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9 Parts of Speech
9 Parts of Speech
Speech
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Noun
A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea.
Kinds of Noun
Common Noun: A general name for a person, place, or thing.
Example: dog, city, book.
The dog barked at the mailman.
The city skyline was beautiful at night.
The book was a thrilling mystery.
Proper Noun: A specific name for a person, place, or thing.
Example: John, Paris, Coca-Cola.
John went to Paris for vacation.
The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris.
Coca-Cola is a popular soda brand.
Abstract Noun: A noun that refers to an idea, concept, or emotion.
Example: love, anger, courage.
Love is a powerful emotion.
His anger boiled over when he heard the news.
She had the courage to face her fears.
Concrete Noun: A noun that refers to something physical and tangible.
Example: table, car.
The table was made of oak wood.
The car drove down the street.
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Collective Noun: A noun that refers to a group of people or things.
Example: team, flock, herd.
The team won the championship.
A flock of birds flew overhead.
The herd of cattle grazed in the field.
Countable Noun: A noun that can be counted.
Example: cat, dog, book.
I have two cats.
She adopted a new dog.
He borrowed five books from the library.
Uncountable Noun: A noun that cannot be counted.
Example: water, air, love.
She drank a glass of water.
We need air to breathe.
Love is an important emotion.
Possessive Noun: A noun that shows ownership.
Example: John's, the cat's, the team's.
John's car is in the garage.
The cat's fur was soft.
The team's victory was well-deserved.
Compound Noun: A noun made up of two or more words.
Example: toothpaste, baseball, greenhouse.
He brushed his teeth with toothpaste.
They played baseball in the park.
The greenhouse was filled with plants.
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Gerund Noun: A verb used as a noun.
Example: running, swimming, reading.
Running is good exercise.
Swimming is her favorite hobby.
Reading is a great way to relax.
Proper Adjective Noun: A noun that is made up of a proper adjective and a
common noun.
Example: American, French, Chinese.
She loves American football.
He enjoys French cuisine.
They celebrated Chinese New Year.
Material Noun: A noun that refers to a material or substance.
Example: wood, steel, water.
The table was made of wood.
The building was constructed with steel.
Water is essential for life.
Appositive Noun: A noun that renames or explains another noun.
Example: The singer, Beyoncé, performed at the concert.
The car, a red Ferrari, drove past us.
My best friend, a doctor, is very busy.
Mass Noun: Another term for an uncountable noun.
Example: milk, rice, sand.
She poured a glass of milk.
He cooked rice for dinner.
The children played in the sand.
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Verbal Noun: A noun that is formed from a verb.
Example: swimming, eating, singing.
Swimming is great exercise.
Eating too much junk food is bad for your health.
Her singing was beautiful.
Predicate Noun: A noun that comes after a linking verb and renames the subject.
Example: She is a doctor.
He became a teacher.
They are a great team.
Abstract Noun of Action: An abstract noun that refers to an action.
Example: love, laughter, conversation.
Their love was strong.
The sound of their laughter filled the room.
They had a long conversation about their future.
Concrete Noun of Action: A concrete noun that refers to an action.
Example: kick, dance, swim.
She kicked the ball across the field.
They danced all night long.
He learned how to swim.
Abstract Noun of Quality: An abstract noun that refers to a quality.
Example: kindness, intelligence, beauty.
Her kindness was much appreciated.
He was praised for his intelligence.
The beauty of the sunset was breathtaking.
Concrete Noun of Quality: A concrete noun that refers to a quality.
Example: sharpness, sweetness, hardness.
The sharpness of the knife made it easy to cut.
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The sweetness of the fruit was delicious.
The hardness of the rock made it difficult to climb.
Collective Noun: A noun that refers to a group of people or things.
Example: team, flock, herd.
The team won the championship.
A flock of birds flew overhead.
The herd of cattle grazed in the field.
Indefinite Noun: A noun that does not refer to a specific person, place or thing.
Example: someone, something, somewhere.
Someone left a message for you.
I need something to eat.
Let's go somewhere for vacation.
Interrogative Noun: A noun used to ask questions.
Example: who, what, where.
Who is coming to the party?
What time is it?
Where are we going for dinner?
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Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun or noun phrase. Adjective: A word that describes or
modifies a noun or pronoun.
