Notes / Rough Work

LINEAR & QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS

Linear equations Notes / Rough Work

An equation where the maximum power of any variable is unity is said to be a linear
equation.
e.g. Ax + By + C = 0
where A  0, B  0.

Linear equations in one variable

An equation in one variable where the maximum power of the variable is unity is said
to be a linear equation in one variable. For example,
(i) x+1=3
(ii) y – 5 = 10

The first equation is an example of a first degree equation or linear equation in one
variable. The variable (unknown quantity) here is x. The second one is also a linear
equation in variable y.

Imp.

(i) We can add the same number on both sides of an equation. e.g., 5x – 1 = 9 is the
same as 5x – 1 + 1 = 9 + 1.
(ii) We can subtract the same number from both sides of an equation. e.g. 2a + 3 = 5
is the same as 2a + 3 – 3 = 5 – 3.
(iii) We can multiply both sides of an equation by the same (non-zero) number.

3 3
e.g. x  6 is the same as 4  x  6  4.
4 4
(iv) We can divide both sides of an equation by the same (non-zero) number. e.g. 2a
= 8 is the same as
2a  2 = 8  2.

(1) of (40)
Solving problems with the help of linear equations
Notes / Rough Work
We can use the method of solving a linear equation to answer many difficult problems
in arithmetic. The first step is to find out what facts are given in the question. Represent
the unknown quantities by variables (e.g., x, a, etc.).

Then frame a linear equation using this variable and the given facts. By translating the
given statement into mathematical sentences, solve the equations framed.

E1. The sum of two integers is 25. One integer is 11. Form a linear equation to find
the other integer.

Sol. Sum of the two integers = 25.

One integer = 11.
Let the other integer be x.
Then the linear equation will be 11 + x = 25.
 x = 25 – 11 = 14.

E2. x years ago Anil’s age was 10 years. What is his present age? What will be his age
after 5 years?

Sol. Anil’s age x years ago = 10 years.

 Anil’s present age = (10 + x) years.
His age after 5 years = (10 + x + 5) years.

Once we have framed a linear equation from the given data, then we have to solve
that equation and find the value of the unknown.

E3. Rahim is 3 years older than Ram. If 12 is added to Rahim’s age and 3 is subtracted
from Ram’s age then Rahim will be 3 times as old as Ram. Find their ages.

Sol. Let Ram’s age be x years.

Then Rahim’s age = (x + 3) years.
12 added to Rahim’s age = (x + 3 + 12) years
= (x + 15) years .... (i)
3 subtracted from Ram’s age = (x – 3) years .... (ii)
It is given that (i) is 3 times (ii).
 x + 15 = 3(x – 3) i.e. x + 15 = 3x – 9

24
 2x = 24  x   12
2
Hence, Ram’s age is 12 years.
Rahim’s age is (x + 3) years = (12 + 3) years = 15 years.

E4. The sum of three consecutive integers is 24. Find the integers.

Sol. Let x be the first of the three consecutive integers.

Then the next two integers will be x + 1 and x + 2.
Sum of these three integers = 24.
i.e. x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 24 Or 3x + 3 = 24

21
 3x = 24 – 3 = 21  x  7.
3
(2) of (40)
 Hence, the first integer is 7.
 The other two integers are 7 + 1 and 7 + 2, i.e., 8 and 9. Let us verify whether Notes / Rough Work
our answers are correct or not.
 7 + 8 + 9 = 24 and 7, 8, 9 are consecutive numbers.

E5. A number divided by 2 is 5 less than that number. What is the number?

Sol. Let the number be x.

It is given that if the number is divided by 2 the answer will be 5 less than that number.
Hence, the linear equation is x/2 = x – 5.
Multiply the equation throughout by 2.
Then it becomes x = 2x – 10
 x = 10. i.e. the required number is 10.

E6. P is two years older than Q. P’s father X is twice as old as P and Q is twice old as Z.
The age of X and Z differs by 40 years. Find the age of X.

Sol. Let Z’s age be y ....(1)

then Q’s age = 2y ....(2)
and P’s age = 2y + 2 ....(3)
and X’s age = 4y + 4 ....(4)
It is given that difference between (4) and (1) is 40.
 4y + 4 – y = 40.
 3y = 40 – 4 3y = 36
y = 12. X’s age = 4 × 12 + 4 = 52 Years.

E7. A man leaves Rs.8600 to be divided among 5 sons, 4 daughters and 2 nephews.
If each daughter receives 4 times as much as each nephew and each son five
times as much as each nephew, how much does each daughter receive?

Sol. Let each nephew receive Rs.x then each daughter receives Rs.4x
and each son receives Rs.5x
 Total sum will be 2 × x + 4 × 4x + 5 × 5x = 8600
 43x = 8600 or x = 200.
 each daughter receives = 4x = 4 × 200 = Rs.800.

E8. Divide 86 into four parts such that the first when increased by 5, the second
diminished by 1, the third multiplied by 2 and the fourth divided by 5 are equal.

Sol. Let X be the number obtained in each case. Then the four parts are

X
(X – 5), (X + 1), and 5X.
2

X
Now, (X – 5) + (X + 1) + + 5X = 86  X = 12.
2
Hence the required parts are 7, 13, 6 and 60.

