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Research in Daily Life 1
Research in Daily Life 1
PHENOMOENOGICAL QUESTIONS
THREE ELEMENTS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
KEY TERMS EXAMPLES
1. LIVED EXPERIENCE – phenomenology
What is this lived a) What is it like to be
concerns/ helps researchers to apprehend
experience (of a bored?
lived experience within a specific group b) What is it like to
group) around
2. CONSCIOUS PROCESS – experience is a (specific experience a heart
conscious process phenomenon) like? transplant?
3. INTERPRETATIONS – the development of What is it like to c) What is it like to
interpretation of the essence of this experience this experience
experiences. phenomenon or empathy?
event? d) What is it like to
experience pain?
What are the
GOAL OF PHENOMENOLOGY
meanings,
1. TO DESCRIBE… – to describe the meaning structures, and
of this experience – both in term of “What was essence of (a
experienced” and “How it was experienced?” specific
2. TO EXAMINE… – by examining an experience phenomenon) by
as it is subjectively lived, new meaning and (individuals
appreciations can be developed to inform, or experiencing the
even re-orient, how understand that phenomenon)?
experience.
Case study is a design in which the researcher Labor intensive and generates large diverse
develops an in-depth analysis of a case. data sets which can be hard to manage.
Researchers collect detailed information using Case studies are seen by many as a weak
a variety of data collection procedures over a methodology because they only look at one
sustained period (Stake, 1995; Yin, 2009, person or one specific group and aren’t as
2012). broad in their participant selection as other
A case study centers on an individual or a methodologies.
single issue. One advantage of this study is its Case studies cannot always be replicated.
capacity to affect many factors to work out the
unique characteristics of the entity (Meng,
2012; Yin, 2016) TYPES OF CASE STUDY
It is a research methods that allows a
researcher to explore and investigate
complex issues within a specific context DESCRIPTIVE CASE STUDIES – used to describe
observing limited numbers of individuals in an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life
a small geographic area (Mendoza and context in which it occurred.
Melegrito, 2017) EXPLORATORY CASE STUDIES – used to
Case study is an analysis of persons, events, explore those situations in which the intervention
decisions, periods, policies, institutions, or being evaluated has clear, single set of outcomes.
other systems that are studied holistically by
one or more methods; can be descriptive or INTRINSIC CASE STUDIES – the researcher has
explanatory and may be selected for their a personal genuine interest in the case.
uniqueness and not generally for
INSTRUMENTAL CASE STUDIES – used to
representativeness. It examines a
accomplish something other than
phenomenon within its real-life context,
understanding a particular situation. It provides
over an extended period, by doing several in-
insight into an issue or helps to refine a theory.
depth interviews and employing multiple data
sources. It is time-consuming and may be quite EXPLANATORY CASE STUDIES – used if you
costly. were seeking to answer a question that sought to
Stake (1995) and Yin (2003) provided the explain the presumed causal links in real-life
foundation of case study as a constructivist interventions that are too complex for the survey or
approach depends on someone’s experimental strategies.
perspectives, making truth as relative.
COLLECTIVE CASE STUDIES – enables the
researcher to explore differences within and
SOURCES/ METHODS USED IN CASE STUDY between cases. The goal is to replicate findings
across cases. Because the comparisons will be
o Observation drawn, the researcher can predict similar results
o Interview across cases, or predict contrasting results
o Oral recording based on a theory.
o Documents
REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY
CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY
It may be expensive.
Open for biases since the prolonged exposure of
the researcher in the field may develop an
attachment between the researcher and the local
folks.
May become an exposition of narratives rather
than a presentation of “cultural and societal
patterns.”