Kinds of Pronouns
Personal pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to refer to a specific person
or thing, including the speaker (first person), the person being addressed (second
person), or a third party (third person).
Examples:
"I am going to the store." (first person singular)
"You are my best friend." (second person singular)
"They are happy." (third person plural)
Possessive pronouns: These are pronouns that show ownership or possession of
something or someone.
Examples:
"This is mine." (first person singular)
"That is hers." (third person singular)
"Our team won the game." (first person plural)
Reflexive pronouns: These are pronouns that reflect back to the subject of the
sentence.
Examples:
"I hurt myself." (first person singular)
"He cut himself." (third person singular)
"We enjoyed ourselves." (first person plural)
Demonstrative pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to point out or
demonstrate a specific person or thing.
Examples:
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"This is my favorite book." (referring to something nearby)
"That is a beautiful sunset." (referring to something farther away)
"These are the shoes I want to buy." (referring to something nearby,
plural)
Interrogative pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to ask questions about
a person or thing.
Examples:
"Who is coming with us?" (asking for a person)
"What is your favorite color?" (asking for a thing)
"Which one do you prefer?" (asking for a choice between options)
Relative pronouns: These are pronouns that connect a clause or phrase to a noun
or pronoun.
Examples:
"The person who called me was my sister." (referring to a person)
"The book that I'm reading is very interesting." (referring to a thing)
"The city where I grew up is very different now." (referring to a place)
Indefinite pronouns: These are pronouns that refer to an unspecified or unknown
person or thing.
Examples:
"Somebody left their phone here." (referring to a person)
"Anything is possible." (referring to a thing)
"Everyone should do their part." (referring to people in general)
Reciprocal pronouns: These are pronouns that show a mutual relationship
between two or more people or things.
Examples:
"We talked to each other for hours." (referring to two or more people)
"The teams respected one another's abilities." (referring to two or more
groups)
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Distributive pronouns: These are pronouns that refer to each individual in a group
or to a choice between two options.
Examples:
"Each of the students received a certificate." (referring to each individual in
a group)
"Either of the options is acceptable." (referring to a choice between two
options)
Emphatic pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
Examples:
"I myself wrote the report." (emphasizing the subject)
"She herself saw the accident." (emphasizing the object)
Intensive pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
Examples :
"The president himself signed the bill." (emphasizing the subject)
"I myself don't believe it." (emphasizing the object)
Emotive pronouns: These are pronouns that express feelings or emotions.
Examples:
"Alas, it is too late now." (expressing sadness)
"Hurray! We won the game!" (expressing excitement)
Adjective pronouns: These are pronouns that are used as adjectives in a
sentence.
Examples:
"The blue one is mine." (describing a specific thing)
"Both of them are great." (describing two things)
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Object pronouns: These are pronouns that replace the object of a sentence.
Examples:
"She gave him the gift." (replacing the object of a sentence with a pronoun)
"They thanked us for our help." (replacing the object of a sentence with a
pronoun)
Subject pronouns: These are pronouns that replace the subject of a sentence.
Examples:
"We are going to the park." (replacing the subject of a sentence with a
pronoun)
"He likes to play tennis." (replacing the subject of a sentence with a
pronoun)
Exclamatory pronouns: These are pronouns that express surprise or emotion.
Examples:
"Nothing could have prepared me for this!" (expressing surprise)
"Everyone, come look at this!" (addressing a group of people)
Nominal pronouns: These are pronouns that act as a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
"Who are you?" (acting as a noun in a sentence)
"What did she say?" (acting as a noun in a sentence)
Gender-neutral pronouns: These are pronouns that are used as a gender-neutral
alternative to "he" or "she".
Examples:
"They went to the store." (using "they" as a gender-neutral alternative to
"he" or "she")
"Ze is a talented musician." (using "ze" as a gender-neutral alternative to
"he" or "she")
Adjective
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- a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun
Kinds of Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives describe the qualities or characteristics of
a noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
The cute puppy was playing in the park.
She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.
The old man walked slowly down the street.
Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives describe the amount or quantity of a
noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
I ate several slices of pizza for lunch.
We need more chairs for the meeting.
There are only a few apples left in the basket.
Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives point out or indicate a specific noun
or pronoun.
Example sentences:
This book is mine, not yours.
