv·s −1). Other units are any quotient of the
sievert or its decimal multiples and a suitable unit of time (e.g. mSv·h −1).

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3.2.16
quality factor
Q
factor used to weight the absorbed dose D for biological effectiveness of the charged particles producing the
absorbed dose
Note to entry: Q at a point in tissue is given by
1
Q=
D ∫
Q( L ) ⋅ D L dL
L
where D is the absorbed dose at that point, DL is the distribution of D in linear energy transfer L, and Q(L) is the corresponding
quality factor at the point of interest. The integration is performed over DL, due to all charged particles, excluding their
secondary electrons.
4 Symbols
The symbols used are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit

α Angle of radiation incidence degrees
Cf(U,α) Calibration factor for radiation quality U and angle of incidence α —
ci Instrument constant context-dependenta
D Absorbed dose Gy
D Absorbed dose rate Gy·s −1
d Depth in soft tissue; recommended depths: 10 mm, 3 mm, 0,07 mm m
E Energy eV
IE Effective dose Sv
f Index of influence quantities of type F —
ΦE Energy distribution of (particle) fluence m −2·J −1
ΦE,Ω Energy and direction distribution of (particle) fluence m −2·J −1·sr−1
Φ Fluence (particle fluence) m −2
Φ Fluence rate m −2·s −1
G Indication context-dependentb
Gd Indication of the dosemeter context-dependentb
Gs Indication of standard used to determine quantity value context-dependentb
Gw Correction summand number w due to zero indication or an influence context-dependentb
quantity
Gcorr Corrected indication context-dependentb
Gd,corr Corrected indication of dosemeter context-dependentb
Gm,corr Corrected indication of the monitor device at the measurement for context-dependentb
the calibration of the dosemeter
Gs,corr Corrected indication of the standard used to determine quantity value context-dependentb
gm,corr Corrected indication of monitor device at measurement for calibration context-dependentb
of monitor device

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Table 1 (continued)

gs,corr Corrected indication of standard at measurement for calibration of context-dependentb
monitor device
Ho Conventional quantity value as measurand
H Dose equivalent Sv
HT Equivalent dose Sv
H Dose equivalent rate Sv·s −1

H'(0,07, Ω ) Directional dose equivalent at depth 0,07 mm Sv

H'(0,07, Ω) Directional dose equivalent rate at depth 0,07 mm Sv·s −1
Hp(0,07) Personal dose equivalent at depth 0,07 mm Sv

H (0,07)
p Personal dose equivalent rate at depth 0,07 mm Sv·s–1

H'(3, Ω ) Directional dose equivalent at depth 3 mm Sv

H'(3, Ω) Directional dose equivalent rate at depth 3 mm Sv·s −1
Hp(3) Personal dose equivalent at depth 3 mm Sv

H (3)
p Personal dose equivalent rate at depth 3 mm Sv·s–1
H*(10) Ambient dose equivalent at depth 10 mm Sv

H * (10) Ambient dose equivalent rate at depth 10 mm Sv·s −1
Hp(10) Personal dose equivalent at depth 10 mm Sv

H (10)
p Personal dose equivalent rate at depth 10 mm Sv·s–1
hK Air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient Sv·Gy−1

hK(E, α) Air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient, depending on Sv·Gy−1
energy E of mono-energetic particles at angle of incidence α
hK(U, α) Air kerma-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient for radiation Sv·Gy−1
quality U and angle of incidence α
hΦ (Particle) fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient Sv·m −2
hD Absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient Sv·Gy−1
hD(E, α) Absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient, Sv·Gy−1
depending on the energy E of mono-energetic particles at the angle
of incidence α
hD(U, α) Absorbed-dose-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficient for the Sv·Gy−1
radiation quality U and the angle of incidence α
Ka Total air kerma free-in-air Gy
Ka,coll Collision air kerma free-in-air Gy
Ka,rad Radiative air kerma free-in-air Gy
k(U,α) Correction factor for radiation quality (or radiation energy distribution) —
U and angle of incidence α for determination of calibration coefficient
or factor
k Correction factor due to deviation of measurement conditions from —
reference conditions
kf Correction factor for influence quantity number f of type F —
kn Correction factor for non-constant response —

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Table 1 (continued)

M Measured value as quantity
N(U,α ) Calibration coefficient context-dependenta
N(U,α ) d Calibration coefficient of dosemeter context-dependenta
N(U,α ) m Calibration coefficient of monitor device context-dependenta
N(U,α ) s Calibration coefficient of standard context-dependenta
p Number of influence quantities of type S —

Q Quality factor —
q Number of influence quantities of type F —
R Response context-dependent
Rref Response under reference conditions context-dependent
R(U,α)G Response relating to indication G for radiation quality (or energy context-dependent
distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R(U,α)Gd Response relating to indication Gd of dosemeter for radiation quality context-dependent
(or energy distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R(U,α)Gs Response relating to indication Gs of standard for radiation quality (or context-dependent
energy distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R(U,α)Gcorr Response relating to corrected indication Gcorr for radiation quality context-dependent
(or energy distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R(U,α)Gd,corr Response relating to corrected indication Gd,corr of dosemeter for context-dependent
radiation quality (or energy distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R(U,α)Gs,corr Response relating to corrected indication Gs,corr of standard for context-dependent
radiation quality (or energy distribution) U and angle of incidence α
R Relative response —
U Radiation quality (radiation energy distribution), e.g. N-100 —

Ω Specified direction —
w Index of influence quantities of type S —
wR Radiation weighting factor —
wT Tissue weighting factor —
a See Note to entry for 3.1.17.
b See Note 2 to entry for 3.1.15.
5 Application of the measurement quantities and units
5.1 Measurement quantities for area monitoring

 
The measurement quantities for area monitoring are H*(10), H'(0,07, Ω ) and H'(3, Ω ) . Frequently, for area
dosemeters the measurement quantity is also the respective dose rate, i.e. the ambient dose equivalent rate,

H * (10), or the directional dose equivalent rate, H'(0,07,
3, Ω ) .
Ω ) or H'(

NOTE 1 In practical radiation protection, the direction, Ω , is rarely used. Almost exclusively, the maximum values of
 

H'(0,07,
Ω ) and H'(0,07, Ω ) or H'(3, Ω ) and H'(3, Ω ) , respectively, at the point of interest, are of importance, obtained
by rotating the portable area dosemeter until the maximum indication occurs. These maximum values are often given in

simplified terms as H′(0,07) and H'(0,07) 
, or as H′(3) and H'(3) , respectively.

