Number System Final
Number System Final
Real Imaginary
Real numbers
Real numbers are those which can represent actual physical quantities e.g.
temperature, length, height etc. Real numbers can also be defined as numbers that
can be represented on the number line.
0.6 2
-2.3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
(1) of (36)
Natural numbers (positive integers)
Notes / Rough Work
These are the counting numbers used to count physical quantities. e.g. 1, 2, 3, ...,
105, ..., 326, 15957, ..., 37950046, ... . The set of natural numbers is denoted by
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ..... }
E1. S and L are the smallest and the largest n–digit natural numbers respectively. L – S
is always divisible by
(1) 9 (2) 10
(3) 9 and 10 (4) None of these
E2. If ab is two digit number and 7b + a = 23k, where k is a natural number. The
largest number that always divides the product of ab and twice of ab is
Sol. We have 7b + a = 23k or, a = 23k – 7b. Now the value of the number ab is
10a + b = 10(23k – 7b) + b= 230k – 69b = 23(10k – 3b) ab is a multiple of 23.
Product of ab and 2ab will always be divisible by 23 × 23 × 2 = 1058
Whole numbers
E3. abc is a three digit whole number so that abc = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 . 300 abc 400.
What is the value of a + b + c?
(1) 10 (2) 11
(3) 12 (4) Data insufficient
Sol. There are two such numbers in the given range viz 370 and 371. Hence, (4).
E4. If 17 is added to product of two consecutive whole numbers we always get a /an
Integers
The set of all natural numbers (positive, zero, negative) are together known as integers.
The set of integers is denoted as I where I = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ... }.
Zero and positive integers are called as non-negative integers.
E5. A is the smallest integer that when multiplied with 3 gives a number made of
5’s only. Sum of the digits of A is B. Sum of the digits of B is C. What is the
value of C 3 ?
(1) 125 (2) 64
(3) 216 (4) None of these
E7. Vijay writes all the numbers from 100 to 999. The number of zeroes that he uses
is m, the number of fives that he uses is n and the number of 8’s that he uses is
p. What is the value of n + p – m?
(1) 280 (2) 380
(3) 180 (4) None of these
Rational numbers
p
p and q (q 0) are integers. Then is known as a rational number. Thus the set Q of
q
the rational numbers is given by
Q
RS p : p, q I and q 0
UV
Tq W
7 23 2
Naturally, fractions such as , , are called rational numbers. This definition
9 16 5
also emphasises that any integer can also be a rational number since p = p/1, p I.
Any positive rational number p/q, after actual division, if necessary can be expressed
as,
p r
m where m is non-negative integer and 0 r < q
q q
41 1 3 3 10 0
For example, 8 ; 0 ; 10 10 .
5 5 5 5 1 1
For the decimal representation of a fraction p/q, we have merely to consider the
decimal form of fraction r/q which we usually write to the right of the decimal point.
(3) of (36)
In case of ‘non-terminating type’ we have decimal fractions having an infinite number
of digits. Some decimal fractions from this group have digits repeating infinitely. They Notes / Rough Work
are called ‘repeating or recurring’ decimals.
In ‘endless recurring or infinite repeating’ decimal fractions we can see that when p is
actually divided by q the possible remainders are 1, 2, 3, ..... , q - 1. So one of them
has to repeat itself in q steps. Thereafter the earlier numeral or group of numerals
must repeat itself.
Note
(1) All the rational numbers thus can be represented as a finite decimal (terminating
type) or as a recurring decimal.
(2) The recurring digits from the recurring group are indicated by putting a dot above
the first and last of them or a bar above the recurring group.
For example
(iii) 3.142142142 ..... as 3. 142 or 3 .142
Every infinite repeating decimal can be expressed as a fraction.
Irrational numbers
Each non-terminating recurring decimal is a rational number. Thus the number which is
a non-terminating non recurring decimal or more simply the number which can not be
written as fraction (i.e. in the form p/q), is called an irrational number.
E.g. 2 = 1.414213562373095.....
= 3.141592653589793.....
log 2= 0.301029995663981..... etc.
Prime numbers
A positive integer which is not equal to 1 and is divisible by itself and 1 only is called a
prime number.
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 etc.
Thus, for the prime number 131 there are no factors besides 131 and 1.
E8. P is a prime number greater than 5. What is the remainder when P is divided by 6?
(1) 5 (2) 1
(3) 1 or 5 (4) None of these
IDENTIFYING A PRIME
Sol. Any prime number greater than 3 is of the form 6k 1 so when it is divided by 6
NUMBER
the remainder will obviously be 1 or 5.
E9. The average of three prime no’s is 223/3. What is the difference between the If a number has no prime
greatest and the smallest number? factor upto its square root,
(1) 8 (2) 16 it is prime. For example, let’s
(3) Data inadequate (4) None of these check 257. Now 257 16,
so we check all prime
Sol. We can have at least two such sets of prime numbers 71, 73, 79 and 67, 73, 83. numbers upto 16, i.e., 2, 3,
Hence, (3). 7, 11, 13. As no number
divides 257, it is prime.
(4) of (36)
E10. If x is a prime such that (x 2 + 3) is also a prime then x can have
Notes / Rough Work
(1) 2 values (2) 1 value
(3) more than 2 values (4) None of these
Sol. x can have only one value, i.e. 2. 2 is the only even prime no. The square of an
no. is even: when 3 is added it becomes odd (7 in this case). For all other prime
nos., the square is odd, but on adding 3 to them, the resultant no. is a multiple of
2, and hence ceases to be prime. Hence, (2).
Composite numbers
A positive integer which is greater than 1 and is not prime is called a composite
number. Thus, composite numbers will necessarily have factors other than 1 and itself.
Ex. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 etc.
Imp.
Odd numbers
The integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. E.g. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 .....
Odd numbers are expressed in the form (2n + 1) where n is any integer other than
zero (not necessarily prime).