E9. A is 29 years older than B, B is 3 years older than C and D is 2 years younger than
C. Two years hence A’s age will be twice the combined ages of B, C and D. Find
their present ages.

Sol. Let D’s age be = X years.

Then C’s age = (X + 2) years,
B’s age = (X + 5) years and
A’s age = (X + 34) years.
(3) of (40)
 Two years hence, A’s, B’s, C’s and D’s ages will be
X + 36, X + 7, X + 4 and X + 2 years respectively.
Notes / Rough Work
 2 (X + 7 + X + 4 + X + 2) = X + 36  X = 2.
 A’s age = 36 years; B’s age = 7 years, C’s age = 4 years; D’s age = 2 years.

Most of the questions of this topic can be solved with the help of the options provided.
The equations are of the form AX + BY + C = 0
where A, B, C are real numbers.

The equation is called Linear because the graph of the equation on the
X–Y Cartesian plane is a straight line.

Methods of solving linear equations

Graphical method

Solving equations the graphical way requires the equations to be plotted on the X–Y
plane and then finding the solution.

Linear equation when plotted along the X–Y plane represents a straight line, as the
degree of the equation is one. Hence, we can say that the graphical interpretation of
a linear equation is a straight line plotted in the X–Y plane.
For a pair of linear equations we can say that the (X, Y) coordinates represent the
point of intersection of the two straight lines.

Given the two equations 3x + 2y = 12 and – x + y = 3.

Plotting these two equations graphically, we get

Y
6

FG 6 , 21IJ
H5 5 K
3

X
–3 O 4

Thus the solution set is

FG 6 , 21 IJ , i.e.,, x  6 and y 
21
.
H5 5 K 5 5

Elimination method

POINT TO REMEMBER
The principle of this method consists of multiplying the coefficients of the equations by
To s o l v e a s y s t e m o f
suitable numbers such that the coefficients of at least one of the variables becomes
equations having ‘n’
the same in both the equations. By adding or subtracting, we get the value of one of variables, we need at least
the variables. Then by substituting this value of the variable in either of the equations, n equations.
we calculate the other variable.
(4) of (40)
e.g. Let the two given equations be
3x + 2y = 12 and – x + y = 3. Notes / Rough Work

Multiplying the second equation by 3 and adding the two equations, we get
–3x + 3y = 9
3x + 2y = 12

21
 5y = 21  y  .
5

6
Substituting this value of y in any of the equations we get x  .
5

Substitution method

In this method one of the variables is expressed in terms of the other, thus finding out
the value of the variable existing in the equation. After calculating the value of the
first variable, the subsequent variables are calculated accordingly.

The two given equations are 3x + 2y = 12 and – x + y = 3.

From the second equation we get, y = 3 + x. Substituting this value in the first
equation, we get

6
3x + 2(3 + x) = 12  5x = 12 – 6  x  .
5

21
Putting this value of x in y = 3 + x, we get y  .
5

E10. Solve X + Y = 7, 3X + 2Y = 10 by elimination method.

Sol. We have
X+Y=7 ....(1)
3X + 2Y = 10 ....(2)
Here, if we multiply the first equation by 2, then the coefficients of Y in both
equations will be the same, viz, 2.
Hence, multiplying (1) by 2, we get
2X + 2Y = 14 ....(3)
Subtracting (3) from (2), we get X = –4.
Substituting this value of X in (1), we have –4 + Y = 7 or Y = 11.
Thus, the required values of X and Y are –4 and 11 respectively.

E11. Solve X + Y = 3 and 3X + 5Y = 15 by Substitution method.

Sol. We have X + Y = 3 ....(1)

and 3X + 5Y = 15 ....(2)
From (1), we have X = 3 – Y.
Substituting this value of X in (2), we have
3(3 – Y) + 5Y = 15 or 9 – 3Y + 5Y = 15, or 9 + 2Y = 15 or 2Y = 6 or Y = 3.
Substituting this value of Y in the second equation, we have
3X + 15 = 15 or 3X = 0 or X = 0.
Thus, the required solution is X = 0, Y = 3.
(5) of (40)
E12. Solve 7x + 8y = 35 and 3x + 7y = 40.
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. We have 7x + 8y = 35 ....(1)
and 3x + 7y = 40 ....(2)
From (1) we have
35  8y
7x = 35 – 8y  x = .
7

Substituting this value of x in (2) we have 3

FG 35  8y IJ  7 y  40
H 7 K
or 105 – 24y + 49 y = 280 or 25 y = 280 – 105
or 25 y = 175 or y = 7.
Substituting this value of y in (1), we have 7x + 8 × 7 = 35
7x = 35 – 56

21
x= = –3.
7
 x = –3, y = 7.

4 10 3 2 19
E13. Solve for x and y.   2 and   .
x y x y 20

1 1
Sol. Let = p and =q
x y
 equations become
4p + 10q = 2 ....(1)

19
and 3p + 2q = ....(2)
20
Using Elimination method, multiplying (1) by 3 and (2) by 4, we get
12p + 30q = 6 ....(3)

19
12p + 8q = ....(4)
5
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get

19 11 1
22q = 6 – =  q = .
5 5 10
Substituting q in (1), we get
1 1
4p + 10 × = 2  p = .
10 4
1 1
Since =p =  x = 4, similarly y = 10.
x 4

E14. Solve for x and y. x –Py = q and y – qx = P.