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
NOTE 2 In general, calibrations are performed in nominally unidirectional fields. In these cases, the direction, Ω , can
be specified in terms of the angle α between the direction of the incident radiation and the reference direction of the
dosemeter. The measurement quantity is then denoted by H'(0,07,α ) and H'(0,07, 
α ) or by H'(3,α ) and H'(3, α),
respectively.
5.2 Measurement quantities for individual monitoring

The measurement quantities for individual monitoring are Hp(10), Hp(0,07) and Hp(3). Frequently, active
personal dosemeters can indicate, besides Hp(10) and/or Hp(0,07) and/or Hp(3), the personal dose equivalent
rate at 10 mm depth H p (10) or/and the personal dose equivalent rate at 0,07 mm depth H p (0,07) or/and the
personal dose equivalent rate at 3 mm depth H (3) , e.g. for purposes of alarming.
p
5.3 Establishing of the measurement quantities for area and individual monitoring
The radiation protection quantities (see 5.1 and 5.2) are linked by conversion coefficients to radiometric and
dosimetric quantities characterizing the radiation field. In practice, the basic quantities that are usually used are
— in beta dosimetry, the absorbed dose, D, to tissue,
— in photon dosimetry, the collision air kerma free-in-air, Ka,coll, and
— in neutron dosimetry, the particle fluence, Φ.
The radiation protection (operational) quantity is obtained by multiplication of the basic quantity with the
appropriate conversion coefficient.
The monoenergetic conversion coefficients for parallel (unidirectional), extended, monoenergetic beams of
photons and neutrons were tabulated, for example, in ICRU Report 57 [29] and ICRP Report 74 [33]. Details of the
calculation are given by ICRU Report 57[29] [33] [19] [21] [22] [23]. These conversion coefficients for monoenergetic
radiation shall be treated as having no uncertainty.
The conversion coefficients for photons and neutrons for a reference radiation quality can be calculated by
an integration of the product of the energy distribution of the basic quantity of the field and the corresponding
monoenergetic conversion coefficients (see Reference [16] for photon radiation). The uncertainty of the
conversion coefficients for a given quality, as specified in the respective standard, can be reduced if they are
determined individually from the evaluated or measured spectrum[4] [16].
The conversion coefficients for betas are in most cases 1 Sv Gy–1, as the absorbed dose to tissue for a reference
radiation quality is measured in the appropriate depth of 0,07 mm or 3 mm. Further details are given in ISO 6980.
Calibration measurements for photons shall be done with secondary charged particle equilibrium at the
reference point of the dosemeter. If the thickness of the material in front of the reference point (e.g. air or
parts of the dosemeter itself) is not sufficient to achieve secondary charged particle equilibrium, an additional
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer shall be positioned in front of the dosemeter to secure completed
build-up. Further details are given in ISO 4037.
6 Calibration and determination of the response in reference radiation fields
6.1 General principles
6.1.1 Parts to be irradiated
The parts to be irradiated in the radiation field are those of the dosemeter to be irradiated and possibly additional
equipment, e.g. a phantom. They are considered as a unit for the purposes of calibration and determination of
the response.
For an area dosemeter, the parts to be irradiated comprise at least the radiation detector and possibly additional
equipment, e.g. an additional cover or cables. They do not include any phantom.

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For a personal dosemeter, the parts to be irradiated comprise at least those of the personal dosemeter worn
by the person and an appropriate phantom (see 6.6.2).
6.1.2 Conditions of the dosemeter under test
Before any calibration or determination of the response is made, the parts to be irradiated and all further parts
of the dosemeter shall be examined to confirm that they are in a good working condition and free of radioactive
contamination. The set-up procedure and the mode of operation of the dosemeter shall be in accordance with
its instruction manual, as provided by the manufacturer.
6.1.3 Point of test and reference point
Measurements shall be carried out by positioning the reference point of the dosemeter at the point of test at
which the conventional quantity value, Ho, and its associated uncertainty are known; Ho shall be traceable to a
national or international primary standard.
The dosemeter shall be positioned in the radiation field at the point of test such that its reference direction is
oriented in the required orientation. For an angle of incidence of α = 0° (normal incidence), the dosemeter shall
be positioned such that its reference direction is parallel to the direction of radiation incidence.
6.1.4 Axes of rotation
For calibrating a dosemeter at different angles of incidence, i.e. for examining the effect of the variation of
the direction of radiation incidence on the dosemeter indication, a rotation of all the parts to be irradiated is
required. The axis of rotation shall pass through the reference point of the dosemeter.
The dependence of the response on the direction of radiation incidence shall be determined by a rotation of all
the parts to be irradiated around at least two axes being perpendicular to the reference direction. The direction
of the axes shall be mutually perpendicular. The axes used shall be specified.
6.1.5 Reference conditions and standard test conditions for influence quantities
The calibration is intended to be carried out under reference conditions (see Table A.1). Frequently, it is not
possible to keep all influence quantities (e.g. air pressure, humidity, temperature) at their reference values.
Standard test conditions (see Table A.1) describe the range of acceptable variations of influence quantities
when those quantities are not at reference values. The effect of the deviation of influence quantities away from
reference values shall be corrected. If this is not possible, the effect of this difference shall be considered in the
uncertainty statement. The determination of the response shall be performed under standard test conditions.
Depending on the way chosen for the presentation of the calibration results (see Annex B), either several
sets of reference conditions differing by the radiation quality and angle of radiation incidence are defined or
one single set of reference conditions, including one reference radiation quality and one reference angle of
radiation incidence, is chosen and several correction factors are specified.
6.2 Calibration in reference radiation fields
6.2.1 Concept of calibration
The operation of the calibration of a dosemeter comprises of the following procedures.
— Firstly, the conventional quantity value of the dose equivalent Ho and its uncertainty is determined in a
given radiation field for a radiation quality, U, and an angle of radiation incidence, α, at the point of test, i.e.
at a specified position in the radiation beam, see 6.2.2.
— Secondly, in the same radiation field, the dosemeter — or, more precisely, all the parts to be irradiated —
are irradiated, and the indication, Gd, or the corrected indication, Gd,corr, of the dosemeter is determined
together with its uncertainty.
— Thirdly, the calibration coefficient, N(U,α)d, for the quantity dose equivalent is calculated, see 6.2.3.

