LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY  A magazine article about the life of Typhoon Yolanda

History – “Historia” means - knowledge acquired through inquiry or survivor.

investigation.  While working on you assignment about the Philippine
 Known as the account of the past of a person or of a group government, you have read about the commentaries of the justices in
of people through the supreme court on landmark cases. What are you reading?
 written documents and historical evidences. LESSON 2: HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 Focused on writing about wars, revolutions, and other A. Historical Method VS Historiography
important breakthroughs. Historical Method
 A chronological record of significant event.  Pertains to the process of thoroughly examining and
 One cannot get absolutely conclusive answers. critically analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
Importance of studying History  It refers to the process of examining primary source that
 The best medicine for a sick mind. will be used in writing history.
 Played various riles in the past. Historiography
 Lessons from the past can be used to make sense of the  Historiography refers the process of reconstructing
present. historical data that have already been tested by the method.
Histography  it means the synthesizing of historical data into a narrative
 critical examination of sources or discourse.
Example:
 the selection of particular details from the authentic
The writing of history books, researches such as theses and
materials used in those sources
dissertations or articles for publications or for lectures in conferences
 the synthesis of the details into a narrative that stands the
and seminars undergo historiography.
test of critical examination.
 Also known as history of history HISTORICAL CRITICISM
I. Internal Criticism: The Test of Credibility
 The study of historical writing
Based on the CONTENT.
 Act of analyzing and writing about the past
Measures the credibility/reliability (truthfulness).
 Not only the past but also the study of the past For a source to be regarded credible, the historian must be able
Historian to discern the following:
 A historian is a person who studies and writes about the 1. Competence of the source in telling the truth
past, and is regarded as an authority on it. 2. Willingness of the source in telling the truth
 Therefore, it is the historian’s job not just seek historical 3. Adequacy of data relayed by the source
evidences and facts but also, to interpret these facts. 4. Reliability of the source when corroborated by other independent
 “Facts cannot speak for themselves”. It is the job of the sources.
historian to give meaning to these facts and organize them into a How is it done?
timeline, establish causes, and write history.  Historians carefully read the text of the source for context.
 A historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his  Focus attention on the author or creator.
own context, environment, ideology, education, and influences,  The situation surrounding its existence.
among others.  Intended audience or reader.
HISTORICAL SOURCES II. External Criticism: The Test of Authenticity
Most important research tools Historians determine the authenticity of sources by examining the
Primary Sources DATE, LOCALE, CREATOR, ANALYSIS, and INTEGRITY of
 Are original records of a certain event by people who have the historical sources. This information must be consistent with each
actually experienced or witness it. other.
 Can stand by itself.  the materials used in a source must match the time and
Example: place when it was produced.
Autobiography, Letters, legislations, newspaper, articles, diaries, How is it done?
interviews, government documents, artifacts, reports, photographs,  Checking the appearance of the source
literature and other creative outputs.  Consistency with the historical period
 Letters written by Andres Bonifacio  Checking the medium of the source
 News footage of Filipino soldiers in the Korean War  Quality of paper and ink used
 An email from your grandfather sharing stories from his  The grammar/handwriting of the Author
childhood TEJEROS CONVENTION
 You saw porcelain jar at your summer camp last year. You March 22, 1897 – Tejeros, Cavite
researched and found out that it has been made by pre-colonial To decide what kind of government should be formed and to resolve
Chinese traders. What is the jar? the conflict between the two councils.
 Minutes of the convention  Filipino Revolution: (Filipino vs. Spaniards)
 Newspaper clippings  Unity faction KUNTA
 Philippine Commission reports of the US commissioners FACTIONS OF KATIPUNAN:
 Records of the Convention Magdalo – kan Emilio Aguinaldo headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Draft of the Constitution Magdiwang – kan Andres Bonifacio headed by Mariano Albarez
 Photographs and Eyewitness of the events  Two Factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo
Secondary Sources  To form a Government the Katipunan should have.
 Records based on primary sources.  Election of officers for the New Revolutionary Government
 This explains certain event from the past through  Conflict within the assembly
evaluation and interpretation of the records created during a historical  March 27, 1897 – Eyewitness reported that a meeting
period. among the members of Magdalo took place at Tanza Parish House.
Example:  Andres Bonifacio felt insulted during the Tejeros
Researches, textbooks, journals, commentaries, biographies, criticism Convention because Daniel Terona stood up and said that Bonifacio
and reviews of literary and creative works. is unqualified for the position of the Director of the Interior since he
 Revolt of the Masses doesn’t have a lawyer’s diploma.
 Biography of Jose Rizal  March 22, 1897: The Tejeros Convention is held in the
 A movie of the life of General Luna town of Tejeros, Cavite. Delegates from various provinces and
 A song entitled “Handog ng Pilipinas sa Mundo” written in factions of the Philippine Revolution gather to elect officers for the
commemoration of 1986 of EDSA People Power Revolution revolutionary government that will replace the Spanish colonial
 Araling Panlipunan Textbooks government.
TIMELINE:
 During the convention, a heated debate ensues between Pigafetta’s description of Rajah Siaui/Siagu:
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo over who has the authority  “He had three spots of gold on every tooth, and his teeth
to lead the revolutionary movement. Bonifacio argues that the leaders appeared as if bound with gold.”
should be chosen by a council, while Aguinaldo believes that the  “The males, both large and small, have the head of their
leader should be elected by the people. member pierced from one side to the other, with a pin of gold or of
 A vote is taken, and Aguinaldo is elected as the president of tin as thick as a goose feather, and a teach end of this pin some have a
the revolutionary government. Bonifacio is elected as the Director of star-shaped
the Interior.  decoration like a button, and others, one like the head of a
 However, there are allegations of fraud and irregularities in cart nail… In the middle of this pin or tube or a hole through which
the vote, and some delegates walk out of the convention in protest. they urinate, and the pin and the stars always remain firm, holding the
 Daniel Tirona, a delegate from Cavite, objects to member stiff.”
Bonifacio's nomination as Director of the Interior, arguing that he is Boxer Codex (16th Century)
not qualified for the position because he has no formal education and  “Two holes are fashioned in the round part of the hoop or
is not a lawyer. ring, one on the top and the other on the bottom, through which a
 A debate ensues, with some delegates supporting Tirona's small bolt or pin made of the same metal as the ring is inserted and
objection and others supporting Bonifacio's nomination. which is then thrust through the man’s member as the base of his
MATRIX Alvarez Agoncillo foreskin. And thus the hoop or ring [sakra] is work on the genital
YEAR Started memoir on 1947 member itself in the same way a ring is worn on a finger.”
March 14, 1896 but  “I often asked many, both old and young to see their penis,
published in 1920. because I could not credit it.”
How close was First-hand experience. Feeling close  “They say that their women wish it so, and that if they did
the author? Served as the General otherwise they would not have communication with them.”
For the Katipunan.  “The women loved us very much more than their own
Recipient No receipt National Bonifacio men.”