Those shoes are too big for me.
That dog is barking loudly.
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Their dog is very friendly.
Interrogative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun
or pronoun.
Example sentences:
Which shirt should I wear to the party?
Whose bag is this on the floor?
What book are you reading?
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to compare or
rank two or more nouns or pronouns.
Example sentences:
The red apple is sweeter than the green apple.
She is the tallest girl in the class.
This is the most delicious pizza I've ever had.
Indefinite Adjectives: These adjectives describe nouns that are not specific or not
known.
Example sentences:
Many people came to the concert.
Any book will do for me to read.
Several students were absent from the class.
Proper Adjectives: These adjectives are derived from proper nouns and describe a
specific person, place, or thing.
Example sentences:
Italian food is my favorite cuisine.
The American flag is red, white, and blue.
The Shakespearean play was very engaging.
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Participial Adjectives: These adjectives are formed from verb participles and
describe the state or condition of the noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
The broken vase needs to be fixed.
The excited children ran to the park.
The exhausted athlete finished the race.
Compound Adjectives: These adjectives are formed by combining two or more
words to describe a noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
The fast-paced city life can be overwhelming.
The red-haired boy played soccer in the park.
The state-of-the-art technology impressed the investors.
Emphasizing Adjectives: These adjectives are used to add emphasis to a noun or
pronoun, and they usually come before the noun.
Example sentences:
That was an absolutely amazing performance!
He is a truly talented musician.
It's a completely ridiculous idea.
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Example sentences:
The blue sky looked beautiful today.
Her green eyes sparkled in the sunlight.
The yellow flowers were in full bloom.
Spatial Adjectives: These adjectives describe the spatial relationship of a noun or
pronoun to other objects.
Example sentences:
The book is on the table.
The cat is under the bed.
The painting is above the fireplace.
Temporal Adjectives: These adjectives describe the time-related qualities of a
noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
The annual conference is in May.
She has a daily routine that she follows.
The ancient civilization existed thousands of years ago.
Verb
- A word that expresses an action or a state of being.
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Kinds of Verb
Action Verbs - These verbs describe a physical or mental action that is performed
by the subject.
Example sentences:
She is running in the park.
He writes articles for a newspaper.
They played a game of chess.
We studied for our exams last night.
Linking Verbs - Linking verbs connect the subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective
that describes it.
Example sentences:
The coffee smells amazing.
She looks tired after the long day.
He appears to be upset about something.
They seemed happy with the result.
Helping Verbs - Helping verbs are used with the main verb to indicate tense,
mood, or voice.
Example sentences:
I have finished my homework.
She is writing a novel.
They will be arriving at the airport soon.
We could have gone to the concert.
Modal Verbs - Modal verbs express possibility, ability, permission, or obligation.
Example sentences:
You should take care of your health.
He can speak Spanish fluently.
They may not be able to come to the party.
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We must finish this work on time.
Transitive Verbs - These verbs take a direct object that receives the action.
Example sentences:
She bought a new dress for the party.
He fixed the leaking faucet in the kitchen.
They built a new house in the countryside.
We wrote a letter to our friends.
Intransitive Verbs - These verbs do not take an object.
Example sentences:
She laughs at every joke.
He sleeps for eight hours every night.
They danced all night long.
We ran to catch the bus.
Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb and one or more
prepositions or adverbs.
Example sentences:
She turned off the TV before going to bed.
He looks after his sick mother every day.
They ran into each other at the grocery store.
We came up with a great idea for the project.
Dynamic Verbs - These verbs describe an ongoing action or process.
Example sentences:
The flowers are growing in the garden.
She is learning how to drive a car.
They are renovating their old house. We are discussing the new plan.
Stative Verbs - These verbs describe a state or condition that is not an action.
Example sentences:
She loves to read books.
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He owns a house in the suburbs.
They believe in equal rights for everyone.
We know the answer to the question.
Transitive Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb, a
preposition, and a direct object that receives the action.
Example sentences:
She turned down the invitation to the party.
He put off doing his homework until the last minute.
They brought up the topic of politics at dinner.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb and
a preposition, and do not take an object.
Example sentences:
She always looks out for her younger sister.
He gave up smoking last year.
They ran away from the scene of the accident.
We woke up early to catch the sunrise.