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When using the dosemeter in an unknown radiation field, the measured value, M, of the dose equivalent
determined with the dosemeter is calculated, see 6.2.4.
The conditions, e.g. dose, dose rate, the axis of rotation, for which the calibration coefficient is determined,
should be specified in the scope of the calibration of the dosemeter.
NOTE Subscript ‘d’ refers to dosemeter.
6.2.2 Determination of the conventional quantity value from a secondary or a working standard
For the determination of the conventional quantity value of the dose equivalent, Ho, the reference point of
a measurement standard is positioned at the point of test. The measurement standard can be a secondary
standard or a working measurement standard.
The conventional quantity value of Ho at radiation quality U and angle of incidence α, determined by a secondary
or working standard, is given by
H o = N (U,α ) s ⋅ G s,corr (3)
where
Ho is the conventional quantity value of the dose equivalent;
N(U,α)s is the value of the calibration coefficient given in the secondary or working standard for the
quantity dose equivalent and for the radiation quality U and angle of radiation incidence α;
Gs,corr is the corresponding indication of the standard, normalized to reference conditions and
corrected for any other influences, where applicable.
NOTE Subscript ‘s’ refers to standard (secondary or working standard).
At the time of measurement, the influence quantities and the parameters of the secondary or working standard
may differ from its reference values. The influence of these deviations to the indication can be reduced with
corrections and shall be considered in the associated uncertainty (see 3.1.11).
6.2.3 Determination of the corrected indicated value and the calibration coefficient
The indication of the dosemeter, Gd, is determined at the point of test. If, at the time of measurement, the
influence quantities and the parameters of the parts to be irradiated, e.g. phantom, differ from its reference
values, the influence of these deviations to the indication can be corrected. The corrected indication of the
dosemeter, Gd,corr, i.e. the indication normalized to reference conditions and corrected for any other influences,
where applicable, can be calculated with correction factor k n for non-constant response, the q correction
factors, k f, for the influence quantities of type F and the p correction summands, Gw, for the influence quantities
of type S. An example of an equation for the correction is
p q
G d,corr = k n ⋅ (G d − ∑ Gw ) ⋅ ∏k f (4)
w=1 f =1
where
Gd is the indication of the dosemeter;
k n is the correction factor for non-constant response (nonlinear indication);
k f is the correction factor for a quantity whose deviation from its reference value induces a
multiplicative change (influence quantity of type F) of the indication;
Gw is the correction summand for a quantity whose deviation from its reference value induces an
additive change (influence quantity of type S) of the indication.
NOTE Subscript ‘d’ refers to dosemeter.

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Formula (4) is useful for the determination of the uncertainty budget according to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. Whether
or not the indication needs to be corrected depends on the level of accuracy required.
With the conventional quantity value of Ho and the corrected indication of Gd,corr at the time of the calibration
measurement, the calibration coefficient, N(U,α)d, for U and α is given by
Ho
N (U,α ) d = (5)
G d,corr
The calibration coefficient can be determined with different procedures as described in 6.4. The choice of
procedure depends on the characteristics of the irradiation facility and the level of accuracy required.
The determination of the calibration coefficient shall be performed at constant dose indication or dose rate indication.
Depending on the number of the defined values for U and α, calibration coefficient N(U,α)d can be described
in two different ways, see Annex B. This results in the fact that N(U,α)d can be either a calibration coefficient
function or a set of single calibration coefficients or one single calibration coefficient accompanied by additional
correction factors according to the number of the values for U and α. For purposes of simplification, this
International Standard generally refers to N(U,α)d as calibration coefficient for both approaches.
6.2.4 Determination of the measured value
The measurement result, M, is the product of the corrected indication of the dosemeter at any time and the
calibration coefficient and is given by
M = N (U,α ) d ⋅ G d,corr (6)
where
M is the measured value of the dosemeter for radiation quality U and angle of incidence α;
N(U,α)d is the calibration coefficient of the dosemeter (see Formula 5);
Gd,corr is the corrected indication of the dosemeter at any time, normalized to reference conditions
and corrected for any other influences.
6.3 Determination of the response in reference radiation fields

The response is defined as the quotient of the output signal of the dosemeter and the corresponding conventional
quantity value of Ho for specified conditions. The output signal can be the indication, Gd, or the corrected
indication, Gd,corr.
For each response value determined, the type of response, i.e. whether it applies to Gd or Gd,corr., shall be specified,
as well as the conditions, e.g. the radiation quality U and angle of incidence α for which it was determined.
The response with respect to the indication of the dosemeter R(U,α ) Gd is given by
Gd
R(U,α ) Gd = (7)
Ho
The response related to the corrected indication R(U,α ) Gd,corr is defined analogously.
For the definitions of the symbols, see Clause 4.
NOTE For characterizing or testing a dosemeter, e.g. type testing, measurements are carried out intending to
determine the effects of the variation of the value of one influence quantity on the response. The other influence quantities
are then maintained at their reference values or at fixed values within the standard test conditions, unless otherwise
specified. For such purposes, response values are determined under non-reference conditions. Then, the dosemeter’s
relative response, r, is often given, which is the quotient of the response under non-reference conditions and the response
under reference conditions:

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R
r= (8)
Rref
where Rref is the response under reference conditions and R is the response under non-reference conditions. The relative
response can be a useful quantity for describing the variation of response as a function of the energy and / or angle of
radiation incidence.
6.4 Methods for the determination of the calibration coefficient
6.4.1 Procedures
For the calibration of a dosemeter, the calibration coefficient N(U,α)d shall be determined. The following
procedures are possible[35]:
— the standard realized as a measuring device and the dosemeter — or, more precisely, the parts to be
irradiated — are irradiated in a short time period, one after the other (see 6.4.2);
— the standard realized as a measuring device and the dosemeter — or, more precisely, the parts to be
irradiated — are irradiated simultaneously at the same distance to the source (see 6.4.3);
— an irradiation facility equipped with a calibrated monitor device is used to irradiate the dosemeter or, more
precisely, the parts to be irradiated (see 6.4.4);
— a secondary standard realized as a reference radionuclide source unit is used to irradiate the dosemeter
or, more precisely, the parts to be irradiated (see 6.4.5).
Which procedure shall be used depends on the characteristics of the irradiation facility and the level of accuracy
required. For example, in beta and gamma dosimetry reference radionuclide sources are normally used.
Frequently, in X-ray facilities a monitor chamber is installed and is used for calibrating dosemeters.
6.4.2 Sequential irradiation of standard and dosemeter
When the standard is realized as a measuring device, then the calibration procedure may be executed by,
firstly, irradiating the standard and, secondly, irradiating the dosemeter — or, more precisely, their parts to be
irradiated. This procedure may be used if the basic quantity in the radiation field is stable over the duration
of the measurements for the calibration or determination of the response. Stability is judged to be adequate
if the stated or required uncertainty of the calibration is achieved. For a dosemeter whose reference point is
subsequently positioned at the point of test after the irradiation of the standard, the value of N(U,α)d at U and
α is obtained by
Ho
N (U,α ) d = (9a)
G d,corr
or
N (U,α ) s ⋅ G s,corr
N (U,α ) d = (9b)
G d,corr
where
N(U,α)d is the value of the calibration coefficient of the dosemeter;
Ho is the conventional quantity value of the dose or dose rate;
Gd,corr is the indication of the dosemeter, normalized to reference conditions and corrected for any
other influences, where applicable;

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Gs,corr is the indication of the secondary standard, normalized to reference conditions and corrected
for any other influences, where applicable;
N(U,α)s is the value of the calibration coefficient of the secondary standard, given in its calibration
certificate.
The response of a dosemeter with respect to the corrected indication R(U,α ) Gd,corr is determined by
G d,corr
R(U,α ) Gd,corr = (10a)
Ho
G d,corr
R(U,α ) Gd,corr = (10b)
N (U ,α ) s ⋅ G s,corr
The symbols are as given above. The response relating to the indication R(U,α ) Gd is given analogously.
NOTE The condition of the stability of the radiation field can be checked by performing measurements using the
secondary standard before and after the irradiation of the dosemeter. In such cases, Gs,corr is the mean value of the
measurements before and after.
6.4.3 Simultaneous irradiation of standard and dosemeter
For the calibration procedure using simultaneous irradiation of the standard, realized as a measuring device,
and the dosemeter — or, more precisely, their parts to be irradiated — both instruments are positioned in the
field by locating them symmetrically to the axis of the radiation field at the same distance from the source. This
technique shall be used only if the indication of one instrument is not influenced by the presence of the other
in the beam and if the conditions are applied in accordance with 6.6.5 for personal dosemeters. If the effects
of influence quantities at the two positions are not identical within the expected statement of uncertainty, then
another calibration procedure is recommended.
Key
1 dosemeter
2 standard
3 reference point
4 source
Figure 2 — Sketch of simultaneous irradiation of standard and dosemeter

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If the influence of asymmetry of the radiation field is significant, it shall be eliminated by repeating the
measurements after exchanging the positions of the two instruments. The geometrical mean of the value of the
calibration coefficient shall be calculated. The value of N(U,α)d for U and α is then given by
 Ho   Ho 
N (U,α ) d =   ⋅  (11a)
 G d,corr   G d,corr 
 1  2
or
 G s,corr   G s,corr 
N (U,α ) d = N (U,α ) s ⋅   ⋅  (11b)
 G d,corr   G d,corr 
 1  2
where the symbols are as defined in Clause 4 and the indices 1 and 2 refer to the two irradiations.
NOTE Primarily, this procedure will be applicable to those cases in which no phantom is required, e.g. for area
dosemeters (area survey instruments). This technique is used particularly for reference radiation qualities produced by
accelerators or when using uncollimated sources.
The response of the dosemeter with respect to the corrected indication R(U,α ) Gd,corr is determined by
G d,corr
R(U,α ) Gd,corr = (12a)
Ho
or
1  G d,corr   G d,corr 
R(U,α ) Gd,corr = ⋅   ⋅  (12b)
N (U,α ) s  G s,corr   G s,corr
1 

2
6.4.4 Calibration and determination of the response using a calibrated monitor device
For the calibration or the determination of the response of a dosemeter, moderate variations with time in the
fluence of the irradiation field can be assessed using a calibrated monitor device. The standard realized as a
measuring device and the dosemeter — or, more precisely, the parts to be irradiated — are placed one after
the other at the point of test. The procedures are the following.
Firstly, the monitor device is calibrated using a standard (or working measurement standard). The value of the
calibration coefficient of the monitor device, N(U,α)m, with respect to Ho for U and α is determined. It is given by
N (U,α ) s ⋅ g s,corr
N (U,α ) m = (13)
g m,corr
where
gm,corr is the indication of the monitor device, normalized to reference conditions and corrected for
any other influences, where applicable, at the time of the measurement for the calibration of
the monitor device;
gs,corr is the indication of the secondary standard, normalized to reference conditions and corrected
for any other influences, where applicable, at the time of the measurement for the calibration
of the monitor device;
N(U,α)s is the value of the calibration coefficient of the standard given in its calibration certificate.
NOTE A lower-case g is introduced to distinguish the measurement for the calibration of the monitor device from that
for the calibration of the dosemeter. For the latter, capital G is used.

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Secondly, the dosemeter — or, more precisely, the parts to be irradiated — is irradiated. The conventional
quantity value Ho is given by the calibrated monitor device and can be expressed by
H o = N (U,α ) m ⋅ Gm,corr
The value of the calibration coefficient of the dosemeter, N(U,α)d, for U and α is obtained by
N (U,α ) m ⋅ Gm,corr
N (U,α ) d = (14)
G d,corr
where
Gm,corr is the indication of the monitor device, normalized to reference conditions and corrected for
any other influences, where applicable, at the time of the measurement for the calibration
of the dosemeter;
Gd,corr is the indication of the dosemeter, normalized to reference conditions and corrected for any
other influences, where applicable;
and the other symbols are as given above.
In practice, if the irradiations of the standard and the dosemeter to be calibrated are performed shortly after
one another, the ambient conditions of the monitor will remain nearly the same and corrections of the indication
of the monitor device to reference conditions may be unnecessary; nevertheless, they shall be taken into
account in the uncertainty budget.
The response of the dosemeter with respect to the corrected indication, R(U,α ) Gd,corr , at U and α is determined by
G d,corr
R(U,α ) Gd,corr = (15)
N (U,α ) m ⋅ Gm,corr
6.4.5 Calibration and determination of the response using a reference radionuclide source unit
If the calibration of a dosemeter is performed using a reference radionuclide source unit producing U, the value
of N(U,α)d at α is given by
Ho
N (U,α ) d = (16)
G d,corr
where the symbols are as defined in Clause 4.
The conventional quantity value of Ho is calculated from the calibration value of the reference radionuclide
source unit.
The response of a dosemeter with respect to the indication or the corrected indication is determined in
accordance with 6.3.
6.5 Special considerations for area dosemeters (area survey meters)
6.5.1 Reference point and reference direction
The reference point of the dosemeter and its reference direction are to be stated by the manufacturer. The
reference point should be marked on the outside of the dosemeter. If this is impossible the reference point should
be indicated in the accompanying documents supplied with the instrument. In the absence of information on the
reference point and/or on the reference direction of the dosemeter to be calibrated or tested, these parameters
shall be chosen by the calibration or testing laboratory and stated on the certificate containing the results.

