AP – 423

TOWN PLANNING – I
SUBMITTED BY:
KESHAV ,PARUL,SWATI,MANISH,SHIVAM J
B.ARCH 4C

TOPICS COVERED:

 Planning problems of land-use distribution and change

 Communication system
 Overcrowding
 Sporadic growth
 Conurbation
What is Land-Use?
• The word ‘use’ in the term ‘land use’ refers specifically to the purpose for
which land is occupied or managed for human needs. How land use is
categorised, varies according what it is being categorised for, but common
examples include type of cropland, pasture, and settlements.
• It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear
purpose, at a given time.
• Land-use is a socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major
specific purpose utility maybe converted into another land for general
purpose utility such as:
1. Agriculture
2. Residential
3. Commercial
4. Industrial

Land-Use Change
• Land use change is a process by which human activities transform the
natural landscape, referring to how land has been used, usually
emphasizing the functional role of land for economic activities.
• Land use changes are often nonlinear and might trigger feedbacks to the
system, stress living conditions, and threaten people with vulnerability .
What is Land-Use?
• The word ‘use’ in the term ‘land use’ refers specifically to the purpose for
which land is occupied or managed for human needs. How land use is
categorised, varies according what it is being categorised for, but common
examples include type of cropland, pasture, and settlements.
• It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear
purpose, at a given time.
• Land-use is a socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major
specific purpose utility maybe converted into another land for general
purpose utility such as:
1. Agriculture
2. Residential
3. Commercial
4. Industrial

Land-Use Change
• Land use change is a process by which human activities transform the
natural landscape, referring to how land has been used, usually
emphasizing the functional role of land for economic activities.
• Land use changes are often nonlinear and might trigger feedbacks to the
system, stress living conditions, and threaten people with vulnerability .
SYMPTOMS OF LAND-USE PROBLEMS
• Migration to towns
• Low rural incomes
• Lack of employment opportunities
• Poor health and nutrition
• Inadequate subsistence production
• Shortage of fuel and timber
• Shortage of grazing land
• Low, unreliable crop yields
• Desertion of farmland
• Encroachment on forest and wildlife reserves
• Conflicts among farming, livestock and non-agricultural uses
• Visible land degradation, e.g. eroded cropland, silted bottomlands, degradation of woodland, salinity in irrigation schemes, floo

