SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1- Module 2
Method of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1- Module 2: Method of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1- Module 2
Method of Philosophizing
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Overview 1
General Instructions 2
Lesson 2: Method of Philosophizing 3
What I Need to Know 3
What I Know 4
What’s In 5
What’s New 5
What Is It? 6
Lesson 2.1 7
What I Know 8
What’s In 9
Lesson 2.2 11
What I Know 11
What’s In 12
Lesson 2.3 13
What’s New 13
What Is It? 14
What’s More 15
What I Have Learned 16
What Can I Do 17
Assessment 18
Answer Key 19
References 20
 OVERVIEW
Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. This module will help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate
opinions. To understand the meaning and process of doing philosophy of the human person as an
embodied being in the world and the environment as a means towards a holistic understanding of life.
It contains activities that will help you reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way and
demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinion. The module is self –
instructional and allows you to learn in your own space, at your own pace. So, relax and enjoy
learning.

To the teacher:

This lesson assume that the teacher has already introduced to his/ her learners’ knowledge
about philosophy and its importance as discipline and a means of understanding life.
The primary goal of this module is to help learners engaged in some simple activities in order
to have necessary skills and understanding and reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical
way.

To the Learners:

At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on your daily experiences from a holistic
point of view and acquires critical and analytical thinking skills so that you can apply this critical and
analytical thinking skills to the affairs of your daily life and should be able to demonstrate a capacity
for a critical and analytical reflection from the perspective of a holistic and profound vision of life.

In order to achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have completed all the
module for you to fully understand the activities and discussions.

Specifically, this module consists of the following lessons:

 Lesson 2.1- Distinguish opinion from truth

 Lesson 2.2 – Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
 Lesson 2.3 –Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the
methods of philosophizing

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

For the learners: For the teacher:

To be guided in achieving the objectives of To facilitate and ensure the students’ learning
this module, do the following: from this module, you are encouraged to do
the following (you may edit this part):
Read and follow instructions carefully.
Write all your ANSWERS in your Clearly communicate learning competencies
PHILOSOPHY ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK. and objectives
Answer the pretest before going through the Motivate through applications and connections
lessons. to real life.
Take note and record points for clarification. Give applications of the theory
Compare your answers against the key to Discuss worked-out examples
answers found at the end of the module. Give time for hands-on unguided classroom
Do the activities and fully understand each work and discovery
lesson. Use formative assessment to give feedback
Answer the self-check to monitor what you Introduce extensions or generalizations of
learned in each lesson. concepts
Answer the posttest after you have gone over Engage in reflection questions
all the lessons. Encourage analysis through higher order
thinking prompts
Provide alternative formats for student work
Remind learners to write their answers in their
Philosophy Activity Notebook

1
 Lesson
Method of
2 Philosophizing

The study of this subject is an initiation to the activity and process of philosophical reflection
as a search for a synoptic vision of life. At the end of the course, you should be able to reflect on their
daily experiences from a holistic point of view, acquire critical and analytical thinking skills and
should be able to apply this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of daily life and
become truthful, environment-friendly and service-oriented. Actively committed to the development
of a more humane society and articulate their own philosophy of life.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Objectives: After going through this module, you will be able to demonstrate various ways of doing
philosophy and evaluate opinions:

1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.2
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing PPT11/12-Id-2.3

3
 WHAT I KNOW

Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from
our previous lesson.

Direction. Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them on the
space provided.

Plato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy Holistic Thinking

Love of wisdom Karl Jaspers Partial Thinking Reflection Love

1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the

ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.
2. The Greek term, philosophia, means .
3. The Greek word, philos, means .
4. The Greek word, sophia, means .
5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about by
man’s sense of wonder.
6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense of
difficult life experiences.
7. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts,
feelings, and actions and learn from experience.
8. Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people philosophize.
9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at
problems and situations.
10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of
this module.

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 WHAT’S IN

Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do

philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways
that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just one method that
philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.

Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any
inquiry.

WHAT’S NEW?

Direction. Choose five words you found inside the box. Write down other related words or
ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you choose. Write you answer on the space
provided.
Box No. 1

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 WHAT IS IT?

Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences, assertions,
beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to
state what the case is. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or
fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea
of "truth to self", or authenticity.

Propositions is a statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not carry truth.

Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of

questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.

Facts are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful.

Claim is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means
that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.

Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts.

There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a
basis for determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement is true.
Remember the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt.

In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means that
every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.

Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth as a kind
of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since it is true
knowing that we are able to determine what is true.

Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth.
In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.

A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of determining
what is true. Although this approach has certain limitations. Getting everyone to agree on something
may not take that belief true.

Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test to determine
truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement through an action.

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Lesson Distinguish Opinion from
2.1 Truth

Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion.

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with
me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the
brutality that characterizes our police force.

Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the philosophical
tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas or information that are
easily verifiable.

While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go beyond

providing facts. It also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are
also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

Fact is something concrete that can be proven.

You can find facts in legal records, scientific
findings, encyclopaedias, atlases, etc. In other
words, facts are the truth and are accepted as
such.

Opinion is less concrete. It's a view

formed in the mind of a person about a particular
issue. In other words it is what someone believes
or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. Also,
note in the examples below how facts are the same
for

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 everybody, but opinions can differ quite widely.

 Examples of an opinion:

 Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the
opinion that French food is ideal.
 Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the
opinion that reading is fun.
 Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer hot
weather.


FACT OPINION

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WHAT I KNOW

Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer in the space
provided.
1. Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinion.

