1. Representation of geographical features.

A. Give short answers.

1. What is a map?
 A drawing of the earth’s surface, either whole or part of it, on a flat surface is called a
map.
2. What are political and physical maps?
 Political maps show boundaries of countries and of the states within the countries. They
also show the location of cities and towns.
 Physical maps are the maps that show the natural features on the earth surface, like
mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and so on.
3. What is a north line?
 A vertical line whose uppermost point has an arrow marked with the letter 'N', this line
is called the North line and it shows the north direction.
4. What information do you need to locate a place with respect to another?
 To locate a place with respect to another place we need to know both, the direction of
the place with respect to another place and the distance between both the places.
5. What is the use of key in the map?
 Key helps in interpreting the map because it presents the meaning of the symbols used
in the map.
6. What is the diagram?
 A diagram is a simple drawing to show how something looks or how it is made or it
works.

B. Explain in brief.
1. How are maps more useful than globe? Is there any disadvantage in using maps?
 Maps are more useful than the globe because details of the country cannot be shown on
the globe, larger globe can have some more details, but it is difficult to handle them
whereas maps have more information and are easier to handle than globes.
 There is one disadvantage in using map that is, on maps the curved surface of the earth
is represented on a flat surface so when we try to show parts of the world on a flat
surface the shapes of the continents and oceans get distorted.
2. What is the map’s scale? A map’s scale is given thus: 1 cm to 200 km. How far apart
will two places be on the map, if the ground distance between them is 1200 km?
 Scale shows the relation between the distance on the map and the corresponding
distance on the ground.
 If the ground distance between two places is 1200 km and a map scale is 1 cm equals to
200 km then the two places will be at the distance of 6 cm from each other on the map.
3. What are conventional symbols? Why are they needed?
 Conventional symbols are the symbols generally used to represent various features on
the maps.
 These symbols not only make it easier to draw the maps, but also to read them.
4. Using the table given below, show the differences between maps, plans and sketches.
Map Plan Sketch
Area Large area is covered. Very small area is Very small or quite a large
covered Covered. area is covered.
Scale Small-scale. Very large scale. Not drawn to a scale.
Details Can't show all the Details of small area are Only necessary details are
shown details. shown. shown.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1) poles
2) scale
3) upper
4) east
5) plan

D. Choose the correct option.

1-d, 2-d, 3-b, 4-d, 5-b, 6-b.
2. The earth’s major landforms
A. Give short answers.
1. Name the three major types of landforms.
 The three major types of landforms are mountains, plateaus and plains.
2. What are mountains?
 A mountain is a conical mass of land rising to much greater heights then the
surrounding areas.
3. What is the plateau? Give two examples.
 A plateau is a large area of fairly level land rising much about the surrounding areas.
 The Deccan Plateau of India and the plateau of Brazil are the two examples of plateau.
4. What is the plain?
 Flat surface with very gentle slopes are called plains most plains are lowlands.
5. Write two ways of earning a living in the mountains.
 Mountain people earn living by running hotels, shops and restaurants,
 by arranging transport and adventure activities for tourists,
 and by selling handicrafts.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Exogenous and Endogenous processes.
 Exogenous processes occur on or near the earth’s surface.
 Most of the landforms are shaped or modified by this process.
 The processes acting deep under the earth surface are known as Endogenous processes.
 Most of the landforms are formed by this process.
2. A Syncline and an anticline.
 The part that is curved downwards in the Fold Mountains is called synclines.
 These form valleys.
 The parts of the wrinkles that are upward in the Fold Mountains are called anticlines.
 These form peaks.
3. Old and young mountains.
 Old Fold Mountains are usually lower and less rugged than younger mountains, their
peaks are rounded.
 Appalachians of USA and the Aravali hills of India are examples of old fold mountains.
 Young fold Mountains are generally high and rugged, with pointed peaks.
 Rockies of USA and the Himalayas of India are the examples of young fold mountains.
4. A Horst and a graben.
 A chunk of land on one side of a fault may get pushed up; this raised chunk is called
Horst.
 The Vosges and Black Forest Mountain of Europe are example of such mountain.
 A chunk of land on one side of the fault may cave in; this sunken portion is called a Rift
Valley or graben.
 Rhine rift Valley and Narmada Valley are the examples of rift Valley.
5. A coastal plain and a floodplain.
 Coastal plains are found along the margins of seas and oceans.
 Floodplains are found along the banks of rivers.

