Basketball Project File - Edited.edited PDF
Basketball Project File - Edited.edited PDF
Basketball 2
Basketball 3
Basketball 4
Contents
Introduction
History
Skills
Height
Injuries in basketball
Terminologies in basketball
Venues in basketball
Awards in basketball
Basketball 5
Awardees in basketball
INTRODUCTION
Basketball is a team sport, the objective being to shoot a ball through a
basket horizontally positioned to score points while following a set of rules.
Usually, two teams of five players play on a marked rectangular court with
a basket at each width end. Basketball is one of the world's most popular
and widely viewed sports.
A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches (46 cm) in
diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to a backboard. A team can
score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during regular
play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is
touching or closer to the basket than the three-point line, and three points
(known commonly as a 3 pointer or three) if the player is behind the three-
point line. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but
additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a draw.
The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or
running (dribbling) or throwing (passing) it to a teammate. It is a violation
to move without dribbling the ball (traveling), to carry it, or to hold the ball
with both hands then resume dribbling (double dribble).
Numerous violations are called "fouls." Disruptive physical contact
(a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is usually awarded to an
offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball. A technical
foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly
for unsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical
foul gives the opposing team a free throw, and the opposing team is also
retained possession of the ball.
Basketball 7
History
Creation
In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a
physical education professor and instructor at the International Young
Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield
College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym
class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his
students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New
England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly
suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed
a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m)
elevated track. In contrast with modern
basketball nets, this peach basket retained
its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved
manually after each "basket" or point
scored; this proved inefficient, however,
so the bottom of the basket was
removed,[4] allowing the balls to be poked
out with a long dowel each time.
Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made
specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s
that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players
and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use.
Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to
teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement.
Basketball 8
College basketball
Basketball's early adherents were
dispatched to YMCAs throughout the
United States, and it quickly spread
through the USA and Canada. By
1895, it was well established at several
women's high schools. While the
YMCA was responsible for initially
developing and spreading the game, within a decade it discouraged the new
sport, as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract from the YMCA's
primary mission. However, other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and
professional clubs quickly filled the void. In the years before World War I,
the Amateur Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of
the United States (forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules
for the game. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was
formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less
rough game. This league only lasted five years.
High school basketball
Before widespread school district consolidation, most American high
schools were far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the
first decades of the 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal
interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel
requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of
professional and college sports, the popularity of high school basketball
was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of
high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, which took the
nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and
earning national recognition.
Basketball 9
Professional basketball
Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of
men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United
States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped
from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls.
Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as the Original
Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance
Five ("Rens") and the (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to two
hundred games a year on their national
tours.
International basketball
The InternationalBasketball
Federation was formed in 1932 by eight
founding nations:
Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy,
Latvia, Portugal, Romania, and
Switzerland. At this time, the organization
only oversaw amateur players. Its
acronym, derived from the
French Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur, was thus "FIBA".
Men's Basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics,
although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States
defeated Canada in the first final, played outdoors. This competition has
usually been dominated by the United States, whose team has won all but
three titles, the first loss in a controversial final game
in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. In 1950 the first FIBA World
Championship for men was held in Argentina. Three years later, the
firstFIBA World Championship for Women was held in Chile. Women's
Basketball 10
beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 meters (20 ft 6 in) from the basket
in international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-
point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is
made.
Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 or 12 minutes (NBA). College
games use two 20-minute halves,[28] while United States high school
varsity games use 8 minute quarters. 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time
break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in the United
States high schools. Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for
high school which is four minutes in length. Teams exchange baskets for
the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is
stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much
longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.
Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done
when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who
oversees the development and strategies of the team,
and other team personnel such as assistant coaches,
managers, statisticians, doctors, and trainers.
For both men's and women's teams, a standard
uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with
a visible number, unique within the team, printed on
both the front and back. Players wear high-
top sneakers that provide extra ankle support.
Typically, team names, players' names, and, outside
of North America, sponsors are printed on the
uniforms.
Basketball 12
Equipment
The only essential equipment in a
basketball game is the ball and the court: a
flat, rectangular surface with baskets at
opposite ends. Competitive levels require
the use of more equipment such as clocks,
score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-
operated stop-clock systems.
Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between
players, thrown, tapped, rolled, or dribbled (bouncing the ball while
running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it
travels out of bounds forfeits possession.
The ball-handler may not step with both feet without dribbling, an
infraction known as traveling, nor dribble with both hands or hold the ball
and resume dribbling, a violation called double dribbling. Any part of the
player's hand cannot be directly under the ball while dribbling; doing so is
known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in
the front half of their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be
the first to touch it. The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist.
Fouls
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through physical contact
is illegal and is called a foul. These are
most commonly committed by defensive
players; however, they can be committed
by offensive players as well. Players who
are fouled either receive the ball to pass
inbounds again or receive one or more free
throws if they are fouled in the act of
shooting, depending on whether the shot
was successful. One point is awarded for
making a free throw, which is attempted
from a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the
basket.