(since memoir hiya) Biography Contest
Physical Features han native:
Bias He is Magdiwang – Subjective – iya la
against Magdalo hiya perspective  Tattoos
Probable  Less Clothing
 Long Hair asta Hip
Corroborated Letter of Bonifacio to Same lang using  Dark Skin
from other Emilio Aguinaldo nga different sources.  Gold in Teeth
sources nagrarant hiya  Piercings
 Body Ornaments
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD:  Big Hole Piercings
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Magellan’s inconsistencies
 Author of journal of his voyage  “The captain-general told them that they should not become
 Joined Ferdinand Magellan and his Spanish crew on their Christians for fear or to please us, but of them own free wills.”
trip to Maluku Islands.  “Then our captain had all the chiefs of the king called, and
 One among the only 18 of Magellan’s original crew to told them that, unless they obeyed the king as their king, he would
complete first circumnavigation have them killed, and would give their possessions to the king.”
Historical Context of the Document  “They have wooden balances, the bar of which has a cord
Amada De Molluca – the name of the Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand in the middle by which it is held. . . . When they wish to weigh they
Magellan (Portuguese) and was provided by King Charles I of the take the scales which has three wires like ours, and place it above the
Spain “Knights of Rhodes” – owner of the ships. marks, and so weigh accurately”
FERDINAND MAGELLAN Magellan’s Death (Pigafetta’s account)
Birthdate: February 3, 1480  “they shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned
Death: April 25, 1521 arrow . . . .one of them wounded him on the left leg . . . .that caused
He organized Spanish expeditions to the east indies from 1519-1522 the captain to fall face downward . . .they rushed upon him with iron
to search Maluku Island and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our
(The Spice Island). mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”
MGA SHIPS  Treaty Tordesillas- treaty that divided the world between
The Trinidad – 55 crew – Ferdinand Magellan (Flagship) Spain and Portugal to keep peace.
The San Antonio – 60 crew – Juan De Cartagena (abandoned)
 Treaty of Zaragoza- A treaty that define the areas of
The Concepcion – 45 crew – Gaspar de Quesada and 2 brothers
Spanish and Potuguese influence to resolve the Moluccas issue,
(After battle of Mactan, sinunog ha Bohol)
where it was settled that Moluccas will be part of the influence of
The Santiago – 32 crew – Juan Rodriguez (nawara)
Portugal, meanwhile the Philippines was agreed to be set forth under
The Victoria – 45 crew – Mendoza (sole survivor)
the influence of Spain.
San Antonio and Santiago an mga barko nga waray makasulod ha
 Enrique de Malacca – Interpreter ni Magellan
Pilipinas kay nahadlok
 Juan Sebastian Elcano- the first who circumnavigated the
Goal han Expedition:
world in unwritten history
 Look for the Spice Island (Maluku Island)
The Concepcion – sinakyan ni Elcano tikadto tas Victoria an tiuli
 Go to the east via westward direction
 Figure of Santo Nino- A gift of magellan to the queen of
TIMELINE OF THE EXPEDITION
Cebu.
September 1519 – the 5 ships set out from Spain
 To expand Christianity, Baptism and Planting crosses
March 16, 1521 – Island of Zamal (Samar)
should be done.
March 18, 1521 – Zuluan Island (Suluan)
Humonhon Island – Hinunangan – Limasawa – Cebu  Facts about Ruy Lopez De Villalobos :
They discovered 2 springs in Humonhon: Arrived in the archipelago in the year 1543 and explored the islands
Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (First sign of gold0 of Visayas and Mindanao.
Archipelago of San Lazaro – inspired by Sabbath Day of St. He named the island of Leyte as Felipinas and later on the entire
Lazarus archipelago as Las Islas Filipinas.
March 31, 1521 – First Mass in Limasawa – Sunday Morning – Contributions of the Voyage of Magellan
attended by local Islander and 2 rajas including Magellan  Discovery of Pacific Ocean,
April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan  Proved that there is a way to the East by sailing westward,
Sinugo la ni Rajah Humabon ngan Datu Zula hi Magellan nga  Greater improvement of maps,
patayun hi Lapu-lapu kay diri hiya magpasakop.  It serves as evidence that the world is round and not flat.
PIGAFETTA’S ACCOUNT
 Ferdinand Magellan- Proposed to the King of Portugal his  Live on their own house
plan to travel westward route to the Moluccas, however, the King  They can own properties
refused it because of charges of financial irregularities while was in 3. Aliping Saguiguilir - They saved their master in his house and
Morroco. cultivated lands and can also be sold.
Biases of the Account:  Slaves wore bahags.
1. Cultural Biases – described indigenous people as uncivilized  They do the lowest type of work, for example, heavy and
clothing and physical features: extensive labor.
 Naked  They are considered the lowest of the low.
 Save for a covering feather A person becomes a slave by:
 Men of good sature  Debt
 Well proportioned  Serious offense in the community or Committing a crime
2. Personal Bias – Pigafetta’s experiences and relationship with  Captivity in War
other crew members.  Inheritance
Juan de Cartagena (commander of San Antonio) – he was accused  By purchase
of cowardice and betrayal since waray man hira magpadayun ha  Slaves can be emancipated through:
Pilipinas.
 Forgiveness
3. Language Bias – journal in Italian (lost in translation) such as
 Paying Debt
idolaters/idolatras – doesn’t convey accurately the complexities of
 Condonation
indigenous religion and belief system.
4. Ethnocentric Bias – describes local people pagans and heathens  By bravery (where a slave can possibly become a Datu) or
- Views Christianity as the only TRUE religion and sees non- by marriage
christian beliefs as inferior. Marriage Customs
5. Eurocentric Bias – European cultures and values as the center of  Maharlicas on both the father’s and mother’s side continue
the narratives. to be so forever.
 If maharlicas have children among their slaves, the children
RELEVANCE OF THE ACCOUNTS and their mothers became free; if one of them had children by the
1. Cultural Biases – cultural habits present up until now slave-woman of another, she was compelled, when pregnant, to give
2. Religious Affiliation – put faith back through Christianity her master half of a gold tael, because of her risk of death and for her
3. Economic System – trading systems emerges as daily living inability to labor during the pregnancy period.
4. Political System – even before expeditions mayda na political Maharlica married to Saguiguilir
schemes  The odd numbers such as the 1st , 3rd and the 5th child
will be on the Father’s side.
THE CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG  The even numbers such as the 2nd , 4th and the 6th child
Author: Juan de Plascencia will be on the Father’s side.
Real name: Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la  Maharlicas could not move from one village/barangay to
Serena another without paying a certain fine in gold.
 The account of Juan de Plasencia entitled “Customs of the PUNISHMENTS WERE DONE IN THE FOLLOWING WAY:
Tagalogs” was due to his missionary work in the Philippines. He • Half the cultivated lands and all their products belonged to the
wrote about the culture and society of the people in Luzon; thus, such master.
title was written. However, it was not thorough since our customs • The master will have the possession of the children if ever the
were new to them so it led to misconceptions and prejudice of our payment could not be met by the father.
ancestors. 1. LOANS
 Customs of the Tagalog provided us with primary accounts The same way goes to a debtor concerning loans wherein he will give
of how the Filipinos lived before the arrival of the Spanish. half of his cultivated lands and profits until the debt has been paid or
 Tagalog Customs showed us how our ancestors lived else he's condemned to a life of toil and becomes slave.
without the assistance of any major western governments. Our 2. INHERITANCES
ancestors had their own style of governing. Legitimate children of a father and mother will be inherited equally
 The Customs of the Tagalogs was purposefully written to not unless the father and mother showed a slight partiality by gifts
such as 2 to 3 taels or a jewel.
give an eroticized description of Tagalog natives, which was
3. DOWRY
undoubtedly influenced by politics and propaganda.
 Ghosts- which they called "vibit“
should be greater than the sum given to the other sons.