Thus, –1, –3, –9, +7 etc. are all odd numbers.
Even numbers
E11. If X and Y are integers, nX + mY will be even in how many cases, (n and m are
natural numbers)?
DIRECTIONS for questions 12 to 14: Refer to the data below and answer the questions
that follow. SOME RULES ABOUT ODD
(O) AND EVEN (E)
NUMBERS
If Y denotes the sum of first n prime numbers and X denotes the sum
of the successors of first n prime numbers, then : E×E=E
O×O=O
E×O=O×E=E
E12. Which of the following statements is/are false?
E+E=E
(a) Y is always odd (b) Y is always even
O+O=E
(c) Y is odd if n is even (d) Y is even if n is odd
E+O=O+E=O
(1) a, c, d (2) a and b
E Even / odd =E
(3) b and d (4) All the statements
O Even / odd =O
E–E=E
E13. Which of the following statements is true?
O–O=E
(1) X is even (2) X is odd
(3) X may be even or odd (4) None
(5) of (36)
E14. If n is even, then which of the following is true
(1) X + Y is odd (2) X + Y is even Notes / Rough Work
(3) X + Y may be odd or even (4) None of these
Sol. Y = 2 + 3 + 5 + ..... only odd numbers ... Therefore if n is odd, Y is even and if
n is even Y is odd. Similarly X = 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ...... only even numbers.... Thus
if n is odd, X is odd and if n is even, then also X is odd .... Thus the answer is (2)
in each case.
E15. Identify the following numbers as rational, real, even, odd, prime, composite,
natural and irrational.
2, 5, 7, 4, 4/3, 2, 6, 3, 13, 25
Note
(1) Division by zero is ‘undefined’, thus not permitted at all.
(2) 0/0 is one of the ‘indeterminate’ forms.
Complex numbers
IMPORTANT POINTS
TO NOTE
A number of the form x + iy, where y 0, is called a complex number, where x and y
are real numbers and i = (– 1) is the imaginary unit called ‘iota’. In the complex
number x + iy, x is called the real part and y is called the imaginary part. If y = 0, then The number 1 is neither
x + iy becomes a real number x. For example, (– 55). Since this cannot be found in prime nor composite
real terms, hence it is called a complex number.
The only even prime
Non – real or Imaginary Numbers. As we all know, the square of a number is a positive
number is 2
number and hence we can not find the square root of a negative number in real life.
But for scientific purposes, the square root or a negative number is defined and such
(6) of (36)
numbers are called non-real or imaginary numbers. The square root – 1, is denoted by
i (iota). So to calculate any power of i, all you have to do is to remove all those powers Notes / Rough Work
which are perfect multiples of 4 and then it’s simple.
Let a + bi and c + di two complex numbers. Then the various arithmetic operations are
Addition : (a + bi) + (c + di) = [(a + c) + (b + d)i]
e.g., : (3 + 4i) + (4 – 3i) = 7 + i
Subtraction: (a + bi) – (c + di) = [(a – c) + (b – d)i]
e.g.,: (3 + 4i) – (4 – 3i) = – 1 + 7i
Multiplications: (a + bi) × (c + di) = [(ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i]
e.g., : (3 + 4i) × (4 – 3i) = 24 + 7i
Division :This is done using rationalization
2 3i 2 3i 4 3i 1 18i 1 18
e.g.,: i
4 3i 4 3i 4 3i 25 25 25
Let us recall some notations which are used for certain specific sets. We list them
below as
N : The set of all natural numbers (i.e. positive integers). This is the set. {1, 2, 3,
....., n, ......}
I : The set of all integers i.e. {......, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}
W : The set of all whole numbers i.e. {0, 1, 2, 3, ......}
Q : The set of rational numbers.
R : The set of real numbers.
C: The set of all complex numbers.
It must be noted that all the properties of rational numbers are true for real numbers
also.
(i) Commutative property of addition – If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are real numbers, then
a + b = b + a.
(ii) Associative property of addition – If a, b, c are real numbers, then
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
(iii) Commutative property of multiplication – If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two real numbers,
then a × b = b × a.
(iv) Associative property of multiplication – If a, b, c are real numbers, then
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c).
(v) Distributive law – If a, b, c are real numbers, then a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c.
R| a , a0
i.e. |a| = S| 0 , a0
T a , a0
For example
(7) of (36)
E16. Calculate 999 × 999 + 999.
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. 999 × 999 + 999 = 999 × 999 + 999 × 1
= 999 (999 + 1) ....(Distributive Law)
= 999 (1000) = 999000.
Sol. 29 × 54 + 23 × 58 = 29 × 54 + 23 × 2 × 29
= 29(2 × 27 + 23 × 2) ...(Distributive law)
= 29 × 2(27 + 23) ...(Distributive law)
= 58 × 50 = 2900.
3. If x be any integer, then the rational number x/1 is the same as the
integer x.
x
4. If x and y are both positive integers, then the rational numbers and
y
x
are both negative.
y
5. A rational number p/q is said to be in a standard form if q is a positive
integer and the integers p and q have no common divisor other than 1.
10 50
6. .
13 65
7. The rational number 17/23 lies to the left of zero on the number line.
1 1
8. The rational numbers and are on the opposite sides of zero on the
2 3
number line.
3 14
9. .
7 35
10. If x, y and z be three rational numbers such that x < y and y < z, then z < x.
12. What is the relation between two rational numbers x and y to be reciprocal 1. |a – b| = |b – a|
to each other? 2. –|a| a |a|
(8) of (36)
Challenge Problems # 01 Notes / Rough Work
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.
A number is divisible by 2 if its unit’s digit is even or zero, e.g. 68, 1434, 56 etc.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3, e.g. 96, 186, 99 etc.
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two right hand digits is
divisible by ‘4’, e.g. 612, 328, 144 etc.
A number is divisible by 5 if its unit’s digit is either five or zero, e.g. 1111535,
3970, 145 etc.