Sol. We have x – Py = q ....(1)

and – qx + y = P ....(2)
Using Elimination method. Multiplying (1) by q,
 qx – Pqy = q 2 ....(3)
–qx + y = P ....(4)
P  q2
Adding (3) and (4) we get –Pqy + y = P + q 2  y  .
1  Pq
Substituting y in (1), we get

F P  q2 I F P2  Pq2 I
x P GG 1  Pq JJ  q  x  GG 1  Pq JJ  q
H K H K
F P  Pq I  q  Pq  P  Pq
2 2 2 2 2
P2  q
x q GH 1  Pq JK 1  Pq
x
1  Pq
.

(6) of (40)
E15. Solve for x and y. 4x – 9y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 35.
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. We have 4x – 9y = 0 ....(1)
and 3x + 2y = 35 ....(2)
Multiplying (1) by 3 and (2) by 4, we get
12x – 27y = 0 ....(3)
and 12x + 8y = 140 ....(4)
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
35y = 140  y = 4
Substituting y in (1), we get
4x – 9 × 4 = 0  4x = 36.  x = 9.

System of equations

Two or more equations taken together form a system of equations.

e.g. 3X + 4Y = 9; 2X + Y = 3 form a system of equations.

Consistent system

A system (2 or 3 or more equations taken together) of two simultaneous linear equations

is said to be consistent, if it has at least one solution.

Inconsistent system

A system of two simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it has no

solutions at all.
e.g. X + Y = 9; 3X + 3Y = 8

Clearly there are no values of X & Y which simultaneously satisfy the given equations.
POINT TO REMEMBER
So the system is inconsistent.

The system a 1X + b 1Y = c 1
E16. The equations 3x – 4y = 5 and 12x – 16y = 20 have
and a 2X + b 2Y = c 2 has
Sol. The given equations are 3x – 4y = 5 and 3x – 4y = 5.
Thus, there is one equation in two variables. a1 b1
(a) a unique solution, if  .
So, the given equations have an infinite number of solutions. a2 b2

(b) infinitely many solutions if

E17. The system of equations 3x + y – 1 = 0 and 6x + 2y – 2 = 0 have
a1 b1 c1
  .
a2 b2 c2
Sol. The given equations are 3x + y = 1 and 3x + y = 1.
Thus, there is one equation in two variables.
a1 b1 c1
So, the given equations have an infinite number of solutions. (c) no solution if   .
a2 b2 c2
E18. Consider the following two sets of equations
The homogeneous system a1X + b1Y = 0
I. 2x – y = 0 and 6x – 3y = 0.
and a 2 X + b 2 Y = 0 has a non-zero
II. 3x – 4y = 0 and 12x – 20y = 0. Then,
a1 b1
solution only when  and in this
Sol. Equations in I are 2x – y = 0 and 2x – y = 0. a2 b2
Thus, there is one equation in two variables.
 given equations have an infinite number of solutions. ca s e, t h e s ys te m h as an in f in i t e
number of solutions.
Equations in II are 3x – 4y = 0 and 3x – 5y = 0.
Solving these equations, we get x = 0 and y = 0.
(7) of (40)
E19. The equations 2x + y = 5 and x + 2y = 4 are
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. Solving these equations, we get x = 2, y = 1.
 equations are consistent and have a unique solution.

E20. The equations 4x + 7y – 10 = 0 and 20x + 35y – 50 = 0 are

Sol. Given equations are 4x + 7y = 10 and 4x + 7y = 10.

Clearly, the given equations have an infinite number of solutions and are consistent
also.

Applications of Equations in two variables

Step 1 Make an assumption, using two variables, say x and y.

Step 2 Construct two equations in terms of x and y.
Step 3 Solve the equations simultaneously.

E21. A number is greater than thrice the other by 2 and 6 times the smaller number
exceeds the greater by 1. Find the numbers.

Sol. Let the greater number be x and the smaller number be y. Hence from the given
conditions, we have
x – 3y = 2 ... (i)
6y – x =1 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 3y = 3.
y=1
Substituting y = 1 in (i) we have
x – 3(1) = 2 x = 2 + 3 x = 5
 Numbers are 5 and 1.

E22. Find a fraction such that, it becomes 2/3 when 1 is added to both the numerator
and denominator and becomes equal to 1/2 when 1 is subtracted from both the
numerator and denominator.

Sol. Let x be the numerator and y be the denominator;

then the fraction is x/y.
According to the question,

x 1 2
 ; that is 3x – 2y = –1 ... (1) and
y 1 3

x 1 1
 ; that is 2x – y = 1 ... (2)
y 1 2
Solving (1) and (2), we get x = 3 and y = 5.
 The required fraction is x/y = 3/5.

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E23. Few tickets of a show are sold at Rs.10 per ticket and the other tickets at Rs.8
per ticket. In all 105 tickets were sold. If the amount collected on a day was Notes / Rough Work
Rs.922, find the number of tickets sold at Rs.10.