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All the distance between the radiation source and the reference point of the dosemeter shall be taken as the
distance between the effective emission point of the radiation source and the reference point of the dosemeter.
NOTE For the case of point sources in the absence of scattered radiation, the dose rate — for example, dose equivalent
rate or air kerma free-in-air rate — changes with the inverse square of the distance, l. A misplacement of the dosemeter’s
reference point in the beam by the amount of Δl in the direction of the beam will lead to a relative error in the calibration
coefficient of 2 ∆l l at l. Misalignment perpendicular to the beam axis by Δλ causes, in the case of point sources and in the
2
absence of scattered radiation, a relative error of ( ∆λ l ) . In the presence of scattered radiation and for sources of finite
dimensions, the above approximations are limited to values of Δl or Δλ that are small in comparison with l.
6.5.2 Irradiation conditions
All irradiations shall be performed without any phantom, i.e. free in air.
Calibrations or determinations of the response are ideally performed in broad, parallel beams providing a uniform
irradiation of the total area of the dosemeter or, more precisely, of the parts to be irradiated, i.e. ideally, the dose
rate is constant across the beam diameter. When using a collimated beam, the minimum distance is dependent
on the size of the dosemeter and the amount of the scattered radiation from the unit itself. If the dimension of the
dosemeter — or, more precisely, of the parts to be irradiated — is such that a complete irradiation is not possible,
at least the complete detector shall be irradiated and appropriate corrections shall be applied.
When the irradiation field is not homogeneous across the beam diameter, a correction shall be applied for
correcting this effect.
NOTE 1 The choice of the distance between the source and the point of test can be a compromise between several
parameters, e.g. the geometry of the irradiation facility, the field homogeneity, the dose rate or the backscatter radiation
from the room walls.
NOTE 2 In practice, the irradiation is carried out in more or less divergent beams. Examples are collimated X-ray
beams, which are nearly parallel within a sufficient distance, or neutron beams, where it is often necessary to perform
calibration measurements at distances where the field is non-homogeneous, e.g. to avoid extremely long irradiation times,
in which cases special corrections are necessary[18].
 
NOTE 3 For H'(0,07, Ω ) and H'(3, Ω ) , the calibration coefficient depends on angle α. For a given dosemeter, the
exact specification of the rotation axis (e.g. horizontal or vertical) is necessary.
Besides the primary radiation the detector records the radiation scattered by other irradiated components of the
dosemeter. If only the detector part of the dosemeter is irradiated, the calibration results and the response may
be different compared to a complete irradiation of the dosemeter due to the reduction of scattered radiation.
Then, an adequate correction factor shall be used.
6.6 Special considerations for personal dosemeters
6.6.1 General
The measurement quantities are
— for individual monitoring, Hp(10), Hp(0,07) and Hp(3),
— for extremity dosemeters, Hp(0,07) or Hp(3), and
— for whole-body dosemeters, Hp(10) and/or Hp(0,07).
These measurement quantities are defined at points in the human body, and they are measured by placing personal
dosemeters at the monitored persons. To have unequivocal reference values for the calibration and the determination
of the response, the irradiation of a personal dosemeter is to be performed on an appropriate phantom.

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6.6.2 Phantoms
Phantoms shall be used as follows:
— for whole-body dosemeters worn on the trunk, a slab phantom;
— for extremity dosemeters worn on the fingers, a rod phantom;
— for dosemeters worn on the wrist or the ankle, a pillar phantom.
The ICRU has defined a slab phantom made of ICRU tissue. As ICRU tissue is not available as a standard
material and as phantoms for extremity dosemeters are also required, the following shall be used:
a) a water slab phantom, filled with water, with outer dimensions of 30 cm × 30 cm × 15 cm, and walls made
of PMMA 2,5 mm thick in the case of the front walls and 10 mm thick for the other walls;
b) a rod phantom comprising a PMMA cylinder of 19 mm diameter and length of 300 mm;
c) a water pillar phantom consisting of a water-filled hollow cylinder with walls of PMMA, having an outer
diameter of 73 mm and length of 300 mm, and cylinder walls 2,5 mm thick and end faces 10 mm thick.
When such phantoms are employed in accordance with the above, no correction factors shall be applied to the
indication of the device assembly under test, even if small differences in backscatter properties exist between
these phantoms and those of ICRU tissue[17] [20] [36] [39].
By agreement between the calibration laboratory and the customer, other phantoms may be used, e.g. for
calibrations in terms of Hp(3)[19] [21].
6.6.3 Reference direction and reference point
! The reference point and the reference direction of the personal dosemeter are stated by the manufacturer.
The personal dosemeter is put on the phantom, such that the reference direction of the dosemeter through the
reference point hits the centre of the phantom surface, see Figure 3. This is valid for any type of dosemeter and
any phantom. In addition, any clip, if used when wearing the dosemeter, shall not be removed for calibrating and
type testing."
The entire distance between the radiation source and reference point of the personal dosemeter shall be taken
as the distance between the effective emission point of the radiation source and the reference point.
! The definition of the reference point for personal dosemeters should consider both the practical application of
the dosemeter and the conditions when calibrating. The definition of the radiation protection quantities requires
a parallel beam where no reference point of the dosemeter is required. Practical applications, calibrations
and type tests are all performed in divergent beams where a reference point is required. For photon radiation,
almost all distances to the radiation source are quite large, consequently, the divergence is small and the exact
definition of the reference point is of minor influence on the results of measurements, calibrations and type tests.
For beta radiation, the distance for calibration can be as small as 11 cm whereas in practical measurement
the distance to the beta radiation source can vary considerably, from less than 1 cm to a few meters. Here,
the definition of the reference point is of great importance. For neutron radiation, the divergence in practical
applications is small as the distance to the source is quite large but for calibrations and type testing the
divergence can be larger due to the fact that the required dose rate can only be produced close to the
radiation source. The manufacturer and the calibration and type testing laboratory shall take care of all these
considerations when setting up the reference point and the true quantity value at the point of test.
NOTE 1 For personal dosemeters that are substantially sensitive to radiation backscattered from the phantom
(particularly the neutron albedo dosemeter), it may be advisable to locate the reference point on the rear side of the
dosemeter so that it coincides with a point on the front surface of the phantom.
NOTE 2 In general, the reference point of a dosemeter is located inside the dosemeter. For type test and/or calibration,
it can be convenient to decide in agreement with the customer to set the reference point to another location, for example in
the case of personal dosemeters at the centre of the front face of the phantom. Such a calibration and/or type test procedure
is also in line with this International Standard."