Divisibility by 7 No test upto three digits. The rule which holds good for numbers
with more than 3 digits is as follows.
(a) Group the numbers in three from the right hand side.
(b) Add the odd groups and even groups separately.
(c) The difference of the odd and even groups should be divisible by 7.
Ex. Take a number 1812216.
The groups are 1, 812, 216
Sum of odd groups = 1 + 216 = 217
Sum of even groups = 812
Difference = 595 which is divisible by 7.
Hence, the number is divisible by 7.
A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three right hand digits
is divisible by ‘8’, e.g. 1024, 2688, 5592 etc.
(9) of (36)
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9, e.g. 891, 5922,
888993 etc. Notes / Rough Work
A number is divisible by 10 if its unit’s digit is zero, e.g. 200, 580, 99990 etc.
A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sums of digits in the
odd and even places is either zero or a multiple of 11.
Ex. 6159989, 1099989, 7645 etc.
For the number 6159989 –
Sum of the digits at even places = 1 + 9 + 8 = 18.
Sum of the digits at odd places = 6 + 5 + 9 + 9 = 29.
Hence 29 – 18 = 11.
A number is divisible by 16 if the number formed by the last four right hand digits
is divisible by 16.
e.g. 15792, 1579568 etc.
A number is divisible by 25 if the number formed by the last two right hand digits
is divisible by 25.
e.g. 1025, 3475, 55550 etc.
A number is divisible by 125, if the number formed by the last three right hand
digits is divisible by 125.
e.g. 2125, 4250, 6375 etc.
Tip : All these rules must be memorised and practised by the students on a regular
basis. A sincere student can reduce calculation time by 50%, if all these rules are
put in practice.
E18. How many numbers between 1 and 500, both included are divisible by 3 or 7?
Ans. 214
(10) of (36)
Rule of Divisibility
Notes / Rough Work
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder.
For example, if 9 (dividend) is divided by 4 (divisor) and remainder is 1.
9=4×2+1
E21. Find P & Q if it is known that the number 28563P45Q is divisible by 88.
E22. A number 344ab5, is divisible by both 9 and 25. Find the number? (Given a + b < 8)
E23. A seven–digit number is such that both its end digits are 1 and the rest of the
digits are 0 except the middle digit, Also it is known that the number is divisible by
13. What is the middle digit of the number?
(1) 3 (2) 2
(3) 7 (4) 6
Sol. We know that 1001 is divisible by 13, hence the 7 digit number can written as IMPORTANT TIP
(100x001) = (100y) + 1000 + 1001, where y = x – 1. The second term is divisible
by 13, for the first term to be divisible by 13 we need x – 1 = 1 or x = 2. Hence, If in a question, it is stated
(2). that, “A number when divide
by 35 leaves 18 as
E24. What will be remainder when 86 × 293 × 4919 is divided by 17? remainder”, then the number
can be taken as 35k + 18,
where k (the quotient) is a
whole number, i.e., k can be
Sol. 86 × 293 × 4919 = (17 × 5 + 1) (17 × 17 + 4) (17 3 + 6). When we do the 0 also.
multiplication all the terms except 1 × 4 × 6 will be divisible by 17. Hence the
remainder will be 24 – 17 = 7.
(11) of (36)
Mini Revision Test # 02 Notes / Rough Work
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.
Challenge Problems # 02
Imp.
IMPORTANT POINTS
For determining the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x + for any a) n ,
positive integer n, we can use the pascal’s triangle, which is as explained. When a number with even
number of digits is added to
its reverse, the sum is
Pascal’s triangle always divisible by 11.
Power Coefficients e.g. 2341 + 1432 = 3773
which is divisible by 11.
1
n=1 1 1
If x is a prime number, then
n=2 1 2 1 for any whole number ‘a’,
n=3 1 3 3 1 (a X – a) is divisible by x.
n=4 1 4 6 4 1 e.g. Let x = 3 and a = 5.
n=5 1 5 10 10 5 1 Then according to our rule
5 3 – 5 is divisible by 3.
n=6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(12) of (36)
The triangle is built as shown.
e.g. For n = 4, Notes / Rough Work
coefficient 6 = 3 + 3,
coefficient 4 = 1 + 3.
For n = 6,
coefficient 6 = 1 + 5,
coefficient 15 = 5 + 10,
coefficient 20 = 10 + 10.
Imp.
factors. a + b – c = a + (b – c)
a – b – c = a – (b + c)
ab
4. The number of zeroes at the end of a perfect square is never odd. b g
ab a
a
b
100, 400, 3600, 640000 are perfect squares and 1000, 4000, 6400000 are not
ab
perfect squares.
b g
ab a
a
b
5. The square of a natural number n is equal to the sum of the first n odd numbers. a a
b
b
12 = 1 = sum of the first 1 odd number.
22 = 1 + 3 = sum of the first 2 odd numbers. a a
b
b
3 2 = 1 + 3 + 5 = sum of the first 3 odd numbers.
a a
6. For every natural number n,
b
b
(n + 1) 2 – n 2 = (n + 1 + n) (n + 1 – n) = (n + 1) + n (a – b) = –(b – a)
4 2 – 3 2 = (3 + 1) + 3 = 7. (–a + b) = –(a – b)
16 2 – 15 2 = (15 + 1) + 15 = 31. (– a – b) = –(a + b)
(b – a)(c – b) = (a – b)(b – c)
(13) of (36)
7. A perfect square (other than 1) is either a multiple of 3 or exceeds a multiple of
3 by 1. Notes / Rough Work
49 = (7) 2 = 3 × 16 + 1, 169 = (13) 2 = 3 × 56 + 1.
Square roots
We know that 16 is the square of 4. It can also be stated in other words that 4 is the
square root of 16. Similarly, 5 is the square root of 25 and 6 is the square root of 36
etc.