C. Explain in brief.
1. How are Fold Mountains formed?
 Fold Mountains are formed when a part of the earth surface is pushed up to form
wrinkles called folds.
 The parts of the wrinkles that are upward in the Fold Mountains are called anticlines.
These form peaks. The part that is curved downwards in the Fold Mountains is called
sync lines. These form valleys.
2. Why are Plateaus important to us?
 Plateaus have more or less level land at the top, parts of which can be cultivated.
 Plateaus are rich in useful minerals.
 The rivers flowing down the slopes of Plateaus provide water and hydroelectricity.
3. How are alluvial plains formed?
 Rivers wash away material from mountains and plateaus down which the flow. When
the rivers reach gentle slopes, they slowdown and start depositing the material. The
deposited material, comprising sand, silt and clay, is called alluvium. Thus the plains
formed by rivers are called alluvial plains.
4. Why do most people live in plains?
 On plains, life is easier because it is not usually as cold as in the mountains.
 Alluvial plains are generally very fertile, and many crops are grown on them.
 Many animals, like cattle, sheep, and goats are also reared there.
 Roads and railways can be built easily on level land.
 Rivers usually flow gently in the plains and boats can ply on them.
 There are many factories, offices and shops, so people can find a variety of jobs.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) mean sea
2) range
3) block
4) dissected
5) peneplain

E. Choose the correct option.

1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-c, 5-d.
3. The earth's major water bodies.

A. Give short answers.

1. What is an ocean?
 The vast areas of water surrounding the land masses on the earth are called oceans.
2. Name the oceans of the world. Which one is the largest?
 The four major oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and
the Arctic Ocean. Apart from these four oceans there is Southern Ocean or Antarctic
Ocean which is formed by the merging of the pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.
 The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean of the world.
3. What is the lake? Name one freshwater lake and one saltwater lake.
 Lake is a large water body that is completely surrounded by land.
 Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake and Lake Superior is an example of freshwater lake.
4. Name the Great Lakes of North America.
 Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario together are
called the great Lakes.
5. What is the lagoon? Give one example.
 Shallow lakes are called lagoons they are often found along the sea coast. Lagoon was
once a part of a Sea or a lake, but got separated from the main body of water.
 Lake Chilka on the eastern coast of India is one of the Lagoons.
6. What are the three forms in which water exist on the earth?
 Water on the earth exist in three forms water vapour in the air, water in the ocean and
other water bodies, and ice or snow in cold regions.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. An ocean and sea.
 The vast areas of water surrounding the land masses on earth are called oceans.
 For example the Pacific Ocean.
 Large saltwater masses smaller than oceans are called seas, it may be a part of some
Ocean enclosed partially by land.
 For example Arabian Sea.
2. A river and a lake.
 A lake is a large water body that is completely surrounded by land. Lakes may have
freshwater or salt water.
 Lake Baikal is an example of lake.
 A large amount of water flowing over a long distance from higher to lower ground
makes a river. Rivers can be perennial or seasonal rivers.
 River Ganga is an example of river.
3. Perennial and seasonal rivers.
 Rivers that have water all the year round are called perennial rivers.
 Some rivers are fed only by rain. Rivers that do not have water all the year round are
called seasonal rivers.

C. Explain in brief.
1. Why is the Caspian Sea considered to be the largest lake in the world?
 Seas that are completely enclosed by land form very large lakes and Caspian Sea is also
surrounded by land completely therefore it is a lake.
2. Why do the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans remain frozen for many months of the year?
 The Arctic Ocean is near the North Pole, much of it remains covered with ice
throughout the year.
 The Antarctic Ocean located at the South Pole remains frozen throughout the year due
to extremely low temperatures there.
3. Why are seasonal rivers so called?
 Some rivers are fed only by rain, they have large volume of water during rainy season
but during summer season they turn out to be a narrow channel or may go dry.
 Such Rivers do not have water all the year round therefore they are called seasonal
4. Why is water so important for us?
 Water is essential for life.
 We use water for drinking, washing, running machines, watering crops and so on.
 Water bodies that are navigable help in transportation and trade.
 Moving water in forms such as fast flowing rivers and sea waves is used to generate
power.
 Most water bodies support marine organisms that are useful to us.
 Water bodies also support water sports such as swimming, diving, sailing, surfing,
rafting and roving.
5. Why is water pollution harmful?
 Pollution makes water unfit for our use.
 It also harms the plant and animals living in the water.
 Drinking such water and eating fish or other creatures from polluted water bodies can
make us sick, even kill us.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) southern
2) arctic
3) Caspian
4) bay
5) detergents /pesticides
5) paints /fertilisers

