09

Chapter 9
A3)
Normal Stress
stress that occurs when a member is loaded by an axial force is
known as normal force. In other words, when, the stress applied is
perpendicular to the body. The length of body volume of the
object is changed stress will be at normal. It represents the symbol
σ. SI unit of Normal stress is MPa.
The formula below is used to calculate the Normal stress:
Normal stress=Axial force/Cross-Sectional Area
σ =P/A
Normal stress will occur when an object is placed in tension or
compression.
Longitudinal Stress
When the length of the body changes its length by normal stress
that is applied is known as Longitudinal stress.
Longitudinal stress = Deforming Force / Area of cross section
Longitudinal stress= F/A
Longitudinal stress can be further categorized and divided into two
shorts. Tensile stress can be observed when a rod is stretched
under Newton’s third law of motion. A rubber band being
stretched out is a common example of tensile stress. The opposite
of tension is compression When it will be acting on the rod that is
pushed by opposite or equal forces at its ends. If you’ve ever
squeezed a rubber ball in your hands, you were creating
compressive stress.
Bulk Stress or Volume Stress

Volume stress is the stress in which the volume of the body
changes due to the stress. Normal stress on a body causes change
in length or volume and tangential stress produces the change in
the shape of the body is called volume stress. A body that is under
the force of pressure p, when submerged in a liquid, the body
confront the force that is perpendicular to the surface of the
body.
Bulk stress = Force /Area = Pressure
Shearing Stress
Shearing stress is a force applied tangentially over the surface area
of the plane. When the forces being applied to the surface are
parallel to it and the stress which is acting on the surface also plots
a tangent. This kind of stress is known as Shearing stress.
Sharing stress= Force/ Surface Area = F/A
Tensile Stress
The force per unit area is defined as Tensile stress. If the stress is
applied then the length of the body is increasing because of the
force. Tensile stress is observed when a rod is stretched under
motion’s third law. Rubber is a common example of tensile stress.
It is the quantity associated with stretching. It is denoted by σ.
Compression Stress
When we apply a tangential force on the body the shape and
volume of the body are changed. When the compression stress
has applied the length of the body is decreased. Compression
stress is opposite to Tensile stress. If you’ve ever squeezed a pet’s
squeak toy in your hand, you are creating compression stress on
the body.
Tangential Stress
When we expressed as force per unit area that is normal stress
and tangential stress respectively. When two equal and opposite
deforming forces are applied parallel to the cross-sectional area of
an object, there is the relative displacement between the opposite
faces of the body, and the restoring force per unit area developed
due to the applied tangential force is known as tangential stress.
Hydraulic Stress
Hydraulic stress is the measure of the internal force per unit area
acting on the liquids. Hydraulic stress is the restoring force per
unit area when the force is applied by the fluid on the body. stress
is not physically the same as pressure, because in pressure
external force per unit area is considered, but in stress, it is the
internal force per unit area. In the case of liquids, hydraulic stress
is defined in the same way.
A4)The slope of stress-strain diagram gives the Young’s modulus of a

material. Young’s modulus tells us about the strength of the material. The
elastic region or the linear region in the graph is the point until which
Hooke’s law is applicable which relates stress and strain to the Young’s
Modulus of the material.
A5)Elastomers are polymers that have viscosity and elasticity and

therefore are known as viscoelasticity. The molecules of elastomers
are held together by weak intermolecular forces and generally exhibit low
Young's modulus and high yield strength or high failure strain.
A6)
Volume of water, V = 1 L
It is given that the water is to be compressed by 0.10%.
∴ Fractional change, ΔV/V = 0.1/ (100× 1) = 10-3.
Bulk modulus, B = ρ/ (ΔV/V)
ρ = B × (ΔV/V)
Bulk modulus of water, B = 2.2 × 109 Nm-2
ρ = 2.2× 109× 10-3 = 2.2× 106 Nm-2
Therefore, the pressure on water should be 2.2 × 106 Nm-2.
A7)Y = MgL/πr2ΔLWhere M -- mass attached to the wire. L r—initial length and radius of the wire.
∆L- elongation in the wire.
A10)
A11)Steel, because a body is said to be more elastic depending on how fast it gains its original shape after
removal of external (deforming) force. When a force is applied to steel it is deformed but it immediately regains its original shape
within a fraction of seconds which is not in the case of rubber.
A12)
if we assume a wire of length L, area of cross section A is fixed at one end and stretched by suspended a load M from the other end due to
this extension of wire is x.
so, Young's modulus of wire , Y = FL/Ax

or, F = YAx/L
we know, workdone , W = F.dx
so, W = (YAx/L)dx
or, W = 1/2 × YAx²/L
W = 1/2 × {YAx/L} × x
W = 1/2 × F × x
hence, Work done = 1/2 × load × extension
now, potential energy = workdone by external applied force

= 1/2 × load × extension.
so, strain energy = 1/2 × load × extension
now, strain energy per unit volume = 1/2 × load × extension/volume
= 1/2 × load × extension/(cross section area × length)
= 1/2 × (load/cross section area) × (extension/length)
= 1/2 × stress × strain
hence, energy per unit volume = 1/2 × stress × strain
A13)
Given Data,
Length of the steel wire, Ls = 4.7 m
Area of cross-section of the steel wire, As = 3.0 × 10-5 m2
Length of the copper wire, Lc = 3.5 m
Area of cross-section of the steel wire, Ac = 4.0 × 10-5 m2
Consider the force applied in both the cases is = Fs = Fc = F
Change in Length = ΔLs = ΔLc = ΔL (since both the wires stretch by the same amount)
Young's modulus ( E ) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along
an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of tensile
stress to tensile strain. It is often referred to simply as the elastic modulus.
Formula for young’s modulus for steel:
…………… (1)
Formula for young’s modulus for steel:
Yc =
Yc =
………… (2)
Dividing (1) by (2)
Cancelling the common terms F and

ΔL, the equation changes to,
Hence, the ratio of Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper is 1.79:1.
A14)Hooke's law states that the applied force F equals a constant k times the displacement or change in length x, or F = kx
A15)
In stretching a wire work is done against internal restoring forces. This work is stored in the wire as elastic potential energy
or strain energy
Work done=1/2× stress× strain
=1/2× Y×(strain)^2
Since, elasticity of steel is more than copper, hence more work has to be done in order to stretch the steel.
Final Answer: Steel

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Chapter 9

Bulk Stress or Volume Stress

A4)The slope of stress-strain diagram gives the Young’s modulus of a

A5)Elastomers are polymers that have viscosity and elasticity and

so, Young's modulus of wire , Y = FL/Ax

hence, Work done = 1/2 × load × extension

now, potential energy = workdone by external applied force

hence, energy per unit volume = 1/2 × stress × strain

Cancelling the common terms F and

Hence, the ratio of Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper is 1.79:1.

Work done=1/2× stress× strain

Final Answer: Steel

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