Reflexive Verbs - These verbs indicate that the subject is both the doer and the
receiver of the action.
Example sentences:
She washed herself before going to bed.
He cut himself while shaving this morning.
They blame themselves for the mistake.
We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
Reciprocal Verbs - These verbs describe an action that is mutually done by two or
more subjects.
Example sentences:
They hugged each other tightly after a long time.
She and her sister always help each other with their homework.
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We often call each other on the phone to stay in touch.
He and his friend taught each other how to play guitar.
Phrasal Modal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a modal verb
and a particle.
Example sentences:
You should go ahead and take the day off. She can't help but feel nervous
before a performance.
They might as well cancel the trip due to the bad weather.
We must get back to work after the lunch break.
Non-finite Verbs - These are verbs that are not limited by time or subject.
Example sentences:
To dance is her passion. He enjoys playing tennis in his free time.
They plan on studying abroad next year.
We need to finish our project before leaving.
Gerunds - These are verbs that function as a noun and end in "-ing".
Example sentences:
Running is good for your health.
He enjoys cooking dinner for his family.
They couldn't resist singing along to the song.
We need to practice speaking English more often.
Infinitives - These are verbs that are not limited by time, subject or tense and are
often preceded by the word "to".
Example sentences:
She wants to learn how to play the guitar.
He needs to finish his homework before going out.
They decided to start their own business. We hope to travel to Japan next
year.
Participles - These are verbs that can function as adjectives and are formed by
adding "-ed" or "-ing" to the base verb.
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Example sentences:
The broken vase needs to be fixed.
He was amazed by the stunning view from the mountain top.
They were greeted by a friendly host at the hotel.
We were inspired by the thought-provoking speech.
Causative Verbs - These verbs indicate that the subject is causing or enabling
another person to perform an action.
Example sentences:
She had her hair cut at the salon.
He got his car repaired at the mechanic shop.
They made their children do their homework before playing video games.
We had our house painted by a professional.
Impersonal Verbs - These verbs do not have a specific subject and are often used
in impersonal constructions.
Example sentences:
It is raining heavily outside.
There seems to be a problem with the computer.
It takes courage to stand up for what you believe in.
There is no need to worry about the situation.
Modal Verbs - These verbs express the attitude or degree of certainty of the
speaker and are followed by the base form of the main verb.
Example sentences:
She can swim very well.
He should go to bed early tonight.
They might come to the party if they finish their work on time.
We would like to have dinner at the restaurant.
Auxiliary Verbs - These verbs are used to form various tenses, moods, and voices
of other verbs and include "be", "do", and "have".
Example sentences:
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She is studying English grammar.
He did his homework before going to bed.
They have been waiting for the train for an hour.
We will have finished the project by next week.
Phrasal Verbs with a Separable Object - These are multi-word verbs that consist
of a verb and a particle that can be separated by an object.
Example sentences:
She turned the TV off when the show was over.
He put his shoes on before leaving the house.
They took the dishes out of the dishwasher and put them away.
Phrasal Verbs with an Inseparable Object - These are multi-word verbs that
consist of a verb and a particle that cannot be separated by an object.
Example sentences:
She always looks up to her parents for guidance. He came across an
interesting book at the library.
They decided to go through with the plan despite the risks.
We need to go over the details of the proposal one more time.
Dynamic Verbs - These verbs indicate an action or process that is ongoing or in
progress.
Example sentences:
She is writing a book about her life experiences.
He is playing the piano in the music room.
They are building a new house on the hill.
Adverb
- A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Kinds of Adverb
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Adverbs of Time - These adverbs indicate when an action takes place and include
words like "today", "yesterday", "now", "soon", and "later".
Example sentences:
I will see you later today. We went to the beach yesterday.
He is busy right now, please call back later.
She will start her new job soon.
Adverbs of Frequency - These adverbs indicate how often an action takes place
and include words like "always", "never", "often", "sometimes", and "rarely".
Example sentences:
I always brush my teeth twice a day.
We never eat fast food.
He often goes to the gym after work.
She sometimes forgets her keys at home.
They rarely take vacations.
Adverbs of Place - These adverbs indicate where an action takes place and
include words like "here", "there", "everywhere", and "abroad".
Example sentences:
I am here to help you with your homework.
We want to travel abroad next year.
He left his phone over there on the table.