We use the radical sign ‘’ for the ‘positive square root’. Thus 16 = 4, 25 = 5,
81 = 9 etc.
We also know that
–4 × –4 = 16, –9 × –9 = 81, –15 × –15 = 225.
i.e. –4 is also a square root of 16, –9 is also a square root of 81 and –15 is also a EXPANSION OF (x + a)n
square root of 225. for any positive integer n.
It shows that every number has two square roots, one positive and the other negative. The following formulae will prove
to be handy while solving typical
Thus,
maths problems. Memorise each
Square root of 16 = ±4. of these by heart.
Square root of 25 = ±5.
Square root of 81 = ±9. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a – b) 2 = a 2 – 2ab + b 2
Note (a + b) 2 + (a – b) 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2)
The symbol ‘’ stands for ‘positive square root’ as stated earlier. When we want
(a + b) 2 – (a – b) 2 = 4ab
to know both the square roots, we put ± sign before the symbol .
Thus ±16 = ±4 but 16 = 4. a 2 – b 2 = (a + b)(a – b)
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 – 2ab
(a + b) 3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3
Methods of finding square root
(a – b) 3 = a 3 – 3a 2b + 3ab 2 – b 3
There are two methods for calculating the square root of numbers (a + b) 3 + (a – b) 3 = 2(a 3 + 3ab 2)
a 3 – b 3 = (a – b)(a 2 + ab + b 2)
The first method is used only when the given number is a small whole number
whereas the second method can be used for any number. FG a 1 IJ 2
a2
1
2
H aK a2
By Factorisation
FG a 1 IJ 2
a2
1
2
In this method, we (i) break up the number into its prime factors, (ii) make the pairs of
H aK a2
similar factors and (iii) take one number from each pair and then multiply them.
FG a 1 IJ FG a 1 IJ
2 2
4
H aK H aK
(14) of (36)
E25. Find the square root of 1444
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. 2 1444
2 722
19 361
19 19
1
1296 36 .
108
111664
Memorize this table
1
Sol. 208 01664 Number Square Number Square
1664 1 1 16 256
2 4 17 289
0 3 9 18 324
11664 108 . 4 16 19 361
5 25 20 400
As you can see, the procedure is very long and hence a lot of practice and speed will 6 36 21 441
have to be gained to get a command over this method. 7 49 22 484
8 64 23 529
9 81 24 576
2 1 10 100 25 625
E27. Find the square root of .
2 1 11 121 26 676
12 144 27 729
2 13 169 28 784
Sol.
2 1
e 2 1 je 2 1 j e 2 1 j 2 1 .
14 196 29 841
2 1 e 2 1je 2 1j 2 1 15 225 30 900
(15) of (36)
E28. Find the square root of the following and leave it in the product
form – 2 10 × 3 6 × 5 2 × 7 8 × 11 12. Notes / Rough Work
1 1 25 1 1 112 1 1 11 11
Sol. 2
2 2 .
4 49 121 2 7 5 2 7 5 70
We shall now take up some problems wherein we need to find the squares and the
square roots of numbers.
E31. A piece of land is in the form of isosceles right triangle. If the length of the
longest side of the land is 98.2 m, find the perimeter of the land correct upto two
decimal places.
Sol. Let the equal sides of the triangular land be x m long each.
Then, x 2 + x 2 = (98.2)2
m
.2
98
The perimeter of the land, therefore, equals = 69.44 + 69.44 + 98.2 = 237.08 m.
E32. By what least number should we multiply 9900 so that it becomes a perfect
square?
Sol. 2 9900
2 4950
3 2475
3 825
5 275
5 55
11 11
1
9900 = 2
2 3
3 5
5 11
After making pairs of similar factors we find that 11 does not make a pair.
9900, if multiplied by 11, will become a perfect square.
(16) of (36)
E33. What least number should be subtracted from 5634 so that the resulting number
becomes a perfect square? Notes / Rough Work
Sol.
75
7 5634
49
145 734
725
9
9 is to be subtracted.
E34. The area of a square field is 12100 sq. m. Find its side.
E35. A general, trying to arrange his men numbering 276674 into a perfect square
formation, found that there were 2 men less. How many men were there in the
front row?
276676 .
526
5 276676
25
102 266
204
1046 6276
6276
0
E36. A gardener plants saplings in such a way that every row had as many saplings as
every column. If in all there were 729 trees, how many saplings were there in
each row?
Sol. Let the no. of sapling in each row and column = x. Then, x2 = 729, Therefore, x = 27.
E37. In the previous problem if he decides to plant one new sapling between any two
saplings, how many new saplings would he have to plant?
Sol. If there were n saplings in each row and column, them the no. of new saplings
planted in the row= (n – 1)n.
No. of new saplings planted in each column = n(n – 1).
Hence total no. of saplings planted = (n – 1)n + n(n –1) = 2n (n – 1). Since n = 27
so No. of saplings along the rows and column = 2 × 27 × 26. Saplings planted
diagonally between any two saplings = (n – 1) 2 . Hence total number of saplings
will be 2 × 27 × 26 + 26 2 = 2080.
(17) of (36)
Cubes
Notes / Rough Work
We know that 3 3 = 3 × 3 × 3, 5 3 = 5 × 5 × 5,
7 3 = 7 × 7 × 7, a 3 = a × a × a.
Here, a3 is called the third power of ‘a’. The third power of ‘a’ is also called the cube of ‘a’.
Cube roots
We have seen above that 125 is the cube of 5. It can be stated in other words that 5
is the cube root of 125. Similarly, from the table given above we can say that 8 is the
cube root of 512 and 10 is the cube root of 1000.
3 3 3
The symbol used for cube root is . Thus 729 means ‘cube root of 729’ and 64
3
means ‘cube root of 64’. is called radical, 729 is called radicand and 3 is called
index.
We resolve the given number into prime factors and take the product of prime factors
choosing one out of three of the each type of prime factors.