Sol. Let ‘x’ tickets be sold at Rs.10 and ‘y’ tickets be sold at Rs.8.
 x + y = 105 and ....(i)
10x + 8y = 922 ....(ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 10,
10x + 10y = 1050 ....(iii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from (iii),
2y = 128 y = 64.
Substituting the value of ‘y’ in equation (i)
x + 64 = 105 x = 41.
Hence, 41 tickets were sold at Rs.10.

E24. Akash has with him a total of Rs.29 in 5-rupee and 2-rupee denominations. The
number of 5-rupee notes is one-half of one less than the number of 2-rupee
notes. How many 5-rupee notes and 2-rupee notes does he have respectively?

Sol. Let ‘x’ be the number of 5-rupee notes and ‘y’ be the number of 2-rupee notes.
5x + 2y = 29 ....(i)

1
x= (y – 1)
2
2x – y = –1 ....(ii)
Multiplying (ii) by 2,
4x – 2y = –2 ....(iii)
Adding (iii) and (i), 9x = 27 x = 3.
Substituting the value of ‘x’ in equation (ii),
2 × 3 – y = –1  y = 7.

E25. A fruit dealer sells 7 mangoes and buys 9 oranges, thus increases his cash by
Rs.18. If he sells 8 oranges and buys 7 apples, his cash decreases by Rs.9 and if
he sells 5 apples and buys 3 mangoes, increase in cash is Rs.8. What is cost of a
mango, an apple and an orange?

Sol. Let cost of a mango, an apple and an orange be

x, y, z respectively. As per given condition
7x – 9z = 18 ....(1)
8z – 7y = – 9 ....(2)
5y – 3x = 8 ....(3)
Using (2) and (3) and eliminating y. Multiplying (2) by 5 and (3) by 7 we get
40z – 35y = –45 ....(4)
35y – 21x = 56 ....(5)
Adding (4) and (5) we get
40z – 21x = 11 ....(6)
Multiplying (1) by 3 and adding it to (6) we get
40z – 21x + 21x – 27z = 11 + 54
13z = 65 or z = 5.
Substituting z in (1) and (2), we get x = 9 and y = 7.

(9) of (40)
E26. The sum of the reciprocals of the ages of two brothers is five times the difference
of the reciprocals of their ages. If the ratio of the product of their ages to the Notes / Rough Work
sum of their ages is 14.4 : 1, then find their ages.

Sol. Let the ages of the two brothers be x years and y years respectively, then, given
that,

1 1
 5
1 1

FG IJ
x y x y H K ....(1)

xy 14.4 144  xy  72
and  
xy 1 10 xy 5

1 1 5
   ....(2)
x y 72

1 1 1
From (1) and (2),   ....(3)
x y 72
From (2) and (3), x = 24, y = 36.
Hence, the ages of two brothers are 36 years and 24 years respectively.

Mini Revision Test # 01

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1. How many solutions are possible for the system of equations

2a – b = 6 and 6a – 3b = 12?
2. What is the value of k for which the linear equations 2x + 3y – 5 = 0,
4x + ky – 10 = 0 have a unique solution?
3. If one number is thrice the other and their sum is 20, what are the
numbers?
4. How many solutions are possible for the system of equations x + 2y = 7
and 3x + 6y = 21?
5. The sum of a natural number and its reciprocal is 37/6. What is twice of
that number?

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks.

6. The solution of the system of equations, x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 5 is.....

7. The solution (value of x) of the equation (2x + 3) + (5x – 4) = 13 is .....
8. The sum of three consecutive natural numbers is 153. The numbers are.....
9. A number is four times the other. If their difference is 45, the numbers
are.....
10. 15 years hence a man will be just 4 times as old as he was 15 years ago.
His present age is..... years.

(10) of (40)
 Challenge Problems # 01 Notes / Rough Work

1. Given the quadratic equation x 2 – (A – 3)x – (A – 2) = 0, for what value

of A will the sum of the squares of the roots be zero?
(Q. code - 110405001)
(1) –2 (2) 3
(3) 6 (4) None of these

2. Iqbal dealt some cards to Mushtaq and himself from a full pack of playing
cards and laid the rest aside. Iqbal then said to Mushtaq, “If you give me
a certain number of your cards, I will have four times as many cards as
you have. If I give you the same number of cards, I will have thrice as
many cards as you.” How many cards did Iqbal have?
(Q. code - 110405002)
(1) 9 (2) 35
(3) 12 (4) 31

3. If X 2 + Y 2 = 1, then the value of 2(X 6 + Y 6) – 3(X 4 + Y 4) + 1 is

(Q. code - 110405003)
(1) 1 (2) 0
(3) 2 (4) 4

4. The following data are available for the monsoon season of the Bengal
sports club. The data is for a total of ‘y’ days.
 There were races on 11 days - morning or evening.
 Whenever there was a race in the morning, there was no race in the
evening.
 There were 8 mornings without any race.
 There were 5 evenings without any race.
What is the value of y? (Q. code - 110405004)
(1) 10 (2) 12
(3) 14 (4) Cannot be determined

3 3
5. The equation 2 x – 4– has (Q. code - 110405005)
x –2 x –2
(1) No root (2) Only one root
(3) Two equal roots (4) None of these

Quadratic equations

The word QUADRATIC is derived from ‘qua’ means 2 and ‘dratic’ means order , hence an
equation in which the highest power of any variable is two is called a quadratic equation.