She looked everywhere for her missing keys.
Adverbs of Manner - These adverbs indicate how an action takes place and
include words like "slowly", "quickly", "carefully", and "happily".
Example sentences:
She danced gracefully across the stage.
He ran quickly to catch the bus.
They drove carefully on the icy roads.
We laughed happily at the funny movie.
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Adverbs of Degree - These adverbs indicate the intensity or degree of an action
and include words like "very", "almost", "completely", and "extremely".
Example sentences:
She is very talented at playing the piano.
He almost missed the train this morning.
They were completely surprised by the news.
We are extremely excited about the upcoming concert.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation - These adverbs indicate agreement or
disagreement and include words like "yes", "no", "certainly", "definitely",
"undoubtedly", "never", and "not".
Example sentences:
Yes, I can help you with that.
No, I don't think that's a good idea.
She certainly knows how to bake a delicious cake.
He definitely won the race, he was the fastest.
They undoubtedly worked hard to achieve their success.
We never want to see that happen again.
She is not happy with the results of the test.
Adverbs of Interrogation - These adverbs are used to ask questions and include
words like "why", "how", "when", "where", and "what".
Example sentences:
Why did you decide to move to a new city?
How did you learn to speak French so fluently?
When is your flight to New York?
Where did you put my keys?
What did you do last weekend?
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Adverbs of Probability - These adverbs indicate the likelihood of something
happening and include words like "probably", "possibly", "likely", and "unlikely".
Example sentences:
She will probably arrive at the airport on time.
He possibly forgot his phone at home.
They are likely to get a promotion this year.
We think it is unlikely to rain tomorrow.
Adverbs of Conjunction - These adverbs are used to connect ideas or clauses and
include words like "however", "therefore", "nevertheless", and "moreover".
Example sentences:
She is a good student; however, she needs to work harder.
He missed his flight; therefore, he had to take a later one.
They lost the game; nevertheless, they played well.
We finished our work early; moreover, we helped our colleagues with their
tasks.
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Example sentences:
She spoke briefly about her recent trip to Europe.
He will be away temporarily for a work assignment.
They moved permanently to a new city.
We stayed at the hotel for a week.
Adverbs of Comparison - These adverbs indicate the degree of difference
between two things and include words like "more", "less", "better", and "worse".
Example sentences:
She sings more beautifully than her sister.
He speaks less confidently than his colleagues.
They perform better under pressure.
We cook worse than our grandmother.
Adverbs of Purpose - These adverbs indicate the reason for doing something and
include words like "in order to", "so as to", and "for".
Example sentences:
She studies hard in order to get good grades.
He practices every day so as to become a better athlete.
They save money for their future travels.
Adverbs of Emphasis - These adverbs are used to add emphasis to a sentence and
include words like "absolutely", "certainly", "definitely", and "indeed".
Example sentences:
She is absolutely the best candidate for the job.
He certainly knows how to make a great cup of coffee.
They definitely need more time to finish the project.
We are indeed looking forward to the party.
Adverbs of Frequency with Quantifiers - These adverbs indicate how often
something occurs and are used with quantifiers like "once", "twice", "three
times", etc.
Example sentences:
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She goes to the gym three times a week.
He brushes his teeth twice a day.
They have dinner together once a month.
We visit our grandparents every other week.
Adverbs of Cause and Effect - These adverbs indicate the cause or reason for
something happening and include words like "therefore", "consequently",
"accordingly", and "thus".
Example sentences:
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.
He forgot his wallet; consequently, he couldn't buy anything.
They missed the train; accordingly, they had to take a taxi.
We saved money; thus, we were able to go on a vacation.
Adverbs of Certainty - These adverbs indicate the level of certainty or doubt
about a statement and include words like "certainly", "probably", "possibly", and
"definitely".
Example sentences:
She will certainly finish her work on time.
He probably forgot his phone at home.
They possibly can't come to the party tomorrow.
We definitely want to go to the concert.
Adverbs of Manner with Adjectives - These adverbs describe the manner in which
something is done and are formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives.
Example sentences:
She sang beautifully at the concert.
He cooked the pasta perfectly.
They spoke softly to not wake up the baby.
We walked slowly along the beach.
Adverbs of Recurrence - These adverbs indicate the repetition of an action and
include words like "repeatedly", "continuously", and "incessantly".