2 64
Sol.
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2 Memorize this table
1 Number Cube Number Cube
1 1 16 4096
We have, 64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2
2 8 17 4913
3 3 27 18 5832
So, (64 ) 2 2 4
4 64 19 6859
E39. Find the cube root of 3375 5 125 20 8000
6 216 21 9261
7 343 22 10648
Sol. 3 3375 8 512 23 12167
3 1125 9 729 24 13824
3 375 10 1000 25 15625
5 125 11 1331 26 17576
5 25 12 1728 27 19683
5 5 13 2197 28 21952
1 14 2744 29 24389
15 3375 30 27000
We have, 3375 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 3 (3375) 3 5 15 .
(18) of (36)
E40. By what least number should we multiply 500 so that it becomes a perfect cube?
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. 2 500
2 250
5 125
5 25
5 5
1
500 = 2 × 2× 5 × 5 × 5
After making pairs of similar factors we find that 2 does not make a group of 3.
500, if multiplied by 2, will become a perfect cube.
E41. By what least number should we divide 500 so that it becomes a perfect cube?
Sol. 2 500
2 250
5 125
5 25
5 5
1
500 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
After making pairs of similar factors we find that 2 does not make a group of 3.
500 should be divided by 2 × 2 i.e. by 4, to make it a perfect cube.
E42. If p q is perfect square as well as a perfect cube, where p and q are natural
numbers then q must be a multiple of
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 6 (4) None of these
Sol. (4)
Many of you must have answered (3) but that will be the case if p is a prime
number. Hence, from given information we can not say anything about sq may be
the case that p = 64 and q = 1.
Power cycles
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, .... The series is nothing but powers of 2 in
ascending order. If you see it carefully we see that there is repetition of the unit digit
after regular intervals or unit digits always have definite pattern. The unit digit always
follows a cycle which is termed as power cycle. For example, power cycle of 2 has
frequency of 4 where as 5 has a frequency of 1.
Let us say if question is asked what is the digit at units place in 7 71 . As 7 has power
cycle with frequency 4, when we divide 71 by 4, the remainder is 3 and the third power
of 7 has unit digit as 3, which is the answer.
(19) of (36)
Mini Revision Test # 03 Notes / Rough Work
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.
5625 441
6. Simplify : .
5625 441
7. By what smallest number 1600 should be multiplied so that the product
becomes a perfect cube?
8. By what smallest number 2048 should be divided so that the quotient
becomes a perfect cube?
9. Find the cube root of 15.625.
10
10. Find the cube root of 2 .
27
Challenge Problems # 03
reds
Thous
8 : 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, ...
Hund
Ten th
(20) of (36)
Notes / Rough Work
MORE WITH
NUMBERS
Example: The set of positive integers which are factors of 18 is {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}.
Proper factors
A factor of a number other than 1 and the number itself is called a proper factor.
Taking the previous example, the set of proper factors of 18 is {2, 3, 6, 9}.
H .C.F.
A n y f a c t o r o f t h e gi v e n
It is the highest factor common to two or more numbers under consideration. It is also number is also the factor of
called GCF or GCD (Greatest Common Factor or Greatest Common Divisor). all the multiples of the
e.g. HCF of 4 and 8 = 4, HCF of 125 and 200 = 25. number and multiple of any
number is also the multiple of
To find the HCF of the given numbers all the factors of the number.
1. Break the given numbers into their prime factors.
(1) of (36)
2. The HCF will be the product of all the prime factors common to all the numbers.
Notes / Rough Work
Important
Sol. 96 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
36 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
Therefore, the HCF of 96, 36 and 18 is the product of the highest number of
common factors in the given numbers, i.e., 2 × 3 = 6. In other words, 6 is the
largest possible integer, which can divide 96, 36 and 18 without leaving any
remainder.
Sol. 42 = 3 × 2 × 7
70 = 5 × 2 × 7
Hence, HCF is 2 × 7 = 14.
Sol. 144 = 2 4 × 3 2
630 = 2 × 3 2 × 5 × 7
756 = 2 2 × 3 3 × 7
Hence, HCF of 144, 630, 756 = 2 × 3 2 = 18.
Sol. 7007 = 7 2 × 11 × 13
2145 = 3 × 5 × 11 × 13
Hence, HCF of 7007, 2145 = 11 × 13 = 143.
L.C.M
The Least Common Multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest number which is
exactly divisible by all of them. It can also be defined as the product of the highest
powers of all the prime factors of the given numbers.
Sol. 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 2 5 × 3 1
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 2 × 3 2 Every natural number has
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 1 × 3 2 even number of factors
Therefore, LCM of 96, 36 and 18 is the product of the highest powers of all the except for perfect square
prime factors, i.e. 2 5 × 3 2 = 32 × 9 = 288. That is, 288 is the smallest integer numbers which have odd
which is divisible by 96, 36 and 18 without leaving any remainder. number of factors. e.g.
(a) 18’s factors are 1, 2, 3,
E6. Find the LCM of 42 and 70. 6, 9, 18.
(b) 36’s factors are 1, 2, 3,
Sol. 42 = 3 × 2 × 7
4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.
70 = 5 × 2 × 7
Hence, LCM is 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 210.
(2) of (36)
LCM by division method
Notes / Rough Work
Write the numbers, separated by commas. Then divide them by prime factors in
ascending order (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, etc.) one at a time. Then, after each division, write
the quotient of each number that gets completely divided by the divisor (the prime
number) below it. Leave the undivided numbers as they are. Continue doing this till
you get prime factors as quotients in each column. The product of all the prime factors
(divisors and quotients) will be the LCM.
Sol.
2 8, 12, 15, 21
2 4, 6, 15, 21
3 2, 3, 15, 21
2, 1, 5, 7
Imp.
1. HCF of A, B and C is the highest divisor which can exactly divide A, B and C.
For two numbers, HCF or LCM can be found by the following formula
HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers.
