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Chapter 11 - Discussion 4 and Chapter 16 PDF
Chapter 11 - Discussion 4 and Chapter 16 PDF
The aim is finding a direct relationship between Cin (t), Cout (t) and E(t)
or
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Applications:
If the input signal Cin, is measured and the exit age distribution functions Ea, Eb, and Ec are
known, then C1 is the convolution of E, with Cin and so on, thus
and on combining
?
---- ---- ---- ----
-
Example:
8t 10e t 10
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Macro fluid
Any fluid in which the molecules are kept grouped together in aggregates, pockets, clumps, clusters,
or macros
Non-coalescing droplets, solid particles, viscous liquids
Clump or macro
Molecules
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Note:
A stream of solids always behaves a macro fluid
Note:
For systems in which very fast reactions are taking place, usually a micro fluid behaves as
macro
Such as gasl combustion
When two miscible fluids A (CH4) and B (O2) are mixed, we normally assume that they first
form a homogeneous mixture which then reacts.
When the time required for A and B to become homogeneous is not short with respect to the
time for reaction to take place, reaction occurs during the mixing process, and the problem of
mixing becomes important
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Macro performance
# Chemical conversion of a micro fluid in the batch, mixed-flow and plug flow reactors
All the performance equations mentioned before for homogeneous reactions should be applied to
evaluate the chemical conversion:
Batch reactor
Plug-flow reactor
Mixed-flow reactor
# Chemical conversion of a macro fluid in the batch, mixed-flow, plug flow and an arbitrary vessel
aAP aA+bBP
, XA,1 , XA,3
, XA,1
, XA,2 , XA,2
, XA,3
Clumps essentially do not stay in the vessel for the same amount of time
(May have different residence time, RTD should be considered)
E(t) can be evaluated for clumps or macros
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
The mean composition (conversion) in the exit stream should be taken into account
finalt
CA CA
1 X A E ( t ) dt
C A0 t initial C A0 Batch
-------- ------
A=0 Kinetics aspect Hydrodynamic
f(t) aspect
t final
XA ( X A ) Batch E ( t ) dt
t initial
To find the averaged XA, (CA/CA0)Batch, E(t), tinitial and tfinal should be known:
Zero-order reaction:
dC A CA k
rA k C A0 C A kt 1 t
dt C A0 C A0
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
tinitial, kinetics=0
tinitia
tinitial, RTD: should be chosen according to E(t)-curve
For a mixed-flow reactor
tinitial, RTD=0
For a plug-flow reactor
tinitial, RTD= t p
tinitial =
0
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Examples:
A liquid macro fluid reacts according to A R as it flows through a vessel. Find the conversion of A for the
following pattern:
1)
t initial max(t initial , kinetics , t initial , RTD ) t initial , RTD 0.5 min
C 1A0n C A0.05 1
t final , RTD 1.5 and t final , kinetics 1 min
k (1 n) 0.5k 0.5 2
t final min( t final , kinetics , t final , RTD ) min(1 , 1.5) 1 min
2)
t initial max(t initial , kinetics , t initial , RTD ) t initial , RTD 0.5 min
C 1A0n C A0.05 2
t final , RTD 1.5 and t final , kinetics 2 min
k (1 n) 0.5k 0.5 2
t final min( t final , kinetics , t final , RTD ) min( 2 , 1.5) 1.5 min
CA
1 ( n 1)ktC An 01 1 0.5ktC A 00.5 1 0.5t
1 / 1 n 2 2
C A 0 batch
1.5
CA
1 X A (1 - 0.5t) 2 1 dt X A 0.729
C A0 0.5
3)
t initial max(t initial , kinetics , t initial , RTD ) t initial , RTD 0.5 min
CA
1 ( n 1)ktC An 01 1 0.5ktC A 00.5 1 4t
1 / 1 n 2 2
C A 0 batch
0.25
CA
1 X A (1 - 4t) 2 1 dt X A 1.08 !!!
C A0 0.5
tinitial > tfinal !!! : Integral return a wrong answer! Logically complete conversion
should be occurred XA=1
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Note:
There is only a difference between the performance (conversion and selectivity) of micro and macro
fluids when there is RTD in vessel
Plug flow reactors has no RTD:
Performance of micro fluid ~ Performance of macro fluid
t
final
CA CA
E ( t ) dt
C A0 macro tinitial C A0 Batch ,micro
E (t ) (t t p )
t initial t final t p
tp
CA CA C
( t t p ) dt A at t t p
C A0 macro t p C A0 Batch ,micro C A0 Batch ,micro
------------ ------------
Macro ~ Micro
Note:
In a mixed-flow reactor, there is no difference between the performance of micro and macro fluids for
a first order reaction (n=1)
For case of macro fluid:
t
final
CA CA
E ( t ) dt
C A0 macro t initial C
A0 Batch , micro
CA 1 t
e kt , E ( t ) exp( ) , t initial 0 , t final
C A0 Batch t t
CA 1 t 1 1
e kt exp( )dt or (1 X A ) macro
C A0 macro t 0 t 1 kt 1 kt
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Except of a first order reaction, there is a difference between the performance of micro and macro
fluids in a mixed-flow reactor:
CA kt 1 t C A0
1 , E (t ) exp( ) , tinitial 0 , t final
C A0 Batch C A0 t t k
CA 1 CA / k
0
kt t kt C
(1 ) exp( )dt 1 1 - exp(- A0 )
C A0 macro t 0 C A0 t C A0 kt
CA 1 1 t
, E ( t ) exp( ) , t initial 0 , t final
C A0 Batch 1 ktC A0 t t
CA 1 1 t 1
exp( )dt e ei( ) where
C A0 macro t 0 1 ktC A0 t kt C A0
exponential integral
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
Comparison between the volume of a mixed-flow reactor treating micro and macro fluids in a
given conversion
Macros is favor:
Keeps concentration at high level
-rA=kCAn
Small elements lose their identity by the action of molecular diffusion, and the
Einstein random walk analysis estimates this time as
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
For example
1) an element of water 1 micron in size would lose its identity in a very short time:
2) an element of viscous polymer 1.0 mm in size and 100 times as viscous as water (some type
of motor oil at room temperature) would retain its identity for a long time:
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
rA kC A2
CA : rA : Vreaction
2 2
rA 2 C A 2 4C A1
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rA 1 C A1 C A1
Late mixing favors reactions where n>1 Early mixing favors reactions where n<1
XA XA
XA XA
XA XA
V V
V V
Vp Vp Vp Vp Vp Vp
Plug-flow Late mixing Early mixing Plug-flow Early mixing Late mixing
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Advanced Chemical Engineering: Chapter 11-discussion 4 and Chapter 16
for n = 1 conversion is unaffected by late and early mixing, and degree of segregation
At intermediate conversion levels, the RTD begins to influence XA; however, earliness and
At high conversion levels all these factors may play important roles.
All the above factors can affect the product distribution (selectivity and yield) even at low
conversion levels.
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