D. Choose the correct option.

1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-c, 5-a.
4. Agriculture.
A. Give short answers.
1. What is agriculture?
 Agriculture refers to farming. It includes the cultivation of crops and the rearing of
useful animals.
2. Give two examples each of food crops and cash crops.
 Two examples of food crops are cereals and pulses.
 Two examples of cash crops are sugarcane and jute.
3. Give two of the world’s leading rice growing countries and two of India's leading rice
growing states.
 China and India are the leading rice producing countries of the world.
 Some of the leading rice producing states in India are West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
4. Give two examples of fibre crops.
 The two examples of fibre crops are cotton and jute.
5. Name a commercial product that is made from the latex of trees. Name three countries
where it is produced.
 Rubber is the commercial product that is made from the latex of trees.
 Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia are some of the leading rubber producing countries.
6. What is plantation farming? Name three crops that are usually grown on plantations.
 In Plantation farming, crops are grown on large farms employing a large number of
workers who live on the farms. Usually, a single crop is grown.
 Tea, coffee and rubber are examples of crops that are usually grown on plantations.
7. Mention any three things that help farmers grow more crops during the Green
Revolution.
 The three things that helped farmers grow more crops during green revolution are:
 Use of high yielding varieties of seeds for growing rice and wheat and other crop
plants.
 Use of chemical pesticides and weedicides to protect the crops.
 Use of machines to make farm work easier so that the large areas could be farmed.
8. Give two reasons why agriculture is important for a country's progress.
 Agriculture is very important for a country's progress. There are many reasons for this
the two of them are as follows:
 Agriculture provides food for people of the country.
 Crops can be used as raw material by factories, to make useful things.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Food crops and cash crops.
 Food crops are the crop that give us food, for example wheat and rice
 Cash crops are those crops that are grown to be sold or that make raw materials for
factories, for example cotton and sugarcane.
2. Extensive farming and intensive farming.
 Extensive farming is a farming in which the number of people employed and the
amount of money spent are relatively small compared to the area cultivated.
 Intensive farming is the farming in which the number of people employed and the
amount of money spent are relatively large compared to the area cultivated.
3. Subsistence farming and commercial farming.
 Subsistence farming is the farming in which the farmer’s main aim is to grow enough
food for their families. Only the domestic needs are fulfilled, but there is no surplus
income.
 Commercial farming is a farming in which the farmer’s main aim is to sell their crops.
Farmers earn surplus income.
4. Modern and traditional farming.
 Traditional farming is done using simple tools. All the farm work is done by a number
of people working together with farm animals.
 In traditional farming, small plots are usually cultivated.
 In modern farming, most of the farm work is done by only a few people using machines
such as tractors and harvesters.
 In modern farming the plots cultivated are usually large.

C. Explain in brief.
1. Why is rice grown on soils that hold water?
 Rice grows well in a hot and rainy climate.
 Soil is that hold water is good for rice crop, as the young plants need standing water to
grow, therefore, soils that hold water are preferred.
2. Why does wheat grow well in north-western India?
 Wheat cultivation needs a cool climate and moderate rain during winter season. The
north-western part of the country, with a relatively long winters, and light rainfall
during winter, has ideal condition for growing wheat.
3. Why is sloping land good for growing sugar cane, tea and coffee?
 Fertile, well-drained soils are good for sugar cane, tea and coffee cultivation. Water
logging is harmful.
 Gently sloping land is preferred, so that the water may drain down the slope.
4. Why is shifting farming so-called?
 Shifting cultivation is called so because in shifting cultivation, a plot of land is cleared
and cultivated for a few seasons. When the plot becomes infertile, the farmer leaves it
and moves on to a new plot.
5. Modern farming has some advantages over traditional farming but it has some
disadvantages too.
 In modern methods of farming the plants are grown from high yielding varieties of
seeds which yield more food but their food value is less than those crops grown by
traditional methods.
 Also the chemicals used in modern farming enter our body when we eat the crops.
These chemicals are harmful for us and can make us sick.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) food
2) Tea, coffee
3) Assam
4) Jhum
5) Punjab, Haryana