E8. LCM and HCF of the two numbers is 2079 and 27 respectively. If one of the
numbers is 189, find the other number.
LCM HCF
Sol. The other number will be
The First Number
2079 27
Hence, the required number = 297
189
The greatest number that will divide A, B and C leaving remainders r , r 1 2 and r 3,
respectively, is the HCF of (A – r 1 ), (B – r 2 ) and (C – r 3 ).
E9. What is the greatest number which when it divides 77, 48 and 34, leaves remainders
2, 3 and 4 respectively?
Sol. The greatest number would be the HCF of (77 – 2), (48 – 3) and (34 – 4) (i.e. 75,
45 and 30), which is 15.
The lowest number that is divisible by A, B and C leaving the same remainder “r”
in each case is LCM of (A, B and C) + r.
E10. What is the least number which when divided by 48, 36 and 72 leaves remainder
3 in each case?
(3) of (36)
E11. Find HCF of 88, 24 and 124
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. 88 = 2 × 44 = 2 × 2 × 22 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 = 23 × 11 1
24= 2 × 12 = 2 × 2 × 6 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 2 3 x 3 1
124= 2 × 62 = 2 × 21 × 311 = 2² × 311
HCF = 2 2 = 4.
E12. There are two clocks, one beats 96 times in 5 min. and the other beats 48 times
in 7 min. If they beat together exactly at 10 am, when do they next beat together?
Sol. The times for each beat are 5/96 min and 7/48 min, or 5/96 min and 14/96 min.
The LCM of the numerators = 70.
The HCF of the denominators = 96.
The LCM of the fraction = 70/96 = 35/48.
They will next beat together at 35/48 min past 10 am.
Challenge Problems # 01
1. The product of two numbers is 2700 and their HCF is 15. Find all the
possible pairs of such numbers. (Q. code - 110305001)
2. The GCF of a/b and c/d is 2/105, LCM of a/b and c/d is 12/5, GCF of
a/c and b/d is 1/210 and LCM of a/c and b/d is 60. What is the value of
a + b + c + d? (Q. code - 110305002)
3. The product of three numbers is 1620. If the HCF of any two out of three
numbers is 3, what is their LCM? (Q. code - 110305003)
Surds
If “a” is a positive real number (a 0) and “n” a natural number, the positive real
number a1/n is called the n th root of “a” and is denoted by n a . The symbol is called
a radical, “n” is called the index of the radical and “a” is called the radicand.
POINT TO REMEMBER
Pure surd
(4) of (36)
Conversion of a mixed surd into a pure surd
Notes / Rough Work
E13. Reduce 2 3 to a pure surd.
4 3 12
(i) 5 2 (ii) 4 5
(iii) 23 4
(iii) 3 3 3 3 3
2 4 2 4 8 4 32
Sol. 3 6 (3 3 6) 54
(i) 50 (ii) 84
(iii) 3
72
Sol.
(i) 50 5 5 2 52 2 5 2
(ii) 2
84 2 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 3 7 2 21
3 3
(iii) 3
72 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 23 3 3 23 9
Sol. 343 (7 7 7) 7 7
Like surds
Surds of the same index are called like surds. For example, 5 , 15 , 30 , 90 ,... are
like surds with index 2. Similarly, 3
20 , 30 , 15 , ... are like surds with index 3.
3 3
Unlike surds
3
Surds with different indices are called unlike surds. For example, 5 , 20 , 4 15 are
unlike surds as they have different indices, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
(5) of (36)
Similar surds
Notes / Rough Work
Surds are said to be similar when the irrational part is the same, e.g. surds
2 7 , 5 7 , 4 7 and 15 7 are similar surds.
Dissimilar surds
Surds which are not similar are called dissimilar surds. For example, 2 7 and 3 11
are dissimilar surds.
E18. Simplify 27 12
Sol. 27 12 3 3 2 3
= (3 + 2) 3 5 3 .
Sol. 20 180 80 2 5 6 5 4 5
(2 6 4 ) 5 4 5
In multiplication and division of surds, you have to see that they are like surds, i.e.
they must have the same indices.
E21. Simplify 3 2
Sol. 3 2 6
[Both surds have the same index]
E22. Simplify 12 3
12
Sol. 12 3 4 2
3
(6) of (36)
E23. Simplify 3 15 2 5 5 3
Notes / Rough Work
3 2 15 5
Sol. 3 15 2 5 5 3
5 3
6 6
5 5 5 6
5 5
Rationalisation of surds
In order to rationalise a given surd, multiply and divide the surd by the conjugate of
the denominator. Conjugate of (a + b) is (a – b) and vice versa.
e.g.
e4 3 j e4 3 je2 5 j
e2 5 j e2 5 je2 5 j
e8 4 5 2 3 15 j e8 4 5 2 3 15 j
45 1
Indices
When a quantity is multiplied by itself a certain number of times, the product obtained
is called a power of that quantity. Thus a m means “a” raised to power “m” and “m” is
called the exponent or index.
Imp.
a 0 = 1
(7) of (36)
a = 1/a Notes / Rough Work
–m m
(ab) = a m m bm
aa m 1/ m
q p
a = a p/q
n
m
a m raised to power n and a raised to that value.
=
4
e.g. 23 281
Exponential equations
1
(i) 5 x = 125 (ii) 6x
216
(iii) 2 x = 4 2x + 1
1
(ii) 6x
216
We have 6 x
FG 1 IJ 3
6
3
x 3.
H 6K
[ Bases are equal, the corresponding exponents must be equal.]
(iii) 2 x = 4 2x + 1 or 2 x = (2 2 ) 2x + 1
x = (4x + 2) or (x – 4x) = 2 or –3x = 2
2
x .
3
Sol. 4 2n – 1 = 4 5 .
Since the bases are equal, the powers must be equal.
Hence, 2n – 1 = 5, 2n = 6, n = 3.