The equation is generally satisfied by two values of x but these values may be equal
to each other.

General Equation: Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0. (A  0)

Where A & B are coefficients of x 2 and x respectively.

e.g. 4x 2 + 9x – 5 = 0, 6y 2 – 2y + 1 = 0. The values of the unknown quantity (x) for
which the equation is satisfied are called its roots and the process of finding the roots
is called solving the equation. Geometrically a quadratic equation represents a parabola.

(11) of (40)
Solution to quadratic equations
Notes / Rough Work
The two most commonly used methods are
(1) Factorisation method and
(2) Quadratic equation formula.

Factorisation method

In this method, the middle term is split to make factors. This method is further clarified
with the help of the following illustrations.

E27. Solve X 2 – 6X + 8 = 0.

Sol. We have X 2 – 6X + 8 = 0 or (X – 2) (X – 4) = 0.
 either (X – 2) = 0 or (X – 4) = 0
 X = 2 or X = 4.

Quadratic equation formula

The general solution to AX 2 + BX + C = 0 is given as

B  B 2  4 AC
 X
2A

E28. Solve 2X 2 – 7X + 6 = 0.

Sol. Here we have A = 2, B = –7, C = 6

( 7 )  b7g  4  b2  6g
2

X
b2  2g

X
7 49  48

b7  1g .
4 4
Now X = (7 + 1)/4 = 8/4 = 2 [taking + sign]
and X = (7 – 1)/4 = 3/2 [taking – sign]
Hence X = 2, 3/2.
POINT TO REMEMBER
E29. Find the roots of the equation 7p 2 – 5p – 2 = 0.
Nature of the Roots. The
roots of the quadratic
Sol. 7p 2 – 5p – 2 = 0. Here a = 7, b = –5, c = –2
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
2
b  b  4 ac ( 5)  ( 5)2  4  7  ( 2) b  b 2  4 ac
 p  are   ,
2a 27 2a

5  25  56 5  81 5  9 b  b 2  4 ac
   
14 14 14 2a

59 59 such that

p or p 
14 14 b coeff. of x
  
2 a coeff. of x 2
 p = 1 or p = – .
7
c cons tan t term
and   
2 a coeff. of x 2
The roots of 7p 2 – 5p – 2 = 0 are 1 and – .
7
(12) of (40)
E30. Solve a(x 2 + 1) = x(a 2 + 1).
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. ax 2 +a=x (a 2 + 1)
ax 2 – (a 2 + 1) x + a = 0

(a2  1)  (a2  1)2  4  a  a (a2  1)  (a2  1)

 x 
2a 2a

a2  1  a2  1 a2  1  a2  1
 x or x 
2a 2a

1
x = a or x = .
a

E31. Solve the following quadratic equations.

(A) x 2 – 8x + 16 = 0.
(B) 12x 2 – 11x + 2 = 0.
(C) 7x 2 – 13x + 3 = 0.
(D) 15y 2 – 11y + 2 = 0.

Sol. (A) x 2 – 8x + 16 = 0.
We need to find two factors whose product is 16 and sum is –8.
The factors are –4 and –4.
 x 2 – 4x – 4x + 16 = 0.
 x(x – 4) – 4 (x – 4) = 0.
 (x – 4) (x – 4) = 0.
 x = 4.
(B) 12x 2 – 11x + 2 = 0.
We need to find two factors such that their sum is –11 and product is 24.
The factors are –3 and –8.
12x 2 – 3x – 8x + 2 = 0.
 3x(4x – 1) – 2(4x – 1) = 0.
 (3x – 2) (4x – 1) = 0.
 3x – 2 = 0 or 4x – 1 = 0.
 x = 2/3 or x = 1/4.

(C) 7x 2 – 13x + 3 = 0.

2
b  b  4 ac
Using formula x 
2a

 (13)  (13)2  4 . 3 . 7 13  85
x  x 
2 7 14
(D) 15y 2 – 11y + 2 = 0.
We need to find two factors such that their sum is –11 and product is 30.
The factors are –5 and –6.
 15y 2 – 5y – 6y + 2 = 0.
5y(3y – 1) – 2(3y – 1) = 0.
 (5y – 2) (3y – 1) = 0.
 (5y – 2) = 0.
Or (3y – 1) = 0.
 y = 2/5 or y = 1/3.

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E32. Solve x + y = 18, xy = 45.
Notes / Rough Work
Sol. x + y = 18 .... (1)
xy = 45 .... (2)
Squaring (1) we get x 2 + 2xy + y 2 = 324.
From (2) we get 4xy = 180.
By subtraction we get x 2 – 2xy + y 2 = 144 or x – y = ± 12.
Combining this result with equation 1, we have,
x + y = 18, x – y = 12  x = 15, y = 3.
x + y = 18, x – y = –12  x = 3, y = 15.