 Phantoms- which they called "Tigbalaang"
4. TWO OR MORE LEGITIMATE WIVES
 Patianac- Another deception—namely, that if any woman If one had children by two or more legitimate wives, each child will
died in childbirth, she and the child suffered punishment; and that, at receive the inheritance and the mother's dowry with its increase and
night, she could be heard lamenting. share of his father's estate.
GOVERNMENT 5. SLAVE WOMAN
 Datu - Governed as many as a hundred houses, sometimes If a man had a son from one of his slaves as well as legitimate
even less than thirty hems and were captains in their wars, and whom children, the former will have no share in the inheritance. If he had a
they obeyed and reverenced. child with a slave woman, that child will also receive some of his
- The chief who governed the people and were captains in share.
their wars whom they obey and reverence. 6. UNMARRIED WOMAN (ISAANAVA)
 Baranggay - Tribal gathering in Tagalog was inferred that If ever he had children by an unmarried woman, she will still receive
the reason for giving themselves this name arose from the boat as a dowry but is not considered as a real wife and her children are said
they’ve reached this land. to be natural children. If the father has a legitimate wife but did not
ACCORDING TO SIR KEN: have a son but had children to the unmarried wife called Inaasava, the
Rajah – is a paramount king (leader hin damo na barangay) latter will inherit all.
Datu – prince/ king (leader hin us ana barangay 7. FREE MARRIED WOMAN
From Rajah to Datu pwede ma acquire. In case of a child of a free married woman which was born while she
Rajah same la ha Lakan nga namamana. was married, if the husband punished the adulterer and was
SOCIAL CLASSES: considered a dowry, that child will also have a share in the
1. Maharlica - Also known as free-people inheritance.
 They don’t know need to pay taxes to the dato’s 8. DIVORCE
 They serve under the chiefs or the dato’s  If the wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying
2. Aliping Namamahay another, all her dowry fell to the husband.
Served their masters it’s either a dato or maharlica  If the husband left his wife, he lost the half of the dowry
 They can get married and other will return to him.
 If he possessed children at the time of his divorce, the  DATU- The chief who governed the people and were
whole dowry and fine went to the children. captains in their wars whom they obey and reverence.
9. DEATH IN MARRIAGE  Sultan- In order to attain this kind of Social status, it is
 Death of the wife who in a year's time had borne no believed that you should have a bloodline of a divinity.
children, the parents returned one half the dowry to the husband.  Hocloban-They could kill someone whom they chose
 Death of the husband, one half the dowry was returned to either by saluting or raising the hand.
the relatives of the husband.  Barangay- First settlements
10. ARRANGED MARRIAGE  Mangagauay- pretends to heal the sick but in actuality can
 Father's bestow upon their son's are about to be married, induce maladies by their charms
and half of which is given immediately.  Datos- The chief who governed the people and were
 The fine was heaviest if upon the death of parents, the son captains in their wars whom they obey and reverence.
or daughter should be unwilling to marry.  Three castes: nobles, commoners, and slaves.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS  Maharlica-The nobles were the free-born
Simbahan - Temple or place of adoration.  Aliping Namamahay- The commoners are called aliping
Nag-aanitos - Worship joined with the whole barangay and families. namamahay. They are married, and serve their master, whether he be
Bathala - “all powerful” “maker of all things” a dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands, as was agreed upon
Dian Masalanta - Patron of Lovers and of Generation in the beginning.
Idianale and Lacapati - Patrons of the Cultivated Lands and  Aliping sa guiguilir-The slaves are called aliping sa
Husbandry guiguilir. They serve their master in his house and on his cultivated
Catalonan - Officiating priest man/woman. Their manner of lands, and may be sold.
offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and offer to the devil what  In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands,
they had to eat. This was done in front of the idol, which they anoint there are no temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, the
with fragrant perfumes, such as musk and civet, or gum of the storax- adoration of their idols, or the general practice of idolatry. It is true
tree and other odoriferous woods, and praise it in poetic songs sung that they have the name simbahan, which means a temple or place of
by the officiating priest, male or female, who is called catolonan. adoration; but this is because, formerly, when they wished to
Mangagauay - Witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick. celebrate a festival, which they called "pandot"
Manyisalat - Same as mangagauay but morelike provide remedies  Sorihile- Small lamps set at the posts of the house.
that would bring sickness to lover and broke their relationship.  Nagaanitos- a worship that the whole barangay, or family
Mancocolam - Emits fire himself at night. are united and joined .
Hocloban - Kind of which with greater efficacy than the
 Catolonan- officiating priest, male or female who sings
mangagauay.
poetic songs.
Siligan - Identified as a “witch” in Catanduanes who prey on anyone
The distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as
dressed in white.
follows:
Magtatangal - Show himself at night without his head or entrails
1. Catolonan- was either a man or a woman. This office was
Osuang - Sorcerer that fly, murder, and eats men’s flesh.
an honorable one among the natives, and was held ordinarily by
Mangagayoma - Makes charms for lovers which would infuse the
people of rank, this rule being general in all the islands
heart with love.
2. Mangagauay, or witches- who deceived by pretending to
Sonat - Preacher that helps one to die.
heal the sick.
Pangatojan - Soothsayer and predicts future.
3. Manyisalat- which is the same as magagauay. These
Bayoguin - “Cotquean” a man who’s nature inclined toward that of a
priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they
woman.
would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could
BURIAL PRACTICES prevent them from having intercourse with the latter.
1. Chiefs 4. Mancocolam, whose duty it was to emit fire from himself
 If he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house or at night, once or oftener each month.
porch which they constructed for this purpose. 5. Hocloban, which is another kind of witch, of greater
 In place of rowers, various animals were placed within the efficacy than the mangagauay. Without the use of medicine, and by
boat, each one being assigned a place at the oar by twos—Page simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose.
184male and female of each species being together—as for example 6. Silagan- whose office it was, if they saw anyone clothed in
two goats, two deer, or two fowls. white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death.
2. Warriors 7. Magtatangal- his purpose was to show himself at night to
If the deceased had been a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his many persons, without his head or entrails. In such wise the devil
body until in this wretched way he died. walked about and carried, or pretended to carry, his head to different
3. Aetas/Negritos places; and, in the morning, returned it to his body— remaining, as
They dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within before, alive.
it, leaving him upright with head or crown unburied, on top of which 8. Osuang- which is equivalent to “sorcerer;” they say that
they put half a cocoa-nut which was to serve him as a shield. Then they have seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate their flesh.
they went in pursuit of some Indian, whom they killed in retribution 9. Mangagayoma- They made charms for lovers out of herbs,
for the Negrillo who had died. To this end they conspired together, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
hanging a certain token on their necks until some one of them 10. Sonat- which is equivalent to “preacher.” It was his office
procured the death of the innocent one. to help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or
4. Maca condemnation of the soul.
 another life of rest or "paradise", in other words "village of 11. Pangatahojan- was a soothsayer, and predicted the future.
rest". This office was general in all the islands.
 those who go to this place are the just, valiant, lived 12. Bayoguin- signified a “cotquean,” a man whose nature
without harm, or possessed moral virtues. inclined toward that of a woman.