(8) of (36)
E31. Simplify
( xyz)4
6
, given (x 0, y 0, z 0) Notes / Rough Work
(x y )
2 3 3
e j
z
1 /2
( xyz)4 x 4 y 4 z4
Sol.
6
x 6 y 9 z3
e j
( x 2 y 3 )3 z1 /2
y 9 4 z 4 3 y13 z
.
x64 x2
a2
Fx I a
a b
Fx I a b
E32. Simplify GH xb JK GH x ab JK
a2
F xa I
Sol. G b J
a b
F xa I b
H x K H x ab JK
G
2
= x (a–b)(a + b) ( x a ab )a / b
2 2 2
x a b ( x b )a /b
2 2 2
x a b x a
2 2 2 2
x a b a x b .
1
R| m
1 U| m 1
E33. Simplify S( x m
) m
V|
|T W
1
R| m m m1 U| m1
Sol. S|(x ) V|
T W
1 1
Here, x has three exponents, m, m– and .
m m 1
(x m ) n = x mn The product of the three exponents
m m
FG 1
IJ1
m(m2 1)
1
m 1
H m K
m 1 m m 1
b c a
E34. Simplify bc x ca x ab x
c a b
x x x
FG 1 1 1 1 1 1 IJ
H
x c b a c b a
K = x 0 = 1.
(9) of (36)
Notes / Rough Work
3 4
E35. Given that 3 x = 5 1/4 an d 5y 3 , f in d th e valu e of 2 xy..
Sol. 3
3 x 51 / 4
3 x/3 = 5 1/4 ....(i)
4
and 5y 3
5 y/4 = 3 1/2
1 4
2 y ....(ii)
53
Putting the value of 5 from equation (ii) in equation (i),
F 1 4I
1/ 4
3 x /3 G 3 2 y J
x 1 4 1
GH JK 2xy = 3.
3 2 y 4
(10) of (36)
Challenge Problems # 02
Notes / Rough Work
3. What is the least number which when divided by 6, 7 and 9 leaves remainder
4 in each case but is exactly divisible by 11? (Q. code - 110306003)
Binary operations
Operations other than the four fundamental operations are called binary operations.
Such operations don’t precisely exist in mathematics but one can define these by
assuming something.
E37. Which of the following options shall best represent the sum of A and B?
(11) of (36)
E38. Which of the fo llowing sh all repr esent the average of A, B and C ?
Notes / Rough Work
(1) @(/ (@ (/ (B, A), 2,), C), 3) (2) × (/ (@ (/ (@ (B, A), 3), C), 2))
(3) / ((× (@ (B, A), 2), C), 3) (4) / (× (@ (/ (@ (B, A), 2,), C), 3), 2)
DIRECTIONS: Read the information given below, and answer the questions that follow.
E40. What is the value of M n[5, 6, H k (30, 40, (L g (13, 15, 17)))]?
(1) 60 (2) 20
(3) 45 (4) 15
E41. Find the value of A j [20, 40, (H k (60, 15, (M n (8, 9, 8))))].
(1) 10 (2) 20
(3) 25 (4) 40
Fractions
p
A number of the type , where p
q
represents the number of parts out of
q number of equal parts of an object is
called a fraction.
3
Therefore, fraction represents 3 parts being taken out of 8 equal parts of an
8
object.
A fraction denotes a part or parts of a unit. The various types of fractions are:
(12) of (36)
Common fractions
Frac ti ons wh o se den om i nator s are no t 1 0 o r a m u ltiple of it , e.g. 4/5 , 1 7 /1 9 Notes / Rough Work
e tc .
Decimal fractions
Fractions whose denominators are 10 or a multiple of 10.
Proper fractions
Fractions in which numerator < denominator e.g. 1/5, 6/7, 8/9, etc. Hence, their
value < 1.
Improper fractions
Fractions in which the numerator > denominator e.g. 9/2 , 7/6, 8/7, etc. Hence, their
value > 1.
Like fractions
Fractions whose denominators are the same are called like fractions, e.g. 7/11, 9/11,
3/11 are like fractions.
Unlike fractions
Fractions whose denominators are different are called unlike fractions, e.g. 7/6, 8/7
are unlike fractions.
Imp.
1. When two fractions have the same denominator, the greater fraction is that
which has the greater numerator.
e.g. of 5/7 and 3/7, 5/7 is the greater fraction.
2. When two fractions have the same numerator, the greater fraction is that which
has the smaller denominator.
e.g. of 3/7 and 3/5, 3/5 is the greater fraction.
E42. Find the greatest and the least of the fractions among 5/6, 24/25 and 7/8.
9 10
E43. Which fraction is greater: or ?
10 11
Sol. Cross-multiplying gives (9)(11) versus (10)(10), which reduces to 99 versus 100.
Now, 100 is greater than 99. Hence, 10/11 is greater than 9/10.
(13) of (36)
Basic mathematical operations
Notes / Rough Work
E44.(...?...) – (1936248) = (1635773)
Sol. Since, 625 = 5 4, put 4 zeros to the right of 935421 and divide 9354210000 by 2 4,
i.e., 16.
The required result = 9354210000 16 = 584638125.
E49. On dividing 55390 by 299, the remainder is 75. What is the quotient?
Quotient =
FG 55390 75 IJ 185
H 299 K
E50. A number when divided by 154 leaves a remainder 36. What remainder would be
obtained by dividing the same number by 14?
Sol. Here a = 14 and K × a = 154, where K = 154/14 = 11, since the value of K is
integral > 1.
So, the remainder rule is applicable.
2a + r s = r l 2 × 14 + r s = 36.
r s = 8. Hence, the required remainder is 8.
E51. A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 216. The same number when
divided by 19 shall give a remainder Y. What is the value of Y?
Sol. Here a = 19 and K × a = 342, where K = 342/19 = 18, since the value of K is
integral > 1. So, the remainder rule is applicable.