E33. Solve 1/x – 1/y = 1/3, 1/x 2 + 1/y 2 = 5/9.

Sol. 1/x – 1/y = 1/3 .... (1)

1/x 2 + 1/y 2 = 5/9 .... (2)
Squaring (1),
1/x 2 – 2/xy + 1/y 2 = 1/9 .... (3)
Subtracting (3) from (2) we get 2/xy = 4/9.
Adding this to (2) we get
1/x 2 + 2/xy + 1/y 2 = 1  1/x + 1/y = ± 1.
Solving together with (1), 1/x = 2/3
or 1/x = –1/3, 1/y = 1/3 or 1/y = –2/3
x = 3/2 or –3 and y = 3 or –3/2.

Discriminant

The term (B 2 – 4AC) is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation AX 2 + BX + C

and is denoted by D.

Imp.

 If D > 0, roots X 1 & X 2 are real and distinct.

 If D = 0, roots X 1 & X 2 are real and equal.

 If D is a perfect square, roots X 1 & X 2 are rational and distinct.

 If D < 0, X 1 & X 2 are imaginary, distinct and conjugates of each other.

 If X 1 and X 2 are the two roots of aX 2 + bX + c = 0

b c POINT TO REMEMBER
then sum of roots = X 1 + X 2 =  and product of roots = X 1 X 2 = .
a a

 If roots of the quadratic equation are both positive then the signs of a and c, The quantity b 2 – 4ac is called the
should be like and opposite to the sign of b. discriminant of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, and it must be noted
 If roots are of opposite signs, then the signs of a and b should be like and that the
opposite to the sign of c.
(i) r o ot s a r e r e al , ir r a t io n a l a n d
 If roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then b = 0. distinct if b2 – 4ac > 0 (not a perfect
 If roots are reciprocal of each other, then c = a. square)

 If roots of a quadratic equation are known, then the equation is (ii) roots are real and equal if
b 2 – 4ac = 0
x 2 – x (Sum of the roots) + (Product of the roots) = 0.
(iii) r o o t s ar e i m agin ar y (c o m pl ex
The Sign of the Quadratic Expression x 2 + bx + c.
conjugate) if b 2 – 4ac < 0
If the expression ax 2
+ bx + c is always positive, then b2
– 4ac must be negative
(iv) r o o t s a r e r a t io n al a n d u n e qu al
or zero and a must be positive. If the expression ax 2 + bx + c is always negative,
b 2 – 4ac is a perfect square
then b 2 – 4ac must be negative or zero and a must be negative.

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Common Roots
Let  be a common root of the quadratic equations Notes / Rough Work
a 1 x 2 + b 1 x + c 1 = 0 and x 2 + b 2x + c 2 = 0
then (c 1 a 2 – c 2 a 1)2 = (a1 b2 – a2 b 1) (b1c 2 – b 2c 1).
This is the condition for a common root.

E34. Examine the nature of roots of

(i) X 2 + 9X + 27 = 0. (ii) 6X 2 – 13X – 5 = 0.
(iii) x 2 + 8x + 16 = 0. (iv) 2x 2 – 10x + 12 = 0.
(v) x2 + 11x + 32 = 0.

Sol. (i) D = b 2 – 4ac = (+9) 2 – 4 × 1 × 27

= 81 – 108 = –27 which is negative.
Hence roots will be imaginary and conjugates of each other.
(ii) D = b 2 – 4ac = (–13) 2 – 4 × 6 × (–5)
= 169 + 120 = 289 which is a perfect square, hence roots will be real,
rational and unequal.
(iii) D = b 2 – 4ac = (8) 2 – 4 × 16
= 64 – 64 = 0.
Hence roots will be real and equal.
(iv) D = b 2 – 4ac = (– 10) 2 – 4 × 2 × 12
= 100 – 96 = 4 which is a perfect square.
Hence roots will be real, rational and distinct.
(v) D = b 2 – 4ac = (11) 2 – 4 × 1 × 32
= 121 – 128 = – 7 which is negative.
Hence roots will be imaginary and conjugates of each other.

Formation of equation from roots

1. If X 1 and X 2 are the two roots, then (X – X 1)(X – X 2) = 0 is the required equation.

2. If (X 1 + X 2 ) and X 1 × X 2 are given, then equation is X 2 – (X 1 + X 2) X + X 1 X 2 = 0.

 X 2 – SX + P = 0, where S = sum of roots and P = product of roots. POINT TO REMEMBER

Applications of Quadratic Equations  If b = 0, X 1 + X 2 = 0 or X 1 = –X 2.

 If c = 0, one of the roots will be

E35. The difference of a certain number and its +ve square root is 56. What is the zero.
number?
1
 If c = a, X 1 = .
Sol. Let x 2 be the number. X2
 x 2 – x = 56
x 2 – x – 56 = 0 x 2 – 8x + 7x – 56 = 0.  If one of the roots of a quadratic
 x(x – 8) + 7 (x – 8) = 0 (x – 8) (x + 7) = 0. equation is K 1 + K 2 , then the
Either x = 8 or x = –7. other root will be K 1 – K 2 & vice
As the square root is +ve  the number cannot be –7. versa. Thus, we see that irrational
Hence answer = 64. roots occur as conjugates. This is
also true for imaginary roots. If one
of the roots is imaginary (m + in),
then the other root is also imaginary
(m – in) & vice versa.