5. Casanaan  Casanaan-a place of punishment, grief, and affliction. It
 place of punishment, grief and affliction. was “a place of anguish;” they also maintained that no one would go
 "place of anguish“ to heaven, where there dwelt only Bathala, “the maker of all things,”
 a place where all the wicked went and dwelt the demons who governed from above.
called "sitan".  Tigbalaang- ghosts, which they called vibit; and phantoms
Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding  Patianac- if any woman died in childbirth, she and the
the Grand Narrative of the Philippine History child suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could be heard
It is relevant for it helps us Filipinos to understand that before the lamenting
Spanish arrive, we already have our culture and an organized
government system. We have laws, way of writing, our own
traditions and we are highly civilized.
 1898 DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE their leader, and the Magdiwang, which gravitated towards Andres
(MANUSCRIPT INEN HIYA to declare sovereignty from Bonifacio.
Spanish Colonizer) BIAK NA BATO
AUTHOR  Aguinaldo was compelled to flee to the Biak-na-Bato
 (1898 The Philippine revolution: Acta de la proclamación Mountain in the latter half of 1897 while he was being pursued by
de independencia del pueblo Filipino) The Act of Declaration of Spanish forces.
Philippine Independence.  Pact of Biak-na-Bato that was signed on December 15,
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira (December 7, 1897.
1830 – December 4, 1903) - also known as Don Bosyong The Philippine Independence and Treaty of Paris
HIYA AN NAGSURAT – NAGBASA HAN SPEECH NGAN Philippine Independence
NAGWAVE HAN PHILIPPINE FLAG The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed by
 The one who prepared and wrote the Act of Proclamation Filipino revolutionary forces General Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12,
of Independence of the Filipino people in Spanish 1898, in Cavite el Viejo, Philippines.
 Read aloud and waved the Philippine Flag from a window BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
of Aguinaldo’s mansion in the 12th June, 1898 in Cavite, El Viejo A policy of the United States towards the Philippines by US President
Philippines. William McKinley that the "Americans will help in taking care of the
 Patterned the act on the US declaration of independence Philippines safety, peace and development.”
 The sole purpose of writing and preparing the speech: to TREATY OF PARIS
proclaim the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the
the colonial rule of the Spanish Empire. Kingdom of Spain on December 10, 1898 but was ratified on
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENT February 6, 1899. Under it Spain relinquished all claims of
a. The World of 1898; The Spanish-American War sovereignty in the territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the
Spanish Empire Philippines to USA. The cession involved a compensation of $20
a. Atlantic Ocean million USD from the Unites States to Spain.
b. Amerindian peoples Philippine-American War (1899-1902)
c. South America (excluding Brazil)  February 4, 1899- fighting broke out between American
d. Pacific (including Philippines) forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought
Origins of the War independence rather than a change in colonial rulers.
1. Cuban struggle for independence from Spain (1895-1898)  February 6, 1899- Treaty of Paris was ratified.
 yellow journalism  March 23, 1901- Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by US
 U.S. monetary interests forces, led by US General Frederick Funston in Palanan, Isabela.
 American humanitarian sentiments  April 1, 1901- Aguinaldo pledged alliance to the US.
2. The Battleship Maine (February 15, 1898)  April 16, 1902- Filipino General Miguel Malvar surrender.
 Sent to protect U.S. citizens and property after anti-Spanish  July 4, 1946- the Republic of the Philippines was given
rioting in Havana harbor. complete independence by the United States.
 Just nine days after its arrival, the Maine exploded, killing Marcha Nacional Filipina – Julian Felipe (an waray pa lyrics na
260 American sailors. Lupang Hinirang)
Spanish claimed, correctly, that the explosion had been the result of Content Presentation and Analysis
a malfunction aboard the ship, but Americans were convinced that First Passage – gin tala an mga reason kayano hi Emilio Aguinaldo
the Maine had been destroyed by Spanish sabotage. eager to proclaim the Philippine Independence agi han mga
3. U.S. interest in ridding the Western Hemisphere of European abuses/punishments han mga guards, absence of due process, unjust
colonial powers such as Spain deportations, rape cases ha friars.
 Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, 1898 "Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are
followed by a U.S. declaration of war on the 25th, which was made already tired of bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination,
retroactive to April 21, 1898. Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who
Battle of Manila Bay – NAGDAOG AN AMERICA agi han cause deaths in connivance with and even under the express orders
connection ni Dewey ngan Aguinaldo of their superior officers who at times would order the shooting of
On May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to
Squadron led by Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish escape in violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses
Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War were left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of
(April-August 1898). The United States went on to win the war, illustrious Filipinos, especially the instigation of the Archbishop and
which ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish
U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin ends...”
America. Second Passage – Emilio Aguinaldo as first dictator bago kan
THE SPANISH REGIME Marcos.
Jose Rizal "We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating
 With Spanish domination, the Philippines was also starting from the same, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo
to get agitated. A wealthy mestizo family member named José Rizal whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today
felt that the Spanish government’s insistence on elevating only pure- begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the
blooded Spaniards had restricted his ability to advance in society. instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin....."
 In 1882, he started his political career at the University of Third Passage – the turning point of revolution. Ginstate an mga
Madrid. injustice han pagkamatay ni Rizal tas han GOMBURZA.
"And as retaliation for the Government's complicity in the abuses
 In 1892, upon his return to Manila, he established the Liga
committed by its officials, as well as for the injustice execution of
Filipina – meaning pag-aalsa through writing.
Rizal and others who were sacrificed to reassure the hydroponically
Andres Bonifacio
thirst of the friars for vengeance and the total destruction of all those
 During Rizal’s absence, Andrés Bonifacio established
who stand in the way of their Machiavellian goals......In the same
Katipunan, a group committed to the violent overthrow of Spanish
way, and for the same reasons, prominent Filipino priests Doctor Don
rule during 1892.
Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were
 Published the Grito de Balintawak on August 26, 1896,
hanged. Their innocent blood was shed as a result of the untruthful
calling on Filipinos to revolt.
activities of these so-called religious corporations…"
Emilio Aguinaldo
Fourth Passage – full declaration of the independence na.
Emilio Aguinaldo joined the secret, nationalist brotherhood
“And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free
Katipunan in 1895.
and independent as of this day, must use the same flag, the white
Tejeros Convention
triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of
Was held in order to reconcile the differences between the two
the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the
factions of the Katipunan: the Magdalo, where Emilio Aguinaldo was
masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three
principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay Philippine Independence and it continues to inspire people around the
where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the world to fight for freedom and equality.
gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of  Philippine Independence Day is purposed to give apparent
Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight value towards the sovereignty of the country, giving recognition to
provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, the fact that the Philippine government is centralized and has
Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares themselves in a state supreme authority, both legitimate and internationally recognized,
of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, over the territory of the Philippine lands.
Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of PPT NI SIR
America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this August 23, 1896- Philippine Revolution
Great Nation.” March 22, 1897- Tejeros Convention
Meaning of the Symbols present in the Philippine Flag May 10, 1897- Bonifacio Brothers Execution
 The white triangle signifies the distinctive emblem of the November 01, 1897- Republic of Biak na Bato
famous society Katipunan  Republic of Biak na Bato is a designation referring to the
 The three stars symbolizes the three main islands of the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio
archipelago Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution, that government
 The sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of referred to itself as Republic of the Philippines.
the country along the path of Progress and Civilization  1897- Exiled and PH Flag sewn in Hongkong
 The eight rays are the eight provinces namely; Manila,  Aguinaldo went into exile in Hong Kong as part of a peace
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Leyte. agreement with the Spanish
 The colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the  He agreed to exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 400,000
flag of the United States of America pesos from the Spanish government.