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d, 5-b.
5. Minerals.
A. Give short answers.
1. What is a mineral?
 Minerals are naturally occurring chemical compounds that make up rocks.
2. Name three useful things we get from minerals.
 Some minerals give us metals.
 Cement, construction material, is made from minerals.
 Even the salt we put in our food is a mineral.
3. Give two examples each of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
 Two examples of metallic minerals are iron and manganese.
 Two examples of non-metallic minerals are limestone and Mica.
4. Name three minerals of which India is one of the leading producers.
 Iron, aluminium, manganese are the three minerals of which India is the leading
producer.
5. Name two Indian states that are rich in iron ore and coal.
 In India, the leading producers of iron ore and coal are Odisha and Jharkhand.
6. Where are most of the leading petroleum producing countries located? Name three such
countries.
 The countries around the Persian Gulf are together the chief petroleum producers in the
world.
 Among these Saudi Arabia is the leader and Iraq and Iran are other important
producers.
7. What do we mean by a clean fuel? Give an example.
 Cleaner fuels are those fuels that cause less air-pollution.
 As fuels, petroleum and natural gas are cleaner fuel because they cause lesser
pollution.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Metallic and non-metallic minerals.
 A mineral that contains metal are called metallic minerals.
 Two examples of metallic minerals are iron and manganese.
 A mineral that does not contain metal are called non-metallic minerals.
 Two examples of non-metallic minerals are limestone and Mica.
2. Open cast mining and shaft mining.
 Ores that lie at shallow deapth are taken out by removing the surface layers; this is
called open cast mining.
 Deep well like holes called shafts have to be made to reach minerals that lie at greater
depths; this is called shaft mining.
3. LPG and CNG
 LPG means liquefied petroleum gas.
 It is widely used as cooking fuel in India.
 CNG means compressed natural gas.
 It is used as fuel for vehicles.

C. Explain in brief.
1. What are the characteristics of metals?
 Metals are hard substances that let the heat and electricity pass through.
 They have a typical lustre or shine.
 They can be beaten into various shapes and drawn into wires.
2. Petroleum and natural gas have many uses.
 Petroleum and natural gas have following uses.
 They are used to generate power and to make many useful substances such as
fertilisers.
 Petroleum is used to make other fuels such as petrol, diesel and kerosene.
 Petrol and diesel are used to run vehicles.
 Petrol also gives asphalt, a sticky black substance used for road surfacing and water
proofing.
 Natural gas is used as fuel in homes and factories.
3. What is conservation? Why do we need to conserve minerals?
 Conserve means to protect from destruction (of our minerals).
 Minerals are non-renewable resources and as we are digging out more and more
minerals for our use, our stock of mineral is steadily becoming smaller.
 If we are not careful, our minerals might soon be completely finished. To prevent this,
we must conserve minerals.
4. How can we conserve scares minerals?

 We should use cheaper and more abundant alternatives of scarce minerals.

 For example we may use aluminium (a metal abundant in India) in place of copper (a
metal scarce in India) for making electric goods.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) ore
2) copper tin
3) mining
4) gold silver
5) natural gas

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-a, 5-c.
6. Study of continents: North America.
A. Give short answers.
1. Name the water masses surrounding North America.
 North America is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, Atlantic Ocean on the
east, the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Caribbean Sea on the south.
2. Which water body joints the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean?
 In the north-west, water body that joints the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean is the
Bering Strait.
3. Name the three largest countries of North America.
 Canada, USA and Mexico are the three largest countries of North America.
4. Which are the four main physical features of North America?
 North America is divided into four major physical units they are: the Western
cordillera, Appalachian Mountains, the Great Plains and the Canadian Shield.
5. Which is the most important river of North America? Name its tributaries.
 The Mississippi is the most important river of the continent.
 Its main tributaries are the Missouri, the Ohio and Arkansas.
6. Where is softwood mainly found in North America? Give a few uses of softwood.
 Coniferous Forest region of Canada is an important source of softwood.
 Softwood is used to make paper, pulp and plywood.
7. What work do loggers do?
 An important activity done by Loggers is to cut the wood and transport to sawmill and
the pulp of the wood is sent to the factories.