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Example sentences:
She repeatedly asked him to stop interrupting her.
He continuously checked his phone during the meeting.
They talked incessantly during the movie.
We practiced the song until we got it right.
Adverbs of Proximity - These adverbs indicate the location or distance of
something and include words like "here", "there", "near", and "far".
Example sentences:
She is sitting here beside me.
He left his coat over there on the chair.
They live near the park. We can see the mountains far in the distance.
Preposition
- A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other
words in a sentence.
Kinds of Preposition
Time Prepositions - These prepositions indicate when something happened or will
happen.
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Examples include: "at", "on", "in", "since", "for", "during", "by", "until".
Example sentences: We have class at 10am. I'll see you on Monday.
She was born in May.
I have been studying English since last year.
We will be here for a few days.
During the movie, we ate popcorn.
The assignment is due by Friday.
I'll be here until you finish.
Place Prepositions - These prepositions indicate where something is located or
happened.
Examples include: "at", "on", "in", "over", "under", "beside", "behind", "in front
of", "among".
Example sentences:
I am at the store.
The book is on the table.
The pencil is in the drawer.
The bird flew over the house.
The cat is under the chair.
The car is parked beside the building.
He is standing behind the tree.
The dog is in front of the door.
She found the toy among the clothes.
Direction Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the direction of movement.
Examples include: "to", "from", "toward(s)", "into", "onto", "off", "out of",
"through".
Example sentences:
She walked to the park.
He drove from the office to the store.
The children are running towards the playground.
He jumped into the pool.
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She climbed onto the roof.
The cat jumped off the table.
He came out of the house.
We walked through the park.
Agent Prepositions - These prepositions indicate who or what caused the action.
Examples include: "by", "with".
Example sentences:
The book was written by Stephen King.
She fixed the car with a wrench.
Purpose Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the purpose or goal of an
action. Examples include: "for", "to".
Example sentences:
She bought a gift for her friend's birthday.
They are studying to pass the exam.
Cause Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the reason why something
happened.
Examples include: "because of", "due to".
Example sentences:
The game was cancelled because of the rain. He missed the flight due to
traffic.
Manner Prepositions - These prepositions indicate how an action is done.
Examples include: "by", "like", "with".
Example sentences:
He drew a picture with a pencil.
She danced like a ballerina.
He walked by himself.
Possession Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the ownership or
possession of something.
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Examples include: "of", "with".
Example sentences:
The house is the property of the bank.
She was born with blue eyes.
Accompaniment Prepositions - These prepositions indicate something that comes
along with or is accompanied by something else.
Examples include: "along with", "together with", "in addition to", "except for".
Example sentences:
She brought her friends along with her to the party.
We went to the beach together with our families.
In addition to his job, he also volunteers at a charity.
I like all vegetables except for mushrooms.
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Examples include: "from", "away from", "out of", "off of".
Example sentences:
I got this book from the library.
He moved away from his hometown.
She took the cookies out of the oven.
Please get off of the couch.
Source Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the origin or source of
something.
Examples include: "from", "out of", "off of", "of".
Example sentences:
The letter is from my penpal.
The apple fell off of the tree.
The cat jumped out of the window.
She made the dress out of silk.
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The color of the dress is beautiful.
He took a picture with his new camera.
Exception Prepositions - These prepositions indicate an exception to a rule or
norm.
Examples include: "except", "but".
Example sentences:
Everyone came to the party except for Sarah.
She works hard but also enjoys having fun.
Conjunction
- word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Kinds of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or
clauses of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions are:
For: indicating a cause or reason.
And: adding more information or items.
Nor: indicating a negative idea.
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But: indicating a contrast.
Or: presenting alternatives.
Yet: indicating a contrast.
Example: I will have coffee and cake for breakfast.
Subordinating conjunctions: These conjunctions connect clauses that are not
equal in importance. The most common subordinating conjunctions are:
Because: indicating a cause or reason.
If: indicating a condition.
Although: indicating a contrast.
Unless: indicating a condition.
While: indicating a contrast.
Since: indicating a cause or reason.
Example: I will have coffee for breakfast if I have time.
Correlative conjunctions: These conjunctions are pairs of words that work
together to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The most
common correlative conjunctions are:
Either/or: presenting alternatives.