 USA- regarded by the Act of Declaration of Philippine PH Flag Sewn by:
Independence as powerful humanitarian nation.  Marcela Agoncillo
Causes that the Filipinos rise up against the Spaniards:  Lorenza Agoncillo
• Arbitrary Arrest  Delfina Herbosa De Natividad
• Abuses of friars and clergy
May 01, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay
• Abuses of civil guards
 One of the most decisive naval battles in history and
• Absence of Due Process
marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history.
• Unjust Deportations
May 28, 1898- Battle in Alapan
Purpose of the Act of Declaration of Independence on 1898
 the first big military victory of General Emilio Aguinaldo
• To proclaim the sovereignty and Independence of the
after his return to the Philippines from Hong Kong
Philippines from the colonial rule of Spain
 Decisive Filipino victory Surrender of all Spanish forces in
Significant Turning points in the movement against Spain:
Cavite to Filipino forces Raising of the Philippine National Flag for
• The execution of the three martyr priests
• The legacy and the martyrdom of Jose Rizal the first time
BIASES ON THE ACCOUNT:  June 12, 1898- Declaration of Philippine Independence
 The author did not include and recognize Andres Bonifacio.  July-August 1898- Mock Battle of Manila
 The author was a member of Magdalo faction. because the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces,
who were legally at war, secretly and jointly planned the battle to
 The author gave emphasis the great contribution of the
transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to the Americans
United States of America on the declaration of the Philippine
while keeping the Philippine Revolutionary Army out of the city
Independence (symbols of the Philippine Flag, allegiances and
center.
political and military forces
 December 10, 1898- Treaty of Paris
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE
officially ended the period of Spanish colonization in the Philippines
 President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28,
and granted possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
s. 1962, effectively moving the date of Philippine Independence from
Philippines to the United States.
July 4 to June 12
 February 4, 1899- Philippine-American War
NOTE:  March 23 1901- Aguinaldo’s Capture
For the record, June 12 talaga an at independence day kay asya ito na  April 01, 1901- Aguinaldo surrendered
day indeclare an at independence han mga Filipino people talaga  July 04, 1946- Philippine Independence from USA
which is hra Aguinaldo pero waray man ito igrecognze han iba na  May 12, 1962- Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962. From July 4-
mga countries especially the Spain and America so para ira waray June 12
adto saysay bali naging July 4 an independence before Kay asya ito  President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential
indeclare han mga amrikano na free na talaga kita . Proclamation No. 28, which declared June 12 a special public holiday
Asya na adto na naging July 4 talaga an at independence but then han throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's
naging president hi Diosdado Macapagal nag issued hiya hin declaration of their inherent and inalienable right to freedom and
Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, effectively moving the date of independence."
Philippine independence from July 4 to June 12. Asya na asta yana POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN ERA
June 12 na incecelebrate an aton independence day. Background of the Author
So bali an timeline niya kun baga is from June 12 tas naging July 4 Alfred William McCoy
tas bumalik ha June 12 o Born in June 8, 1945 at Concord, Massachusetts,
According to sir Ken: o USA
Hi Apolinario Mabini nadiri hiya han June 12 Declaration of o American
Philippine Independence kay nabelieve hiya nga diri pa ready and o Educator
Philippines to declare independence. “Aguinaldo tat dapat buhaton Elements to consider in caricatures:
ayuson anay tat gobyerno kay masarang pa kita, nag-aaragway  Symbols
kita, damot corrupt dinhi ha atun. Diri kita igrerecognize hin iba  Texts
na country kay diri kita tuhay” yakan ni Apolinario Mabini. Yet  Facial Expressions (Movements)
ginpadayun la ghap an June 12 – asya inen an political adviser nga AN EMERGING NATION
waray pamatia asta katapusan.  "An Emerging Nation" is a chapter in the book "Philippine
Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era, 1900-1941" by
 It is an eye opener for the current and future generations on
Alfred McCoy, published in 1985.
what are the struggles of our ancestors in the past just to seek and
 The chapter explores how political cartoons played a
achieve our independence or freedom. crucial role in shaping Philippine national identity during the
 Up until today, is that we still all benefit the freedom that American colonial period. According to McCoy, these cartoons
we had on June 12, 1898 because of the 1898 Declaration of served as a "mirror of national sentiment," reflecting the hopes, fears,
and aspirations of the Filipino people during a time of significant
political, economic, and cultural change. Through their cartoons,
Filipino artists expressed their critique of American colonialism and
the suppression of Philippine nationalism.
 The title "An Emerging Nation" refers to the idea that the
Philippines was undergoing a process of becoming a nation, with its
own distinct identity, culture, and political aspirations. The chapter
highlights the importance of political cartoons as a means of
expressing and shaping this emerging national identity.
TIMELINE:
 1898: The United States acquires the Philippines from
The Rizal Day Celebration
Spain through the Treaty of Paris.
 The interpretation of this caricature is that it is commenting
 1899: The Philippine-American War breaks out as Filipino
on the divide between secular and religious education in the
forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo resist American rule.
Philippines at the time. The public Trades School, which represents
 1901: Aguinaldo is captured by American forces,
secular education, is shown as being more patriotic and supportive of
effectively ending the Philippine-American War. The United States
national heroes like Rizal, while the Catholic schools are depicted as
sets up a civilian government headed by a Governor-General, with a
being less interested in celebrating Rizal and his contributions to the
bicameral legislature.
Philippines. The caricature may also be criticizing the influence of
 1902: End of Filipino-American War
the Catholic Church on education in the Philippines, which was
 1907: Philippine Assembly – gradually replacing American significant during the colonial period. By showing the Catholic boys
officials to Filipinos. as embarrassed and uninterested in the Rizal Day celebration, the
 1916: The Jones Act is passed, providing for the cartoon suggests that the Catholic Church may be more focused on
establishment of a bicameral Philippine Legislature with both houses promoting its own agenda than on instilling a sense of national pride
elected by popular vote. The law also promises eventual Philippine and identity in Filipino students.
independence but does not set a timeline. TO TEST KUN STABLE
NA AN GOVERNMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE
PERO DAMO AN UMABOT NA MGA PROBLEMA:
 PNB CORRUPTION
 FORBES MISSION 1921
 SERGIO OSMENA CASE – NAG APPOINT HIN
WARAY SKILLS
Agi hitun, nadelay an atun independence.
 1934: The Tydings-McDuffie Act is passed, providing for a
10-year transition period to Philippine independence and the
establishment of a Commonwealth government. The law sets a date
La Politica De Dos Caras
for Philippine independence
 The interpretation of this caricature is that it is criticizing
 1935: The Commonwealth of the Philippines is established,
the hypocrisy of Filipino politicians who claim to support Philippine
with Manuel Quezon as its first President.
independence while also maintaining close ties with the American
 1898-1946 – American Occupation consists of 3 types of
colonial government. The two-headed politician represents the
government:
conflicting attitudes of Filipino politicians towards independence.