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6.6.4 Irradiation conditions
The point of test shall be chosen at a distance from the source such that the field size at this position is
sufficiently large to allow the irradiation of the entire front surface of the phantom. Ideally, the irradiation shall
be done in broad, parallel beams, providing a uniform irradiation of the front surface of the phantom, i.e. the
dose rate is constant across the beam diameter. With the use of point sources, this can generally be achieved,
approximately by a sufficient distance between the source and the point of test.
NOTE 1 See 6.5.2, Notes 1 and 2.
The quantity Hp(d) being defined in a body, only exists when the person or phantom is present. This means that
the body becomes part of the irradiation situation and, in some cases (particularly for neutrons), the radiation
field can be modified at the position of the person or phantom by multiple scattering. This can be of special
concern when considering calibration in simulated workplace fields[18]. For the calibration of a dosemeter
in such radiation fields of broad direction distribution and/or scattered components, Hp(d) will need to be
calculated using the energy and direction distributions of the field incident at depth d in the phantom. The
tabulated conversion coefficients cannot be applied for such irradiation situations and a complete simulation of
the irradiation set-up will need to be done. For this situation the point of test should be considered at depth d in
the phantom below the geometric centre of the front surface[38].
Extremity dosemeters shall be fixed at half the length of the rod or pillar phantom such that they are attached
to the extremity during normal use. The rear side of the dosemeter shall be in contact with the phantom.
Whole-body dosemeters shall be positioned at the centre of the slab phantom surface such that the front
surface of the phantom is in contact with the rear side of the dosemeter, see Figure 3. The dosemeter shall
be aligned parallel to the phantom front surface without removing any clip fastened on the dosemeter. !The
reference direction of the dosemeter through its reference point shall hit the centre of the slab phantom surface."
One dosemeter and an appropriate phantom shall be regarded as a unit. This unit shall be rotated around an
axis through the reference point so that the reference direction of the dosemeter forms the desired angle with
the direction of radiation incidence. For the angle of incidence of α = 0°, the (front) surface of the phantom is
perpendicular to the beam axis.
The irradiation of the dosemeter to be calibrated shall be made under conditions identical to those prevailing
during the irradiation of the standard. The calibration coefficient or the response shall be obtained with the
appropriate equation of Clause 6.
NOTE 2 The calibration coefficient depends on angle α. If this is named the polar angle, it may, in addition, depend also
on the azimuthal angle. Therefore, an exact specification of the rotation axis is necessary.
NOTE 3 For an irradiation on the slab phantom it may be practical to rotate the phantom around only one axis and to
locate the dosemeter in two mutually perpendicular orientations on the surface of the phantom.

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"
Key
1 personal dosemeter
2 phantom
3 reference point
4 spacer
5 detector
6 stand
! Figure 3 — Positioning of personal dosemeter at the phantom surface

(reference direction normal to phantom surface) "
6.6.5 Simultaneous irradiation of several dosemeters
In some cases, e.g. for irradiations of several dosemeters to dose values which require long irradiation times,
it is convenient to irradiate more than one dosemeter simultaneously.
When several personal dosemeters are irradiated simultaneously on one phantom, some effects associated
with this (simplified) procedure require additional attention.
a) By positioning several dosemeters on the phantom surface the backscatter could be reduced due to the
attenuation of the primary radiation passing through the dosemeters. Another effect, especially for neutron
radiation, is that by positioning several dosemeters on the phantom surface the scattered radiation of
adjacent dosemeters can increase the indication of each dosemeter.
b) For this special set-up, the reference point shall be defined in the centre of the phantom front surface,
irrespective of the arrangement of the dosemeters on the surface. Different distances of the dosemeters
from the radiation source shall be considered.
c) The dosemeters shall cover that part of the phantom surface in which the dose equivalent rate is nearly
the same. The requirement on the homogeneity of the dose equivalent rate depends on the required level
of accuracy of the measuring result.
d) The dosemeters shall be positioned on the phantom such that the reference directions are oriented in
parallel. Irradiation with the angle of incidence of 0° means that the reference directions are parallel to the
direction of the radiation incidence.

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For a simultaneous determination of the response of several dosemeters as a function of the direction of
radiation incidence, the reference points of all the dosemeters of this special set-up shall be positioned on the
axis of rotation.
Before the simultaneous irradiation is adopted, it shall be verified that it leads to results identical to, or with only
small deviations from, those obtained when only one dosemeter is irradiated on the phantom. The amount of
deviation deemed acceptable depends on the level of accuracy required.
NOTE Certain types of dosemeters may respond very sensitively to small changes in the properties of the
backscattered field. This can be due to the use of strongly energy dependent detectors or, possibly, the properties of the
algorithms used to arrive at the value of the dose equivalent from the detector signal. In such cases, it might be advisable
to have only one dosemeter irradiated in front of the phantom surface for any calibration.
7 Uncertainty
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 shall be used for the determination of uncertainties and the statement of uncertainty shall
be consistent with the approaches recommended therein.
8 Certificates
Calibration certificates shall be prepared in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005, 5.10.4.