UNDERLYING CAUSES RELATED TO LAND USE

Social problems
1. Population pressure on land resources
2. Unequal distribution of land, capital and opportunities
3. Restrictions of land tenure and landownership
Natural hazards and limitations
1. Inadequate water supply and distribution
2. Irregular relief
3. Drought-prone soils
4. Poor drainage
Effect on
5. Diseases
Soil loss
Mismatch between land use and land suitability
1. Inadequate water control
2. Clearance of forest on steep lands
3. Inadequate soil conservation practices
4. Inadequate periods of bush fallow
Related rural planning problems
1. Inadequate power
2. Lack of fertilizer and pesticides
3. Lack of markets, unsatisfactory price structure
4. Lack of finance
5. Inadequate transport
6. Lack of technical support
Problems of land use
1. To define a problem it is necessary to establish the present situation, judge ways in which it is unsatisfactory and identify ways
in which it might be made better.
2. Apart from when planning new settlements on unoccupied land, this stage of diagnosis of problems is of the highest
importance. Without identifying problems and analysing their causes, one is in no position to plan for improving the situation.
Three closely related methods, any of which can be used at this stage, are farming systems analysis, diagnosis and
design and rapid rural appraisal (see Rural land-use analysis, p. 79).
3. The fundamental field survey method may be summarized as:
o talk to the people;
o look at the land
Land use change is defined as planned, government policy induced land transformations with anticipated or unanticipated
environmental and social impacts.
Impacts of landuse change-
● Displacement and dispossession: Individuals or communities lose their homes in exchange for none or meagre compensations,
and are expected to relocate to areas identified as rehabilitation sites or migrate to new areas on their own.
Eg: A study by the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, estimates that 50 million people have been displaced due to
‘development projects’ over 50 years in India. The study states that of the 50 million people, 16.4 million were displaced by
dams, 2.55 million by mines, 1.25 million by industrial development and 0.6 million by wildlife sanctuaries and national parks
● Loss of livelihood: This relates to losing out or giving up access to parts of or entire areas on which livelihoods are dependent.
This could include agricultural lands, fishing harbours, forest areas and grazing lands. This may occur separately or in addition to
physical displacement, causing an incalculable impact on both livelihoods and quality of life.
Eg:he construction of Mone Hydropower Dam in Myanmar led to submergence of 13 villages. The government authorities
deemed that they were not responsible for compensation or relocation allowance to the villagers because the displacement was
not caused by land confiscation but by the flood.
● Environmental degradation and pollution: This leads to a decline in fish catch, agricultural productivity, groundwater
contamination, and other related impacts. These have lasting effects on the health, economy and social lives of individuals a nd
communities as a whole.
Eg:The Damodar River is the major source of water in the regions of West Bengal and Jharkhand and is perhaps the most polluted
river in India as it receives wastes from many industries situated on its banks.
 Communication System
A transport network, or transportation network, is a network or graph in geographic space, describing an
infrastructure that permits and constraints movement or flow.
These networks could be of several types for representing the infrastructure or supply of different modes.
Classification of Roads
• Expressways - Expressway, also called parkway, freeway, superhighway, or motorway, major arterial divided highway
that features two or more traffic lanes in each direction, with opposing traffic separated by a median strip.
• National highways - The National highways in India are a network of trunk roads owned by the Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways which link extreme parts of the country through roadways.
• State highways - The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within
the state and connect them with National Highways or state highways of neighbouring states. These roads are
constructed and managed by the states' Public Works Department.
• Major district roads - Important roads with a district connecting production and market places with each other or with
the main highways.
• Rural and other roads
ROAD SECTION
One important project underway in India at present is for the construction of the Vadodara-
Mumbai Expressway in the State of Gujarat in the west of India. This new route is being built with
four lanes in either direction and will improve transport to and from the city of Mumbai, one of
India’s most important economic centres for trade and industry. When complete, the expressway
will form part of the route connecting India’s capital, Delhi, with Mumbai and will become one of
the most important stretches of road in the country.
The expressway is being built for the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and the route
will be tolled. Its construction will help reduce congestion on existing roads and will boost
capacity, cutting journey times for users.
ISSUES
● Pedestrian and vehicular conflicts due to absence of
well-segregated zones
● Encroachment of pedestrian walkways by vehicles
● Non-inclusive streets for the aged and disabled
● Street elements and amenities are not evenly
distributed.

• Absence of designated walkway zones and pedestrian

crosswalks for pedestrians to walk on the carriageway,
leading to pedestrian-vehicular conflicts.
• Encroachment of pedestrian walkways by vehicles due to
absent barriers/buffers like bollards/guardrails.
• Absence of proper pedestrian walkways for the aged and
differently-abled
Overcrowding
• The Earth has a limited area where people can live and
limited resources.
• It also has limited carrying capacity- the number of
people an area can support on a sustained basis given
the available space, resources and the prevailing
technology.
• Overpopulation occurs when the population of certain
region exceeds the carrying capacity of that region in
terms of the resources required to sustain the
population.
• As population increases, more space is required for
human settlements, and this results in urbanization.
Urban centers tend to be the focal point of economic
activity and therefore many people migrate to big cities.
• As the urban centers get overcrowded, hygiene and
sanitation standards fall as disease and epidemics can
spread rapidly.
WHAT LEADS TO OVERCROWDING?
● A situation whereby a huge number of people live in a small space forms a congestion in urban areas that is consistent because of
overpopulation
● It is an aspect that increases day by day as more people and immigrants move into cities and towns in search of a better life.
● Most people from rural or undeveloped areas always have the urge of migrating into the city that normally leads to congestion of people
within a small area.
● Increased population automatically increases urban areas’ population density. Overpopulation occurs when urban areas contain more
people than the optimal proportion of population to land.
● When urban areas become overcrowded, people start building slums, the roads become very busy with high traffic, public markets and
malls consistently become overcrowded and the competition for resources increases.
● This leads to increased pollution and the destruction of much infrastructure.

WHY IS OVERCROWDING AN ISSUE?