 Military government
One head represents those who are more aligned with the American
 Civil government colonial government and do not want to pursue independence, while
 Commonwealth government the other head represents those who genuinely desire independence
Juan dela Cruz- A simple peasant lad in slippers and salakot hat, for the Philippines.
and he is considered as the symbol of Philippines.  The caricature suggests that some Filipino politicians may
Uncle Sam – Symbol of USA be saying one thing to the public, while privately holding different
Facts about Political Caricatures: beliefs and loyalties. It implies that the pursuit of independence for
• These are primary created to persuade their audience to the Philippines may be hindered by the political divisions and
take a particular view on an issue or event. conflicting interests within the country. The drawing also highlights
• It helped the people to be aware of the issues in the society the challenges that the emerging nation faced during the early 1900s
and the reality of their situation under the American Rule and our in asserting its sovereignty against colonial powers.
political system.
• It serves as a mirror of the society’s colonial condition, an
act of protest, and a weapon in the struggle for social reform.
INTERPRETATIONS OF CARICATURES:

Sons of the One Mother-Country

The interpretation of this caricature is that it represents the diversity
From Bad to Worst of the Filipino people and the idea that despite differences in
it depicts the decline of Philippine independence after the declaration appearance, language, and culture, Filipinos are united as one nation.
of independence by Aguinaldo. The "sun of independence" is The mother in the drawing symbolizes the Philippines as a mother
represented as casting its long rays across the land, symbolizing the country, carrying two sons who represent the two major ethnic groups
hope and promise of freedom. However, only two years later, the sun in the Philippines: the mestizos who are of mixed Filipino and foreign
begins to recede as the Pardo de Tavera and his Federalista Party ancestry, and the brown-skinned Filipinos who are indigenous to the
campaign for US statehood in the Philippines. This symbolizes the country.
deterioration of Philippine independence as it becomes increasingly The caricature emphasizes the idea that despite differences in
clear that the country is moving towards becoming a colony of the appearance, both groups are equally Filipino and have the same right
United States. The caricature suggests that the hope for Philippine to identify with the nation. The drawing also highlights the
independence is fading, and the future looks bleak as the country is importance of recognizing and celebrating the diversity of the
heading towards a worse situation. Filipino people in the process of nation-building.
  The title of the caricature, "Peeping into the Eye of the
Key," suggests that the labor leader is trying to gain access to
something valuable or important, but is doing so in a dishonest and
unethical manner. The drawing implies that the labor leader is more
concerned with personal gain than with the welfare of the workers he
represents.
 Overall, the caricature emphasizes the corrupt practices that
plagued the labor movement in the Philippines during the American
colonial period, and suggests that labor leaders who engaged in such
Necessary Selection practices were contributing to the exploitation of workers rather than
 The interpretation of this caricature is that it highlights the protecting their interests.
struggle for women's suffrage and the resistance that women faced in
their quest for political equality. The first scene, showing women
lined up to vote, represents the hope and determination of women to
participate in the political process and to have a say in the governance
of their country. The second scene, showing women being turned
away from the polls, represents the discrimination and prejudice that
women faced from male officials who believed that women were not
fit for political participation.
 The title of the caricature, "Necessary Selection," implies
that the struggle for women's suffrage was not only a matter of justice
and equality, but also a necessary step towards building a better and Worthless Mediation
more democratic society. The drawing suggests that denying women  The interpretation of this caricature is that it criticizes the
the right to vote is a form of discrimination that ultimately harms the ineffectiveness of mediation as a means of resolving labor disputes
progress and development of the nation. during the American colonial period in the Philippines. The headline
in the drawing, "Worthless Mediation," suggests that the mediators
were not able to effectively address the concerns of the workers
involved in the strike, and that their efforts were ultimately fruitless.
 The caricature may also be seen as a commentary on the
broader relationship between labor and management during this
period, with the newspaper headline implying that management was
not willing to take the concerns of workers seriously and that labor
was left with no effective means of recourse.

There is No Doubting the Lesson

 The interpretation of this caricature is that it highlights the
growing support for Philippine independence and the decline of
support for American colonial rule. The signs held by the different
regions of the Philippines indicate the popular sentiment towards
independence, with most regions favoring independence over The Near Collapse of the Philippine National Bank
American rule. The inclusion of the Igorots, who historically resisted The interpretation of the caricature you described is that the
Spanish and American colonialism, suggests that even indigenous Philippine government and people are trying to catch those
communities who may have initially welcomed American colonial responsible for the near collapse of the Philippine National Bank
rule were now in support of independence. (PNB), which was a major scandal during the American period. The
 The title of the caricature, "There is No Doubting the two men in the drawing represent the government and the people, and
Lesson," implies that the struggle for independence was a lesson that the rats they are catching symbolize the corrupt officials and
had been learned by the Filipino people, and that there was no turning businessmen who caused the PNB crisis. The statement "we have
back from their desire for self-determination. The drawing suggests caught the small ones, now let us catch the big ones" implies that the
that the sentiment for independence was not limited to any particular government and the people have already caught some of the corrupt
region or group but was a nationwide movement that encompassed individuals involved in the scandal, and are now determined to catch
diverse communities and perspectives. those who hold more power and are responsible for the bigger crimes.
 Overall, the caricature emphasizes the growing momentum
of the Philippine independence movement and the widespread desire
for self-determination among the Filipino people, including
indigenous communities like the Igorots.

It depicts a group of frustrated stockholders of an oil company

demanding to know what happened to their money. The interpretation
of this caricature is that the mismanagement and corruption that led to
the near collapse of the Philippine National Bank also affected other
industries, and investors were left to suffer the consequences of the
poor decisions made by those in power.
Peeping on the Eye of the Key…
 The interpretation of this caricature is that it highlights the
problem of corruption among labor leaders in the Philippines during
the American colonial period. The labor leader in the drawing is
shown taking a bribe from the factory owner, implying that he has
been bought off and is no longer acting in the best interests of the
workers he represents.
It depicts two men in prison uniforms, one Filipino and one
American, standing inside a prison cell with bars on the windows.
The Filipino prisoner is asking the American prisoner why all the
nationalists are in prison, even though the Democrats also owe money
to the bank.
The cartoon is commenting on the political climate surrounding the
PNB scandal, suggesting that the nationalists were being unfairly Cruel Enemies of the Workers
targeted and punished while other groups were also culpable for the depicts a figure labeled "Ignorance" lashing the working class with
bank's near-collapse. The inclusion of an American prisoner in the poverty, superstition, fanaticism, and prostitution. The interpretation
cartoon highlights the fact that the bank's leadership included both of this caricature is that it is a criticism of the oppressive and
Filipinos and Americans, and that both groups were implicated in the exploitative conditions faced by the working class during the
scandal. American colonial period in the Philippines. The caricature suggests
that the root cause of the workers' suffering is ignorance, which
perpetuates these injustices and keeps the working class subjugated.
The cartoonist is highlighting the need for education and awareness
to empower the working class to overcome these obstacles and
improve their lives.

The cartoon implies that Osmena and Quezon are holding Fernandez
accountable for the bank's near collapse, which was caused by
mismanagement and corruption. The crucifixion imagery is a
powerful symbol of blame and punishment, suggesting that
Fernandez is being held responsible for the sins of the PNB.

Heroes All
depicts a scene where America is standing proud, saluting two other
men who are standing next to him. These two men are the Philippines
and the United States, symbolizing their close relationship and
camaraderie during the American colonial period in the Philippines.