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Annex A
(normative)
List of reference conditions and standard test conditions
If no statement for an influence quantity is given in Table A.1, the reference and standard test condition shall be
stated by the manufacturer of the dosemeter or shall be fixed by the calibration or testing laboratory.
Table — Reference conditions and standard test conditions
Standard test condition

Influence quantity Reference condition
(unless otherwise indicated)
Radiation energy (radiation quality) Stated conditionsa As reference condition
Direction of radiation incidence Stated directiona Stated direction ± 5°
Dose equivalent rate for dose
Stated dose ratea Stated dose rate ± 10 %
equivalent measurements
Ambient dose equivalent rate Ambient dose equivalent rate
Natural radiation background H * (10) as low as possible but H * (10) of 0,2 µSv/h or less if
always lower than 0,1 µSv/h practical
Contamination by radioactive material Negligible Negligible
Climate (ambient temperature and +20 °C +15 °C to +30 °Cb
relative humidity) 50 % relative humidity 30 % to 75 % relative humidityb
Atmospheric pressurec 101,3 kPa 86 kPa to 106 kPab
Electromagnetic field of external Less than the lowest value that
Negligible
origin causes interference
a The stated condition shall be contained in the rated range of the dosemeter under calibration.
b The actual values of these quantities at the time of calibration shall be stated and the results corrected to reference conditions or
the deviations shall be included in the uncertainty. The values in this table are intended for calibrations or tests performed in temperate
climates. In other climates, it may be permitted to exceed the ranges of standard test conditions beyond those stated in this table,
where instruments are to be used in these climates.
c In general, the atmospheric pressure is uncontrollable. If, in special cases, the measurements can be performed only at an
atmospheric pressure beyond the range of the standard test condition, then this is acceptable.

BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 BS EN ISO 29661:2017
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Annex B
(normative)
Description of the calibration coefficient
Calibration coefficient N(U,α) for radiation quality U and angle of incidence α is expressed by
N (U,α ) = C f (U,α ) ⋅ ci (B.1)
where
Cf(U,α) is the calibration factor for radiation quality U and angle of incidence α;
ci is the instrument coefficient.
NOTE 1 The calibration coefficient and the calibration factor are defined only under reference conditions.
The calibration coefficient is usually different for different radiation qualities U and angles of incidence α. This
might be described by different formalisms. Case a): only one calibration coefficient and additional correction
factors for the different radiation qualities U and angles of incidence α are used. Case b): several calibration
coefficients are used for each of the combinations of radiation quality U and angle of incidence α. In both
cases, the correction factors or the calibration coefficients can be given as a curve or function or as a table of
single values.
a) A single set of reference conditions, including one reference radiation quality, Uref, and one reference
angle of incidence, αref, is defined for which a calibration coefficient, N(Uref,αref ), and a calibration factor,
Cf(Uref,αref ), respectively, are determined.
For sets of conditions which differ from the set of reference conditions only in the radiation quality and angle
of incidence, a calibration coefficient function is established. The j values of the calibration coefficient function
for radiation qualities Ul , and angles of incidence α l , i.e. N (Ul ,α l )(l = 1, ...., j ) , are given by the product
N (Ul ,α l ) = N (Uref ,α ref ) ⋅ k (Ul ,α l ) with l = 1, ...., j (B.2)
or, expressed with the calibration factor, Cf(Uref,αref ), by
N (Ul ,α l ) = C f (Uref ,α ref ) ⋅ ci ⋅ k (Ul ,α l ) with l = 1, ...., j (B.3)
where
N(Uref,αref ) is the calibration coefficient;
k(Ul ,α l ), is the correction factor for Ul and α l , and at reference conditions for all other
influence quantities;
C f (Uref ,α ref ) is the calibration factor;
NOTE 2 The single set of reference conditions valid for the calibration coefficient of the standard N(Uref,αref )s may
not be the same as those for the calibration coefficient of the dosemeter N(Uref,αref )d. The reference radiation quality,
Uref, and the reference angle of incidence, αref, may be chosen differently.
NOTE 3 Correction factor k(Ul ,α l ), is dimensionless.
NOTE 4 Although strictly speaking not correct, for simplification, the values of the calibration coefficient function
are often named calibration coefficient. Therefore, the same symbol is used in this International Standard.

BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
b) Alternatively, several sets of reference conditions, differing only in the reference radiation quality and the
reference angle of incidence, are defined, i.e. j sets of reference conditions, each including a different
reference radiation quality, Uref,l = Ul , and reference angle of incidence, α ref,l = α l . For each of these j
sets of reference conditions, a calibration coefficient, N(Ul ,α l ) , is determined. This results in j calibration
coefficients:
N(Ul ,α l ) with l = 1, ...., j (B.2)
Expressed with the corresponding calibration factors, C f (Ul ,α l ), the calibration

coefficients, N(Ul ,α l ), are given by
N (Ul ,α l ) = C f (Ul ,α l ) ⋅ ci with l = 1, ...., j (B.3)
where
C f (Ul ,α l ) is the calibration factor under the reference conditions no. l (including reference
radiation quality Ul and reference angle α l );
2012 – All rights reserved

© ISO 33
BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 BS EN ISO 29661:2017
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 4037-1:1996, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters
and for determining their response as a function of photon energy — Part 1: Radiation characteristics
and production methods
and for determining their response as a function of photon energy — Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation
protection over the energy ranges 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV
[3] ISO 4037-3:1999, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and
for determining their response as a function of photon energy — Part 3: Calibration of area and personal
dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence
and for determining their response as a function of photon energy — Part 4: Calibration of area and
personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields
[5] ISO 6980-1:2006, Nuclear energy — Reference beta-particle radiation — Part 1: Methods of production
[6] ISO 6980-2:2004, Nuclear energy — Reference beta-particle radiation — Part 2: Calibration
fundamentals related to basic quantities characterizing the radiation field
[7] ISO 6980-3:2006, Nuclear energy — Reference beta-particle radiation — Part 3: Calibration of area
and personal dosemeters and the determination of their response as a function of beta radiation energy
and angle of incidence
[8] ISO 8529-1:2001, Reference neutron radiations — Part 1: Characteristics and methods of production
[9] ISO 8529-2:2000, Reference neutron radiations — Part 2: Calibration fundamentals of radiation
protection devices related to the basic quantities characterizing the radiation field
[10] ISO 8529-3:1998, Reference neutron radiations — Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosimeters
and determination of response as a function of energy and angle of incidence
[11] ISO 12789-1:2008, Reference radiation fields — Simulated workplace neutron fields — Part 1:
Characteristics and methods of production
[12] ISO 12789-2:2008, Reference radiation fields — Simulated workplace neutron fields — Part 2:
Calibration fundamentals related to the basic quantities
[13] ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and
associated terms (VIM)
[14] IEC 60050-394:2007, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) — Part 394: Nuclear
instrumentation — Instruments, systems, equipment and detectors
[15] IEC 60050-881:1983, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) — Chapter 881: Radiology and
radiological physics
[16] Ankerhold, U., Catalogue of X-ray spectra and their characteristic data — ISO and DIN radiation
qualities, therapy and diagnostic radiation qualities, unfiltered X-ray spectra, PTB Bericht, PTB-Dos-34,
ISBN 3-89701-513-7, April 2000
[17] Bartlett. D., Dimbylow, P., Francis, T.: Calculated Backscatter from Phantoms for Photon Dosemeter
Calibration. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1990, 32 (2) pp. 123–125
[18] Bartlett D. Editorial: Personal dose equivalent, Hp(d), and reference point for calibration. Radiat. Prot.
Dosimetry. 2006, 121 (3) pp. 209–210