● Depletion of natural resources - As the number or receivers increase the amount of natural resources decrease in that area.
● Degradation of Environment - More exploitation of resources lead to degradation of the environment
● Conflicts and Wars - With more people , stands higher competitors for power and opinions , thus leading to conflicts and wars .
● Rise in Unemployment - More population decreases job vacancies and opportunity for all the people.
● High Cost of Living - With decreased resources , the government starts to collect more tax thus the living cost increases .
● Pandemics and Epidemics - With recent example of covid , we know how overpopulation can cause a pandemic .
● Malnutrition, Starvation and Famine - Families that are poor are not able to meet the high costs and suffer from starvation.
● Water Shortage - Since the natural resources deplete, basic needs like water needs are not met for every area.
● Lower Life Expectancy- Because of high population , poor health conditions , poor quality of life,people tend to have a lower life expectancy .
● Extinction
● Increased Intensive Farming
● Faster Climate Change
What causes EFFECTS
Overcrowding?
● The Decline in the Death Rate ● Pressure on infrastructure
● Agricultural Advancements ● Unemployment
● Better Medical Facilities ● Manpower utilisation
● More Hands to Overcome Poverty ● Resource utilisation
● Child Labor ● Child Labor
● Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment ● Inequitable income distribution
● Immigration ● Decreased production and increased costs
● Lack of Family Planning
● Poor Contraceptives Use

c c
 Sporadic Growth
● This term can be defined as irregular pattern of growth or growth occurring occasionally and scarcely.
● In early days of civilisations, towns and their roads for movement were not planned.
● Public spaces, recreational areas, roads etc. were all made in irregular and random pattern, i.e., they were not centrally
located or were not within almost equal distance from all parts of the city.
● The factor of future expansion wasn’t taken into consideration while making of these cities and towns.

CONSEQUENCES

As a result of sporadic growth following new types of development could

be seen in the areas:

Urban fringe:
● The rural urban fringe is a transition zone between city and country
where rural and urban land use coexist.
● It is the point where land uses for rural and urban intermixes
● It is a transition from agricultural and other rural uses to urban uses.
Urban villages:
An urban village is where the agricultural land of the village is taken up by the government or concerned authorities for
urban development.
These regions provide cheaper living standards and other options.
These settlements attract many migrants who can not afford the luxury city lifestyle.
Urban villages in Indian cities are urbanized villages, that is, original villages that have conformed themselves to the
urbanization around them. In India, they are existing pockets of old villages that have gotten cramped among the rapidly
rising city around them. There are long-term residents who provide continuity.

Munirka village, Delhi Azadpur village, Delhi

 ISSUES
• Unplanned growth hence, mending it in the future developments turns out to be a costly affair.
• Creates problem in the movement in the city, congested roads and alleys, improper housing etc.
• Lack of proper water supply and drainage system.
• No proper disposal of waste making it a potential epicenter for diseases spreading.
• Development of slums.
• Encroachment of industries onto residentials areas.
Conurbation
• A conurbation is a region comprising a number of
metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas
that, through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially
developed area.
• Conurbation refers to the continuous urban growth along
the major transportation line connecting the urban centre.
It has mostly linear growth pattern and is contiguous to
the metropolitan or metropolis city.
• A Conurbation can capture several townships, suburbs,
satellite towns, and may connect two or more mega cities.
This presents a picture of tremendous urban growth along
the arterial lines of the urban autonomy. They are part of
urban ecology, as functionally integrated with the
megalopolis or the larger urban centers. They are
characterized by fused growth pattern and fill-ups.
 • Conurbation term was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915. The
conurbation has resulted in the merging of originally separated
towns, cities, or metropolitan cities. It is formed due to the
agglomeration of a town and adjoining towns or cities.
Conurbation comprises the main city with its satellite towns or
other towns.
• For example –
1) The Mumbai Metropolitan Region, it is comprised of
seven corporation and 15 municipal councils.
2) Delhi NCR region comprises Delhi with the surrounding
districts of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh
• Future conurbation region:
1) Mumbai-Pune
2) Mumbai-Ahmedabad
• There are three types of Conurbation in India:
1) Uni-nuclear Conurbation– Conurbation is the resultant of
a single city
2) Bi-nuclear Conurbation– Conurbation is formed when
two expanding cities merge with each other.
3) Poly-nuclear Conurbation– It is the coalescence of more
than two cities.
THANKYOU