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E36. A number of two digits is equal to three times the product of the digits and the
digit in the ten’s place is less by 2 than the digit in the unit’s place. Find the Notes / Rough Work
number.

Sol. Let x be the digit in the ten’s place and x + 2 be the digit in the unit’s place.
 10 x + (x + 2) = 3x (x + 2).
 10x + x + 2 = 3x 2 + 6x  3x 2 – 5x – 2 = 0
(x – 2) (3x + 1) = 0

1
 x = 2 or x = – .
3

1
The digit of a number cannot be – . x = 2.
3
Hence the number is 24.

E37. The sum of a father’s age and his son’s age is 100 years. Also, one-tenth of the
product of their ages, in years, exceeds the father’s age by 180. How old is the
son?

Sol. Let the son’s age be x years and the father’s age be 100 – x.

1
 × (100 – x)x = (100 – x) + 180.
10
100x – x 2 = 2800 – 10x x 2 – 110x + 2800 = 0.
(x – 70) (x – 40) = 0.
 x = 70 or x = 40.
If son’s age is 70, father’s age will be 30. Since the son’s age cannot be greater
than the father’s age, therefore, the son’s age is 40.

E38. Find three consecutive positive integers such that the square of their sum exceeds
the sum of their squares by 214.

Sol. Let the consecutive positive integers be x – 1, x and x + 1

 [x – 1 + x + x + 1] 2 = (x – 1) 2 + x 2 + (x + 1) 2 + 214
(3x) 2 = x 2 + 1 – 2x + x 2 + x 2 + 2x + 1 + 214
9x 2 = 3x 2 + 216
6x 2 = 216  x 2 = 36  x = ±6.
But x is a positive integer,  x = 6.
The numbers are 5, 6 and 7.

E39. Mr. Iyer distributed Rs.24 amongst his grandchildren. Had there been 4
grandchildren less, each would have got a rupee more. How many grandchildren
does he have?

Sol. Let the number of grandchildren be x.

24 24 24 24  x
  1  
x4 x x4 x
24x = (24 + x) (x – 4) 24x = 24x + x 2 – 4x – 96
x 2 – 4x – 96 = 0
(x – 12) (x + 8) = 0 x = 12 or x = –8.
As x cannot be negative, so x = 12.
Number of grandchildren = 12.

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 Mini Revision Test # 02 Notes / Rough Work
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1. Determine K so that one root of the equation 2x 2 – 5x + 2 = K may be

zero.
2. Find m, if x 2 + m 2 – 2mx + 3x – 5m + 3 = 0, may have roots numerically
equal but opposite in sign.
3. Find the minimum value of x 2 – 6x + 10 for the real values of x.
4. Find the quadratic equation, the sum and product of whose roots are 5
and 6 respectively.
5. What is the difference between the roots of x 2 – 14x + 24 = 0?

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks.

6. One of the roots of x 2 – 8x + 11 = 0 is 4 +  5. Then the other root

is .... .
7. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 7p 2 – 35p + q – 2 is.... .
8. The difference of a number and its reciprocal is –15/4. The number
is .... .
9. The product of two consecutive positive numbers is 272. The smaller
number is ..... .
10. The two roots of 4y 2 – py +z = 0 are 2 and 4. The value of z is ..... .

Challenge Problems # 02

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1. If p, q and r are real, the roots of (x – p)(x – q) = r are always

(Q. code - 110406001)
(1) Real (2) Imaginary
(3) equal (4) Cannot be determined

2. If a, b, c, d  R then the equation

(x2 + ax – 3b) (x2 – cx + b) (x2 – dx + 2b) = 0 has (Q. code - 110406002)
(1) exactly 6 real roots (2) exactly 3 real roots
(3) atleast 4 real roots (4) atleast 2 real roots

3. Let ,  be the roots of x 2 – x + p = 0 and ,  be the roots of x 2 – 4x +

q = 0. If , , ,  are in G.P., then the integral values of p and q
respectively, are (Q. code - 110406003)
(1) –2, –32 (2) –2, 3
(3) –6, 3 (4) –6, –32

4. If a, b are the roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0, and c, d are the roots of

x 2 + qx + 1 = 0, the value of E = (a – c) (b – c) (a + d) (b + d) is
(Q. code - 110406004)
(1) p2 – q2 (2) q 2 – p 2
(3) q 2 + p2 (4) None of these

5. If the ratio of the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 is the same as that of the roots

of x 2 + px + q = 0, then (Q. code - 110406005)
(1) aq 2 = pb2 (2) bq 2 = pa2
2
(3) qb = ap 2 (4) a 2 q = bp 2

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Inequalities
Notes / Rough Work
An inequality states that, “one real quantity or expression is greater than or less than
another real quantity or expression.”

The following indicate the meaning of inequality signs.

 a > b means “a is greater than b”.
(a – b is a positive number).

 a < b means “a is less than b”.

(a – b is a negative number)

 a  b means “a is greater than or equal to b”.

 a  b means “a is less than or equal to b”.