BS EN ISO 29661:2017 BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
[19] Behrens R. Air Kerma to Dose Equivalent Conversion Coefficients not Included in ISO 4037-3. Radiat.
Prot. Dosimetry. 2010. DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncq459
[20] Bhm. J., Alberts, W.G., Swinth, L.K., Soares, C.G., Mcdonald, J.C., Thompson, I.M.G., Kramer, H.-
M.: ISO Recommended Reference Radiations for the Calibration and Proficiency Testing of Dosemeters
and Dose Rate Meters Used in Radiation Protection. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1999, 86 (2) pp. 87–105
[21] Daures J., Gouriou J., Bordy J.M. Monte Carlo Determination of the Conversion Coefficients Hp(3)/
Ka in a Right Cylinder Phantom with ‘Penelope’ Code. Comparison with ‘MCNP’ Simulations. Radiat.
Prot. Dosimetry. 2011, 144 (1–4) pp. 37–42
[22] Grosswendt B. Angular-Dependence Factors and Air Kerma to Dose Equivalent Conversion
Coefficients for Cylindrical Phantoms Irradiated by Plane-Parallel Extended Monoenergetic Photon
Beams. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1995, 59 (3) pp. 165–179
[23] Grosswendt B. Air Kerma to Dose Equivalent Conversion Coefficients for Cylindrical Phantoms
Irradiated by Extended Plane-Parallel Photon Beams of Oblique Incidence Relative to the Cylinder
Main Axis. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1995, 59 (3) pp. 195–203
[24] ICRU 33, Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry, International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 33, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA, 1980
[25] ICRU 39, Determination of Dose Equivalents Resulting from External Radiation Sources, International
Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 39, Bethesda, MD, 1985
[26] ICRU 43, Determination of Dose Equivalents Resulting from External Radiation Sources — Part 2,
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 43, Bethesda, MD, 1988
[27] ICRU 47, Measurement of Dose Equivalents from External Photon and Electron Radiations, International
[28] ICRU 51, Radiation Quantities and Units, International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements, ICRU Report 51, Bethesda, MD,1993
[29] ICRU 57, Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection Against External Radiation, International
Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 57, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
[30] ICRU 60, Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 60, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA, 1998
[31] ICRU 66, Determination of Operational Dose Equivalent Quantities for Neutrons, International
[32] ICRU 76, Measurement Quality Assurance for Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry, International Commission
on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 76, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA, 2006
[33] ICRP 74, Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external radiation, International
Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 74, Ann. ICRP, Vol. 26, No. 3‑4, 1997
[34] ICRP 103, The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection,
International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 103, Ann. ICRP, Vol. 37,
No. 2-4, 2007
[35] IAEA Safety Report Series No. 16, Calibration of Radiation Protection Monitoring Instruments,
International Atomic Energy Agency, January 2000.
[36] Mcdonald J.C., Tanner J.E., Stewart R.D., Michel R., Murphy M.K., Traub R.J. Effect of Phantom
Size and Composition on Neutron Dosemeter Reading. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1995, 59 pp. 263–268
[37] Seltzer. S.M., Calculation of Photon Mass Energy-Transfer and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients.
Radiat. Res. 1993, 136 pp. 147–170
2012 – All rights reserved

© ISO 35
BS ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 BS EN ISO 29661:2017
ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)
[38] Schumacher H., Nolte R., Wiegel B., Zimbal A. Calibration of Personal Dosemeters in Mixed Neutron-
Photon Fields: Some Problems and their Solution. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2007, 126 (1-4) pp. 482–486
[39] Traub R.J., Mcdonald J.C., Murphy M.K. Determination of Photon Backscatter from Several Calibration
Phantoms. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1997, 74 pp. 13–20

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Reference radiation fields for radiation protection

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

31 March 2018 This corrigendum renumbers

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 29661

Reference radiation fields for radiation protection -

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 September 2017.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

iv ﻿ © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)

Reference radiation fields for radiation protection — Definitions

It is intended to be used by calibration laboratories and manufacturers.

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

3 Terms and definitions

[SOURCE: IEV 394-22-08, modified.]

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ 1

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.2.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.39.]

Ho is the conventional quantity value;

Gcorr is the corrected indication;

ci is the instrument constant.

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76 modified.]

2 ﻿ © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Note to entry: The calibration factor is dimensionless.

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76, modified.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.39.]

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ 3

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 33.]

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 33, modified.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.1.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.52.]

4 ﻿ © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.3.]

Note to entry: See 6.2.4.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.10.]

[SOURCE: IEV 394-22-08, modified.]

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76.]

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.4.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 1.1.]

EXAMPLE 1,52 µGy h −1 as the dose rate in a given radiation field.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 1.19.]

[SOURCE: IEV 394-24-01.]

[SOURCE: IEV 881-02-22, modified.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.11.]

6 ﻿ © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76.]

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76, modified.]

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ 7

8 ﻿ © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.5.]

Note 1 to entry: Appropriate corrections to reference conditions should be made.

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 76 modified.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.11.]

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.7.]

3.2 Quantities and conversion coefficients

[SOURCE: ICRU Report 60.]

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved ﻿ 9

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 29661:2012+A1:2015 (E)

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