B. Give reason for the following.

1. We know that present continents were once joined together.
 Present continents were once joint together is evident from their shapes. For example, if
you look at the world map you will see the western coast of Africa looks as if it could
fit exactly into the eastern coast of South America.
 In addition, scientists have found similar rocks along the coast and the fossils of the
same animals, providing evidence that the coasts were once joined together.
2. There are many rapids and waterfalls at the eastern edge of Piedmont.
 Many short Rivers rise in the Appalachian and flow into Atlantic Ocean.
 These rivers have formed many rapids and waterfalls at the steep eastern edge of the
piedmont called the fault line.
 A waterfall is formed when the rivers descends suddenly from a higher level to a lower
level.
 Rapids are formed when a river flow swiftly down an uneven slope.
3. Lumbering is an important occupation in North America.
 Nearly half of Canada's area is forested.
 The forests are home to wide range of wildlife and most of the tribal communities that
have been living in Canada since ancient times.
 Logging and manufacturing Forest products are major industries in Canada.
 They contribute significantly to the country’s economy and provide jobs for a large
number of people.
 Hence Forest area is very important to Canada's environment, society and economy.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. What are intermontane Plateaus? Where are they found in North America? Give a few
examples.
 Intermontane Plateaus means Plateaus situated between mountains.
 There are many intermontane Plateaus in North America. From north to south these are
Columbia Plateau, the Great basin, Colorado plateau and the Mexican Plateau.
2. Describe the Canadian Shield.
 In the northern part of the North America continent, around the Hudson Bay, lies the
Canadian shield.
 Laurantian Plateau is located in its south-eastern part and the Labrador Plateau located
to the north east is relatively high.
 The general slope of the land is towards Hudson Bay therefore many short rivers flow
to the Hudson Bay.
 Glaciations resulted in formation of lakes in Canadian Shield.
 The five Lakes together called the Great Lakes and the famous Niagara Falls are also
located here.
3. What are the prairies? Why are they economically important?
 The central part of the Great Plains has almost treeless temperate grassland called the
prairies.
 They are among the most productive agricultural regions of the world. Therefore they
are economically so important for America.
4. How does Canada try to ensure that logging does not destroy its forests?
 The government of Canada has framed strict laws and policies to protect the forest from
destruction and to make sure they remain healthy.
 Logging is practised in such a way that only a very small part of forest is cleared every
year.
 All logging companies have to plant saplings or seeds in the areas they harvest so that
the forest can grow back.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Pangaea
2) Greenland
3) Mount McKinley, Alaska
4) geysers
5) Erie, Ontario
6) boreal, taiga
7) High rigger

E. Completes the table.

Country Capital
USA Washington D C
Canada Ottawa
Mexico Mexico City
Cuba Havana Port
Haiti Port-au-prince
Costa Rica San Jose
El Salvador San Salvador
Panama Panama City
F. Choose the correct option.
1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-c, 5-c, 6-a.
7. Study of continents: South America.
A. Give short answers.
1. Name the important highlands of South America.
 South America has three major highlands Guiana Highlands, Brazilian Highlands and
Patagonia.
2. Name the large lake of South America.
 Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake of South America.
3. What are the Selvas?
 Dense equatorial rainforest in the Amazon basin of South America are called Selvas.
4. What are the Pampas?
 In the central part of South America, to the south and east of the Gran Chaco, there are
temperate grasslands called the Pampas.
5. What are the chief crops of South America?
 The chief food crops of South America are maize, wheat, rice, cassava and potatoes.
 The chief cash crops of South America and are coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and bananas.
6. Name the most industrialised nation of South America.
 Brazil is the most Industrialised nation of South America.
7. What are the physical boundaries of Amazon basin?
 The Amazon basin is bounded by the Guiana Highlands in the north and the Brazilian
Highlands in the south, the Andes to the west of the basin. There is Atlantic Ocean to
the east.