2a + Y = r l 2 × 19 + Y = 216 Y = 178.
Dividing 178 by 19, we get a remainder 7.
(14) of (36)
Order of simplification
Notes / Rough Work
The order says VBODMAS. First, the Bar (Vinculum) is removed, then Brackets are
opened, then Of (taking a small part from a bigger one) then Division, then
Multiplication, then Addition and, finally, Subtraction is carried out.
( ), { }, [ ] are called brackets. They signify that all quantities enclosed within them
are to be treated as one quantity. Sometimes, a line is placed above the terms as in
7 1 2 . It is called vinculum. It also has the force of a bracket. Hence 7 1 2
means 8 × 2 and not 7 × 2.
Imp.
When a pair of brackets are used within another pair of brackets, the expression
within the innermost bracket is simplified first and then the expression of the next
bracket and so on.
E52. Simplify 1
3
7
e j LMN
of 6 8 3 2
1 7
5 25
RS
T
3
7 14
8 UVOP
WQ
Sol. 1
3
7
b g LMN
of 6 8 1
1
7 14
5 25 14
OP
Q
3 L1 25 1OP 1 3 of 14 LM 5 1OP
1 of b6 8g M
7 N5 7 Q 7 N7 Q
L 2 O 1 2 7 12 5
1 6 M P
N 7 Q 6 7 42 42
E53. Solve the following
(i) 60 × 3 ÷ 6 + 2 × 5 – 5 = ?
(ii) (4 + 5) × 3 ÷ 9 = ?
FG
2 2 3
1 1
4
4 IJ
3 2
(iii)
H
9 3 8 9 17
K
4 3 21
3 4 1 11 3 2
1 1
4 7 2 28 4 3
Sol. (i) 60 × 3 ÷ 6 + 2 × 5 – 5 60 ÷ 2 + 10 – 5
30 + 10 – 5 40 – 5 = 35
(ii) (4 + 5) × 3 ÷ 9 = 9 × 3 ÷ 9 = 3
FG
2 2 3
1 1
4
4 IJ
3 2
(iii)
H
9 3 8 9 17
K
4 3 21
3 4 1 11 3 2
1 1
4 7 2 28 4 3
2 5 3 FG
13 4 3 2 IJ 2 5 13
4 FG
17 IJ
=
9 3 8
H9
17
4
3K 21 =
9 3 24 17
H
12 21 K
3 11 3 11 3 2 3 11 2 11 1
4 7 2 28 4 3 4 7 3 18 12
2 27
FG IJ
4 1 4
=
9 24 H K
17 17 12
21 = 4 17
17
21
11 11 12 1 11 1
14 28 28
33 28 17
= 21 = 21 – 21 = 0
68 11 1
(15) of (36)
E54. Simplify 1 + [1 + 1 ÷ {1 + 1 ÷ (1 + 1 ÷ 3)}]
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. The given expression is
LM RS
=1 1 1 1 1 1
FG 1 IJ UVOP
MN T H 3 K WPQ
L R 4 UO L R 3 UO
= 1 M1 1 S1 1 VP 1 M1 1 S1 1 VP
N T 3 W Q N T 4 WQ
L R 3 UO
= 1 M1 1 S1 VP
N T 4 WQ
L
= 1 M1 1 P
7O
N 4Q
L 4O
= 1 M1 P = 1
11 18
N Q7 7 7
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 8
=
1 1 1 3 19 19
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
2 8 FG IJ 8 8
FG IJ
3 3 3 H K
H K
2
1 1 1
E56.
555 5 5
of
5 51 1 FG IJ
555 1 1 1 5 H K R U|
of
5 5 5 46 3
|| |
5
2
S| FG IJ V|
1
3 |T H K |W
Sol. From the given expression
1 1
30 5 25
25 1
FG 1 IJ
30 1 1 5 H K R U|
25 5 46 3
|| |
5
32
S| FG IJ V|
3 |T H K |W
1
25
24 1
5
1
5
5 46
9
RS UV
25 5 T W
24 5
25 ×
5 b
46 45 g = 25 × 24 = 600.
E57. 171 ÷ 19 × 9 = ?
(16) of (36)
1
Sol. 171 ÷ 19 × 9 = 171 ×
19
× 9 = 81 Notes / Rough Work
10 12 ?
E58. 16
3 5 4
10 12 x 16 3 5 4
Sol. = 16 x = =8
3 5 4 10 12
1
4 20
2 ?
E59. 1
4 20
2
1
20
161 1 161
Sol. The given expression = 8
2 20 8 22 176
16 6 2 3
E60. ?
23 3 2
16 12 3 7
Sol. The given expression =
23 6 17
1 1
3 1 2 2 3 1 5
E61. 2 of 3 ?
4 4 3 1 1 3 6
2 3
1 1
3 9 2 2 3 10 5
Sol. The given expression = of
4 4 3 1 1 3 6
2 3
3 3
FG
1 6
10 5
IJ 3 2 1 10 5
=
4 2 6 5H 3 6K=
4 3 5 3 6
1 2 5 345 4 2
=
2 3 6 6 6 3
(17) of (36)
Mini Revision Test # 02 Notes / Rough Work
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.
xy
2. What is the value of 5 3 if x y = ?
xy
3. Which is greater, 5/6 or 6/7?
4. What is the value of 21 – [8 + {2 × (5 + 4)}]?
5. If the sum of two positive numbers is 24, then what will be their greatest
product?
8. LM { e
On simplification, 14 6 11 9 4 3 j}OQP is equal to...........
N
9. ..... should be subtracted from 1/5 to get 3/4.
10. ..... should be added to 11/5 to get 13/4.
Challenge Problems # 03
4. How many numbers are there below 2100 such that the HCF of 2100 and
the number is not greater than 1? (Q. code - 110307004)
(1) 480 (2) 729
(3) 512 (4) 360
(18) of (36)