The title "Heroes All" suggests that these three figures are viewed as
heroic or admirable, possibly for their contributions to the
This cartoon is commenting on corruption and misuse of funds within development of the Philippines under American rule. The caricature
the bank and the government. Madrigal was a prominent Filipino may be interpreted as a celebration of the American presence in the
businessman and politician during the American colonial period in Philippines and the perceived benefits that came with it, such as
the Philippines, and he was involved in various scandals and modernization and progress.
controversies related to his business dealings and political career. It's
possible that this caricature is criticizing Madrigal's involvement in PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO'S SPEECH BEFORE THE
the PNB scandal or other corrupt practices related to government JOINT SESSION OF THE U.S CONGRESS
finances. Author:
Name: Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
Birthday: January 25, 1933
Birthplace: Paniqui, Tarlac
Spouse: Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
Mother: Demetria "Metring" Sumulong
Father: Jose Chichioco Cojuangco

Name: Teodoro “Teddyboy” Lopez Locsin Jr.

Birthday: November 13, 1984
Birthplace: Metro Manila
Wife:
Father: Teodoro M. Locsin, Sr.
Mother: Rosario Lopez
the caricature depicting Fernandez as a cow with Quezon and
Osmena getting milk from him is a commentary on his alleged HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENTS
corruption and his relationship with the Philippine Commonwealth II. HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENT
government led by Quezon and Osmena. The milk can be seen as a On 21st of September, 1972, the late President Ferdinand Marcos
metaphor for the money or benefits that Fernandez is providing to the officially declared Martial Law and he ordered the detainment and
two politicians, while he himself is being treated like an animal. The arrest of Ninoy Aquino and a thousand of others including senators,
cartoon suggests that Fernandez is being exploited and used for publishers and others that were associated with the New People's
personal gain by those in power, and that his actions have contributed Army.
to the near-collapse of the Philippine National Bank. ● In 1975, Ninoy went on a hunger strike for 40 days to protest his
unjustifiable military trial.
● 8 years later he was released when he suffered a heart attack from budding communist movement as well as an insurrection and a severe
his cell and was permitted to stay in the US with his family. economic collapse.
● On 21st of August, 1983, he decided to return to the Philippines • Although having no prior political experience, Corazon
and on the same day, was shot dead as soon as he exited the plane. Aquino said that she would consider challenging Marcos if 1 million
● 3 years later in February 1986, Cory ran for the opposing signatures were collected in support of her candidacy.
presidential candidate together with Salvador Laurel as her running • The final outcome was the election of Mrs. Corazon
mate for vice president. Aquino as President of the Philippines and Mr. Salvador Laurel as
● In February 22-25, 1986, the People Power Revolution or EDSA Vice-President of the Philippines.
Revolution happened in Metro Manila. • Yet, despite all of these tremendous challenges, Aquino
● Seven months after Cory Aquino was declared as the new president never considered instituting martial law. She was fighting military
of the Philippines, she visited America and gave a speech During the insurgents while dealing with a splintered Cabinet, long-running
Joint Session of the United State Congress at Washington D.C. on domestic insurgencies, and vexing concerns like as a bankrupt
September 18, 1986. economy, corruption, and poverty. Archibald MacLeish once stated
● In her speech she addressed the $26 billion foreign debt of our that democracy must be defended with arms when attacked with
country and the insurgency of communists during the time of Marcos. guns, and with truth when assaulted with falsehoods. Her unwavering
She also called America to support for the democratic process is all the more astounding in light
help the Philippines preserve the freedom that the Filipinos hardly of this.
fought. • President Aquino and President Ronald Reagan discussed
● Cory Aquino's speech was written by Teodoro Locsin Jr her unwavering commitment for her country's democratic institutions,
• On September 21, 1972, late President Ferdinand Marcos as well as her efforts to ensure its security and grow its economy. He
declared Martial Law and ordered the detention and incarceration of also assured her that the United States wants the Filipino democracy
Ninoy Aquino and a thousand other people, including senators, to thrive and that we will do all in our ability to help it.
publishers, and others involved with the New People's Army. • The majority of the funds were used to finance the 1986
• In 1975, Ninoy went on a hunger strike for 40 days to snap election. Furthermore, we now owe $26 billion in foreign debt
protest his unjustifiable military trial. and have nothing to show for it. The interest on that loan alone will
• Eight years later, in 1980, he was freed after suffering a necessitate the utilization of half of our much-needed export income.
heart attack in his cell and was allowed to remain in the United States • While bearing a large amount of the free world's Pacific
with his family. defenses, it is stated that the Filipino people are susceptible to a
• On August 21, 1983, he chose to return to the Philippines communist insurgency that lives on economic collapse. These are
and was shot dead as soon as he left the plane. only two of the numerous challenges that the people face as they seek
• Three years later in February 1986, Cory Aquino ran for the to provide a stable and long-lasting basis for their new democracy. $2
opposing presidential candidate together with Salvador Laurel as her billion of the $4 billion in export earnings, the greatest amount they
running mate for Vice-President. could generate in the constricted foreign markets, was utilized to
• In February 22-25, 1986, the People Power Revolution or service just the interest on a loan from which the Filipino people
EDSA Revolution happened in Metro Manila. never profited.
• In February 25 1986, Cory Aquino and Ferdinand Marcos • Cory Aquino was heartbroken and depressed about the
were declared presidents of their factions, but Marcos fled on the country's situation after two decades of social and political
same day outside of the country. oppression.
• Seven months after Cory Aquino was declared as the new • "Still, we fought for honor, and if only for honor, we shall
president of the Philippines, she visited America and gave a speech pay. “She emphasized that the fight they started was not wasted and it
During the Joint Session of the United State Congress at Washington was not a nonsense one. That they, the Filipinos, put up a good fight
D.C. on September 18, 1986. against the administration.
• In her speech she addressed the $26 billion foreign debt of • "The task had fallen on my shoulder to continue offering
our country and the insurgency of communists during the time of the democratic alternative to our people." She took the
Marcos. She also called America to help the Philippines preserve the responsibilities in taking care and fighting for the sake of the freedom
freedom that the Filipinos hardly fought. of the whole country.
• Cory Aquino wrote her speech with assistance from • She accepted the burden of protecting and fighting for the
Teodoro Locsin Jr. country's freedom. Their words demonstrated that the war they
CONTENT PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS started was not in vain and that the Filipinos successfully resisted the
• Cory Aquino's speech discusses her family background, tyranny.
notably her marriage to her late husband Ninoy Aquino. Cory recalls BIASES AND ARGUMENTS
Ninoy's trials and tribulations at the hands of the regime. • About Marcos. In her speech, it is clear that President
• On September 22, 1972, officers of the Philippine Cory Aquino has bias against President Ferdinand Marcos. She
Constabulary Metropolitan Command (PC-METROCOM) led by addresses him as dictator and does not even mention his name in the
Col. Romeo Gatan detained opposition senator Benigno Aquino Jr., entire speech. She also seems to imply that he had something to do
as well as senators, publishers, and anybody advocating for with her husband’s assassination. It was later proven that Marcos had
democracy, at the Manila Hilton Hotel in Ermita, Manila. This no connection with the assassination case of Benigno Aquino (Pulta,
detention occurred a day after President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued 2021). Moreover, Cory Aquino was also strongly biased in her
Proclamation Number 1081 imposing martial law across the speech about Ferdinand Marcos because of the long-standing political
Philippines. Till this time, his family had never lost him. rivalry between the two leaders. Aquino was a vocal critic of Marcos
• On August 27, 1973, Ninoy was sent to Fort Bonifacio, and his regime, and her speech reflected her views, often
where he faced a Military Trial on charges of murder, illicit characterizing Marcos in a negative light and highlighting his
possession of guns, and rebellion. To break him, the authorities failures. Her speech also focused on the atrocities and corruption that
utilized violence and ridicule. They imprisoned him in a cramped, took place under the Marcos regime and the positive changes that
nearly airless cell at a military camp in the north. He was stripped Aquino had made since taking office, creating a clear distinction
nude, and the prospect of an abrupt midnight execution loomed over between the two leaders.