Neither/nor: indicating a negative idea.
Both/and: adding more information or items.
Not only/but also: indicating a contrast.
Example: I will either have coffee or tea for breakfast.
Compound conjunctions: These are conjunctions made up of two or more words.
Some examples include:
As long as: indicating a condition.
Example: You can come with me, as long as you don't complain.
In order that: indicating a purpose.
Example: She studied hard in order that she could get good grades.
So that: indicating a purpose.
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Example: She wrote a note so that he wouldn't forget.
Even if: indicating a condition.
Example: I will go to the party, even if you don't come.
Provided that: indicating a condition.
Example: You can borrow my car, provided that you return it on time.
Interjection
- A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion.
Kinds of Interjection
Expressive interjections: These are interjections that are used to express strong
emotions such as surprise, joy, anger, or pain.
Wow!: expressing surprise or amazement.
Example: Wow! That's an incredible view!
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Yay!: expressing joy or excitement.
Example: Yay! We won the game!
Ouch!: expressing pain.
Example: Ouch! I just stubbed my toe!
Oh no!: expressing disappointment or concern.
Example: Oh no! I forgot my keys at home!
Damn!: expressing frustration or anger.
Example: Damn! I can't believe I missed the train!
Greetings and farewells: These are interjections that are used to greet someone
or bid them farewell.
Hello: used as a greeting.
Example: Hello! How are you today?
Goodbye: used as a farewell.
Example: Goodbye! See you soon!
Hey: used as an informal greeting or to get someone's attention.
Example: Hey! What's up?
Exclamatory interjections: These are interjections that are used to add emphasis
to a statement or to show enthusiasm.
Indeed: used to express agreement or affirmation.
Example: Indeed, that is a very good point.
Bravo: used to express praise or admiration.
Example: Bravo! That was an amazing performance!
Hooray: used to express excitement or joy.
Example: Hooray! We won the championship!
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Interjections expressing doubt or confusion: These are interjections that are used
to express doubt or confusion.
Hmm: used to express thoughtful consideration or uncertainty.
Example: Hmm, I'm not sure what to make of this.
Umm: used to express hesitation or uncertainty.
Example: Umm, I think I may have forgotten something.
Er: used to express hesitation or to indicate an error.
Example: Er, I meant to say something else.
Interjections of agreement: These are interjections that express agreement or
approval.
Absolutely: expressing complete agreement or approval.
Example: "Do you agree that the view is stunning?"
"Absolutely!"
Yes: expressing agreement or affirmation.
Example: "Do you want to come with me?" "Yes, I'd love to!"
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Interjections of apology: These are interjections that express regret or apology.
Sorry: expressing regret or apology.
Example: "I'm sorry I'm late."
Excuse me: used to apologize for interrupting or to gain attention.
Example: "Excuse me, could you repeat that?"
Pardon me: used to apologize for a mistake or to ask for forgiveness.
Example: "Pardon me for bumping into you."
Interjections of agreement: These are interjections that express agreement or
approval.
Fantastic: expressing enthusiasm or excitement.
Example: "We got the job!" "Fantastic!"
Great: expressing approval or enthusiasm.
Example: "We're going on vacation!" "Great!"
Awesome: expressing enthusiasm or approval.
Example: "I aced my exam!" "Awesome!"
Article
- A word used to indicate whether a noun refers to a specific or general item.
Kinds of Article
Definite article ("the")
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The definite article "the" is used when referring to a specific noun that has
already been mentioned or is known to the listener/reader. Here are some
examples:
"I'm going to the store to buy some milk." (referring to a specific
store)
"The dog chased the cat up a tree." (referring to a specific dog and
cat)
The indefinite articles "a" and "an" are used when referring to any one of a
group of nouns. "A" is used before nouns that begin with consonant
sounds, while "an" is used before nouns that begin with vowel sounds.
Here are some examples:
"I need to buy a car." (referring to any car, not a specific one)
"She is an excellent musician." (referring to any musician who is
excellent)
"I have a question." (referring to any question)
"An apple a day keeps the doctor away." (referring to any apple)
Note that indefinite articles are not used with non-countable nouns, such
as "water", "sugar", or "advice", because they are not countable. Instead,
we would say "I need some water", "I need some sugar", or "I need some
advice".
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