 0 < a < 1 means “a is greater than zero but less than 1”.

 –2  x < 2 means “x is greater than or equal to –2 but less than 2”.

Properties of Inequalities

1. For any two real numbers a and b, we have a> b or a = b or a < b.

2. If a > b and b > c, then a > c.
3. If a > b, then a + m > b + m, for any real number m.
4. If a  0, b  0 and a > b, then 1/a < a/b.
5. If a > b, then am< bm for m < 0, that is, when we multiply both sides of inequality
by a negative quantity, the sign of inequality is reversed.
6. If a 1 > b 1 , a 2 > b 2 , ...., a n > b n , then a 1 + a 2 + ....+ a n > and b 1 + b 2 +...+ b n
a 1  a 2  ...  a n > b 1 b 2  ....  b n (a i  0 and b i  0, i = 1, 2, ..., n)
7. If x > 0 and a > b > 0, then a x > b x .
8. If a > 1 and x > y > 0, then a x > a y .
9. If 0 < a < 1 and x > y > 0, then a x < a y .
10. The arithmetic mean of two positive quantities is greater than or equal to their
geometric mean.

a1  a2 ... an
 (a1a2 .... an )1 / n , that is the geometric mean of n positive quantities
n
cannot exceed their arithmetic mean
11. The product of the factorials of two numbers whose sum is constant is least when
they are equal or consecutive according as their sum is even or odd.
12. a 2 + b 2 + c 2  ab + bc + ca.
13. (X – ) (X – ) > 0 implies X does not lie between a and .
14. (X – ) (X – ) < 0 implies X lies between a and .

The inequalities a > b and c > b have the same sense.

The inequalities a > b and x < y have opposite sense.

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In brief there are three rules for producing equivalent inequalities:
Notes / Rough Work
(i) The same quantity can be added or subtracted to each side of an inequality.

(ii) Each side of an inequality can be multiplied or divided by the same positive
quantity.

(iii) If each side of an inequality is multiplied or divided by the same negative

quantity, the sign of the inequality must be reversed so that the new
inequality is equivalent to the first.

Imp.

 If the signs of all the terms of an inequality are changed, then the sign of the
inequality will also be reversed.
For example, 7 > 5 and –7 < –5.

 If X > Y, then X n > Y n but 1/X n < 1/Y n .

E40. Solve for x: If x 2 – 3x – 40  0, x 2  25, |x| > 2.

Sol. (i) (x – 8) (x + 5)  0 Hence – 5  x  8

(ii) x 2 25 Hence x  5 or x  – 5
(iii) |x| > 2 Hence x > 2 or x < –2
(iv) The solution set for x satisfying all the above conditions is 5  x  8 or
x = – 5.

E41. If(x 2 + 3x –18)(3x 2 – 7x – 6)  0 solve for x.

Sol. (x + 6)(x – 3)(3x + 2)(x – 3)  0  (x – 3) 2 (x + 6) x 

FG 2IJ
0
H 3 K
Since, (x – 3) 2 is positive, (x + 6)
FG x  2 IJ  0 . Hence, – 6 x  2 .
H 3K 3

3x  4
E42. If 3  < 5 and x + y = 4. Find the solution set for y..
8

3x  4 28 3  4 44
Sol. > 3  3x – 4 > 24  x > ; < 5  3x < 44  x <
8 3 8 3

28  32 16
and y < 4 – .  y .
3 3 3

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 x
E43. If
y
> 4, x + Y < 0, |x| < 3, find the solution set for y.. Notes / Rough Work

x
Sol. Since  4 , therefore both x, y have the same sign x + y < 0  x, y < 0
y

x
|x| < 3. Hence – 3 < x < 0 4
y

x 3
So, x < 4y (Since y is –ve)  y  or y0.
4 4

E44. If, x/y = y/z then which of the following is true

(1) xz > y 2 (2) y 2 = xz
(3) xy> y2 (4) xy < y 2

Sol. Correct answer is (2)

E45. Solve for x, y if |x| + 3y= 7, 2x+ |y – 10| = 3.

Sol. |x| + 3y = 7
(a) When x > 0 and y > 10, x + 3y = 7 and 2x + y = 13  y = 1/5. Hence no
solution possible.
(b) When x > 0 and y < 10, x 3y = 7 and 2x + 10 – y = 3  y = 3 and x = – 2.
Again, no solution possible

6
(c) When x < 0 and y > 10, –2x + 6y = 14 and 2x + y = 13  y  3 . No
7
solution possible.
(d) when x < 0 and < 10, –2x + 6y = 14 and 2x – y = – 7  y = 1.4 an x = – 2.8
Therefore, the unique values of x and y are –2.8 and 1.4.

E46. Solve for x : |x + 2| > |3x – 5|

Sol. |x + y| > |3x – 5|

5
Case 1: For x 
3

7 5 7
x + 2 > 3x – 5  2x < 7  x  i.e. x <
2 3 2

5
Case 2: For –2  x 
3

3 3 5
 x + 2 > 5 – 3x  4x > 3  x > i.e. <x 
4 4 3
Case 3: For x  –2

7
 – x – 2 > 5 – 3x  2x > 7  x  .
2

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