8
 WHAT’S IN?

Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts.

A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly explained
by facts.
Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why
the statement is true.
Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that
is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself
could still be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things
such a person’s experiences and views.

Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements that require
further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain fallacies. We must
be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments. Opinions are often
influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examine points
of view.

Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion
is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato)

Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the
apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle)

Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)

Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively
(Kant)

An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd
words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)

Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in a
community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure (Freund)

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The following are the examples of fallacies.

Fallacy Characteristics
Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept
it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
circular argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events

Fallacy of composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

The following are the examples of biases.

Bias Characteristics
Correspondence bias tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,
or attribution effect without regard for the external factors or influence.
Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s
own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other

aspects.
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern
to historical events.
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue
being discussed.
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

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Lesson Methods of Philosophy
2.2 Lead to Wisdom and Truth

The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a systematic
way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.

Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is

questions, which have three major characteristics;

1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.

2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question is critical
thinking.

Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of
very general interest.

Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims
but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation.

The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence- based
approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by facts that can
easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation

WHAT I KNOW?

Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer on the space
provided.
1. How will you determine the truth from an opinion?

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 WHAT’S IN?

An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other can
further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.

The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to
make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which we find acceptable.

A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view that can
guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problem.

Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we can use to
form our own views regarding certain matters

For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self- assessment that
further consists of:

Defining, analyzing and devising solutions, Arriving at

reasonable and informed conclusions
Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems.
Willingness to say “I don’t know.”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs

Adjusts opinion
Looks for proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

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 Lesson Evaluate Truth from Opinions

2.3 in Different Situations Using

the Methods of
Philosophizing
A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from
a statement using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical.

When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and opinion.
How do we know if something is true?

Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is said that
there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers
questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand
themselves and the world much better.

The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers

explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.

WHAT’S NEW

Direction: Complete the table below. Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the statement.
Write your answer on the box provided.

I am alive
I have a body
I can breathe

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 WHAT IS IT

Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more people
who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one another.
Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge through
experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.

The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory
testing

Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and
construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING

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Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last will be
the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before the specific or
particular idea.

Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come first followed
by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa of the deductive
reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea.

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 WHAT’S MORE

Direction: Read the conversation below and answer the following question. Write your
answer on the space provided.

Lover’s Quarrel

Shanon: Did you hear about what happened between Angel and her boyfriend?
Vanvan: What happened?
Shanon: They got a huge fight last night. Angel called me up. She was crying and she said
that Mike hit her.
Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was pretty
shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand. He said Angel just
attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Shanon: No! Angel said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend herself!

Question 1: As friend of Angel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?

15
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Direction. Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer from the box and write your
answer on the space provided

Doubt Truth Senses

Consensus Bias Opinion
.

 Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of . Truth

lies at the heart of any inquiry.
 In philosophy, systematic is employed to help determine the
truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and
analyzed.
 There are various philosophical views regarding truth. One perspective is that a belief is true
if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s ,
a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts. Another way of determining what is true is
getting a or having people agree on a common belief.
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to tests to determine
truth.
 Opinions are statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or perspective
regarding certain situations.
 Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in
such a way that they seem reasonable. Hence, some arguments may contain fallacies which
means they are products of faulty reasoning.
 or the personal views of the person presenting it affect the way he
or she sees reality.

16
 WHAT I CAN DO?

Direction. Select one issue from the current issues in our society today. How do you apply
methods of philosophizing in determining the truth. Write your answer on the space provided.

17
 ASSESSMENT

After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned.

Direction. Identify the following statement. Choose your answer form the box. Write your
answer on the space provided.

Facts Cultural of Bias Truth Framing Knowledge

Appeal to Tradition Fallacies Opinion Ad Hominem Conflict of Interest

1. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

3. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.

4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

5. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or

fidelity to an original or standard.

6. A fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the argument

instead of the argument itself.

7. A fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long
time.

8. A kind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while

ignoring other aspects.
. 9. A kind of biases which a person or group is connected to or has a vested

interest in the issue being discussed.

10. Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural stand.

Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this module.

You did a great job, it’s now time to go on to the next adventure…Good luck!

18
 ANSWER KEY

Rubrics for Short Answer

Correct answer Correct answer Correct answer written Correct answer written
but not in a written in a sentence in a sentence with 1 in a sentence with 2
sentence but no supporting supporting
supporting detail detail from the text details from the text
1 2 3 4

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 REFERENCES:
Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D.Min. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
Philosophical_methodology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_methodology Truth-
philosophy-and-logic https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-philosophy-and-logic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth
Bias https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias
Methods-of-philosophy
https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/fBoYdDSqWuT/realize-the-methods-of-
philosophy-that-lead-to-wis/?mode=movie
Opinion
https://www.the-philosophy.com/opinion-philosophical-definitions
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/opinion-examples.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
http://www.ufh.ac.za/library/InfoLit/fact.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
https://hickslibrary.weebly.com/librarians-blog/facts-vs-opinions
https://gillemanalo.wordpress.com
http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg
https://www.slideshare.net/arielgilbuena7/ https://www.teachstarter.com/au/teaching-
resource-collection/fact-and-opinion/
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/prek-12-subject-area/test-preparation/Type- of-
Resource/Rubrics
Short story author: Lovella D. Tompong

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Education – Division of Misamis Oriental Don A. Velez St., Cagayan
de Oro City
Contact number: 0917 899 2245
Email address: [email protected]