him. Ninoy valiantly handled everything. For 43 days, the detectives • About Benigno Aquino. She is biased towards Ninoy, as
refused to inform Cory what had happened to him. she is his wife. Cory Aquino's speech about her husband Ninoy
• Cory's counsel warned her that she risked validating the set Aquino is likely to be biased in favor of Ninoy because of her strong
outcomes of elections in 1984 that were clearly going to be rigged, personal connection to him. Cory was married to Ninoy for 17 years,
but she nevertheless participated. She was, however, fighting for and after his assassination, she was left to take on his political legacy
those in whose intelligence she has trust in, not for attorneys. That and lead their people to democracy. Cory's admiration for her
was also the only basis she understood for gauging people's power husband is likely to be reflected in her speech, making it biased in his
under dictatorship norms. favor. The speech only shows us his suffering and the good sides of
• Marcos wanted "snap" or early presidential elections in the himself as a democratic hero.
face of internal and international criticism for his management of a • About United States of America. She seems to be biased
towards the US. In her speech, Cory mainly mentions her stay in the
US, as well as the help that she has received also because of her • Daily wages of skilled and unskilled workers also fell
personal views and experiences in relation to the country. She was sharply during the Marcos Era.
critical of the US’s foreign policy, particularly in regards to the • By the last decade of Martial Law, prices of goods tripled.
Philippines, which she believed to be oppressive and exploitative. • During the Marcos regime, deforestation reduced PH forest
She also expressed her belief that the US needed to be more mindful cover to almost half
and respectful of the culture, beliefs, and rights of other nations. • In pursuit of economic gains, Marcos and his cronies’
SIR KEN’S PPT: uncontrolled exportation of timber led to a drastic reduction in our
• 1902- End of Filipino-American War forest cover. This cascades into dire environmental impacts including
• 1898-1946-American Occupation flooding, landslides, and even the worldwide phenomenon of global
“The four decades of American colonial rule were a formative period warming.
in Philippine history. Under U.S. colonialism that was simultaneously • Outstanding external debt during the Marcos period
brutal and beneficent, grasping and generous, the Philippines moved skyrocketed.
forward from authoritarian Spanish regime to autonomy and ATROCITIES COMMITED HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION
independence.” • Sept. 21, 1972- President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed
• 1907- Philippine Assembly proclamation No. 1081, placing the Philippines under Martial Law
eighty Filipino representatives met in Manila's Ayuntamiento • 107,240 Primary victims of human rights violations during
building for the inauguration of the First Philippine Assembly Martial Law
• 1916- Jones Law or Philippine Autonomy Act • 70,000 people arrested, mostly arbitrarily without any
An act to declare the purpose of the people of the United States as to warrant of arrest
the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and • 34,000 people tortured
to provide a more autonomous government for those islands. • 3,240 killed by Military or Police personnel
• 1921- Woods-Forbes Mission • 464 closed media outlets after declaration of Martial Law
fact-finding commission sent to the Philippines by newly elected U.S. • 6,281 number of Marcos Laws from September 1972 to
president Warren Harding in March 1921, which concluded that February 1986
Filipinos were not yet ready for independence from the United States. TORTURES
• “the Americans deliberately covered up their errors, Physical Torture
imposed the notion of the crisis as ‘the corruption scandal of the • Beatings
Philippine National Bank’, and strengthen their control over the • Electric shock
finances of the Philippines” • “San Juanico Bridge”
• 1933-Hare-Hawes Cutting Act • Water Cure
the first law setting a specific date for Philippine independence from • Strangulation
the United States. • Ashtray
• 1934- Tydings-McDuffie Law or Independence Law • Flat Iron Burns
The act gave the Philippines greater autonomy and provided for the • Sinusunog na rekado
creation of a bicameral national legislature modeled after the U.S. • Candle Burns
Congress. • Animal Treatment
• 1935- Commonwealth Period • Cold torture
The Commonwealth era is the 10-year transitional period in • Truth serum
Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation for independence • Russian roulette
from the United States as provided for under the Philippine • Pistol-whipping
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings- • Wet submarine
McDuffie Law. • Dry submarine
• 1942- Japanese Occupation • Food deprivation
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 • Pompyang/ear clapping
and 1945 during WWII. Sexual Torture
• “Not only should the nation be free of American • Rape
domination, it should also be free of ignorance, injustice, inequality • Gang rape
and corruption.” • Molestation
• The first time Cory Aquino lost Ninoy was when the • Sticks inserted into penises
dictatorship detained Ninoy and other dissenters. Psychological Torture
• EDSA People power was considered “the cheapest • Solitary confinement
revolution ever” because it overthrows a dictator through peaceful • Sleep deprivation
means. • Playing loud, repetitive music
• It is not true that Corazon Aquino did not want to forge • Forcing victim to strip naked
alliance with the United States because the latter was known as an MASSACRES (Under Marcos Presidency)
important ally of Marcos.  Jabidah Massacre (1986)
Causes why Filipino Rise up against Marcos:  Palimbang Massacre in Sultan Kudarat (1974)
• Tripled inflation rate in the year 1986  Daet Massacre in Camarines Norte (June 1981)
• Human Rights violations  Sag-od Massacre in Northern Samar (Sept 1981)
• Increased Foreign debt  Escalante Massacre in Negros Occidental (Sept 1985)
• Martial Law  Lorena Barros (1976)
Fact about Cory’s Speech:  Macli-ing Dulag (1980)
• She began her speech with a story of her leaving the US  Langoni Massacre (1984)
three years prior as the newly widowed wife of Ninoy Aquino, and
 Mass Graveyard for Victims of Armed conflict (During the
she ended her speech by thanking America for serving as a home to
dictatorship,Zamboanga del Norte)
her family.
FACTORS THAT LED TO EDSA PEOPLE POWER
Facts about Corazon Aquino:
o Ninoy Acquino’s Death
• She was the 11th and first female president of the
o Snap Election
Philippines
• Her family was mixed Filipino, Chinese, and Spanish o COMELEC Walkout
descent. ADDITIONAL:
PPT NOTES:
• Poverty worsened over the course of the Marcos era. • Corroborative Evidence- An evidence that strengthen or
Whereas about 4 out of 10 families were poor before Marcos took confirms already existing evidence.
office, 6 out of 10 families were poor by the end of his rule. • Primary sources are important because these are raw
• Daily wages of Filipino agricultural workers declined by evidences in history
about 30%
• The discovery of new primary sources can add dimensions
to history that previously were unknown
• History as nonfiction
 Historical account must be based on all available relevant
evidence
 In history, a version of the past that can’t be supported by
evidence is worthless.
• It is not true that reading secondary sources gives us the
opportunity to come into direct contact with the past and experience
it.
• Reading textbook accounts of the past makes us dependent
on the authors’ interpretation of the past.
• Jaime Cardinal Sin- He appealed to the Filipinos to go to
the vicinity of the natonal military headquarters along epifanio delos
santos avenue through the Radio veritas..