B. Give reason for the following.

1. South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean islands are together known
as Latin America.
 The early European settlers in South America came from southern Europe.
 They used languages such as French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, which were
derived from the ancient language Latin.
 These languages are still common in South and Central America. That is why this
region is called Latin America.
2. The Pampas are referred to as the granary of South America.
 Wheat is grown in the cold temperate grasslands, or pampas, of Argentina and
Uruguay, and also in parts of Chile.
 The production of wheat is so high in the Pampas that the region is often referred to as
the granary of South America.
3. It has been difficult to develop surface transport in South America.
 The high mountains, dense forest, swamps, steep plateaus and vast deserts have made it
difficult to build roads and railways in South America.
4. Harvesting timber from the Amazon forest is not very economical.
 Harvesting timber from the Amazon forest is not very economical because trees of
many types grow in this forest and trees of a particular kind do not grow together in
large groups.
 Also, the damp, often marshy ground covered with thick undergrowth, makes it
difficult to transport the cut logs out of the forests.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. Give the location and spread of Andes mountain system. Briefly describe its physical
features.
 On the western side of the continent of South America, from the Caribbean Sea to the
southernmost tip, are the Andes, a series of parallel ranges.
 The Andes are young fold mountains.
 These are the second highest mountains in the world.
 The highest peak of the Andes is mount Aconcagua.
 There are several volcanic peaks in this region of frequent volcanic eruption and
earthquakes.
 Cotopaxi, a volcanic Peak is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world.
2. Write about the climate and vegetation of the Amazon basin.
 The Amazon basin is very warm and wet region.
 Nights are cooler than days, but temperature does not vary much during the year.
 Humidity is high throughout the year, making the weather sticky and uncomfortable.
 The basin has a dense cover of tropical rainforests.
3. What useful things do the Amazon Forests produce?
 The Amazon forests produce various products.
 Trees such as mahogany, Amazonian cedar, ebony and rosewood provide excellent
timber.
 Balsa trees, which produce the lightest wood, are also found here.
 The carnauba Palm yields wax, which is used for making polishes and candles.
 The bark of the cinchona tree gives quinine, which is used in the treatment of malaria.
 Chicle, the juice of a tree found in the Amazonian forests, is used in making chewing
gum.
4. What ill effects "the destruction of the Amazon forest produce?
 Increased economic activities in the Amazon basin have started causing the rainforest
to shrink. This could, in future, produce several disastrous effects.
 The forests support a huge variety of life, the clearing of forest could cause the
extinction of many types of plants and animals that are unique to these forests.
 The forest also absorbs a huge amount of carbon dioxide so, if this forests are
destroyed, the level of carbon dioxide in the air will increase considerably.
 The shrinking of the Amazon forests will also considerably reduce transpiration in the
region this will, in turn, reduce rainfall, making the region drier.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Isthmus of Panama
2) The angel Falls, Guiana
3) Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay
4) Peru Chile
5) Andes, Atlantic Ocean
6) Serra dos carajas

E. Choose the correct option.

1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-a, 7-d, 8-b, 9-b, 10-b.

F. Complete the given table.

Canada Amazon basin
Location Northern temperate Equatorial and South tropical region
(heat zone)
Climate Short warm summers and long, Warm, wet and humid climate
 severe winters with snowfall. throughout the year.
Type of Forest Evergreen coniferous forest Tropical rain forest
Type of trees Pine, Douglas fir, Spruce, Cedar, Ever green, hardwood
(with examples) Hemlock. Examples mahogany, ebony.
Good for Yes, Similar type of trees grows No, because trees of many types
logging? together in large groups and snow grow in this forest and trees of a
Reasons covered ground without particular kind do not grow together
undergrowth makes it easy to in large groups. Also, the damp,
transport catalogues. often marshy ground covered with
thick undergrowth, makes it difficult
to transport the logs out of the
forest.

Conditions of The government of Canada has Shrinking due to clearing of forest

forests framed strict laws and policies to for economic activity and not
rotect the forest from destruction enough measures for conservation.
and to make sure they remain
healthy. Logging is practised in
such a way that only a very small
part of forest is cleared every
year. All logging companies have
to plant saplings or seeds in the
areas they harvest so that the forest
can grow back. Thus these forests
are in good condition.