Basketball 14
one player, usually the point guard or shooting guard, run most of the
offense while the other four offensive players get out of his/her way.
Nowadays, teams tend to play with more teamwork. The "Center" position
has evolved to become more of a taller "Small Forward" position. Since
teams play more teamwork, ball movement has evolved with the game, and
more jump shots have been taken as a result.
There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense and man-to-man
defense. In a zone defense, each player is assigned to guard a specific area
of the court. In a man-to-man defense, each defensive player guards a
specific opponent. Man-to-man defense is generally preferred at higher
levels of competition, as it is intuitively easier to understand and avoid
mismatches between players who play different positions. However, zone
defenses are sometimes used in particular situations or simply to confuse
the offense with an unexpected look.
Shooting
The player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either knocked
down or trying to "take a charge."
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball
through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A
player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting
arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the
ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending
the shooting arm. The shooting arm, extended with the wrist fully bent is
held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a
follow-through. Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to
absorb its impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat
controversial, but generally, a proper arc is recommended. Players may
Basketball 16
shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball
into the basket.
Rebounding
The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the
basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the
hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most
possessions end when a team misses a shot. There are two categories of
rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the
offensive side and does not change possession, and defensive rebounds, in
which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority
of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in a better
position to recover missed shots.
Passing
A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are
accompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through
with the hands to ensure accuracy.
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's
chest to the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass involves an outward snap
of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the defense little time to react.
Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer bounces the ball
crisply about two-thirds of the way from his chest to the receiver. The ball
strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver.
The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is
released while over the passer's head.
The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass
after the rebound is the outlet pass.
Basketball 17
Dribbling
Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand and is
a requirement for a player to take steps with the ball. To dribble, a player
pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than
patting it; this ensures greater control.
When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble with the hand
farthest from the opponent, making it more difficult for the defensive
player to get to the ball. It is therefore important for a player to be able to
dribble competently with both hands.
Blocking
A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds
in altering the shot by touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is
illegal to touch the ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is
known as goaltending. It is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA
basketball to block a shot after it has touched
the backboard, or when any part of the ball is
directly above the rim. Under international
rules, it is illegal to block a shot that is in the
downward path of its arc or one that has
touched the backboard until the ball has hit the
rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal
to touch it even though it is no longer
considered as a block performed.
Height
Basketball 18
At the professional level, most male players are above 6 feet 3 inches (1.91
m), and most women are above 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). Guards, for whom
physical coordination and ball-handling
skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest
players. Almost all forwards in the men's
pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) or
taller. Most centers are over 6 feet 10
inches (2.08 m) tall. According to a survey
given to all NBA teams, the average height of all NBA players is just under
6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m), with the average weight being close to 222 pounds
(101 kg). The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol and
Gheorghe Mureşan, who were both 7 feet 7 inches (2.31 m) tall. The tallest
current NBA player is Hasheem Thabeet, who stands at 7 feet 3 inches
(2.21 m). At 7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player
in the history of the WNBA.
Basketball 19
Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United States and
throughout the world. Millions of people participate in the sport at all levels
of competition. Whether you are playing for the neighborhood
championship or the NBA title, you can get injured. Basketball injuries can
be separated into two general categories: overuse injuries and traumatic
injuries.
Overuse injuries
Injuries caused by stressing an area over and over until it is
damaged and begins to hurt are described as overuse
injuries. One such injury is patellar tendinitis, or "jumper's
knee," which is characterized by pain in the tendon just
below the kneecap.
Some basketball players overuse the tendons in their shoulders. The rotator
cuff of the shoulder is composed of four muscles. The tendons that attach
these muscles to the shoulder bones can become inflamed and painful,
Basketball 21
Traumatic injuries are those caused by a sudden forceful injury. One of the
more common traumatic injuries in basketball is jammed fingers. The
severity of a jammed finger can range from a minor injury of the ligaments,
which connect bones, to a broken finger. Splinting may be needed to allow
the injured finger to heal. Another type of traumatic injury is a muscle pull
or tear. In basketball players, these injuries occur primarily in the large
muscles of the legs. To prevent them, stretch your thighs and calves well
and do warm-up exercises before playing.
Ankle sprains
Knee injuries are some of the most serious basketball injuries. One type of
knee injury is a sprain. A knee sprain is a small tear in the ligaments or
joint capsule that is not severe enough to cause your knee to give way. To
help the tear heal, you must protect your knee for a short time by
immobilizing it. After the tear heals, your doctor will prescribe stretching
and strengthening exercises for the muscles that help hold the knee in
place.
Terminologies in basketball
To contribute to basketball conversations, you'll need to learn the language.
Below is a list of the most common basketball terms and phrases alongside
their definitions.
International basketball has never been better than it is today. Forty or fifty
years ago, the United States was the only true power in the basketball
world. However, that has changed as the game has grown, spreading to
more and more countries than ever before. This is particularly true in the
men’s game, but the women’s game is slowly catching up. Here we are
going to take a look at five of the biggest basketball tournaments in the
world today:
Slowly, this is becoming the trend around the world. The Olympics are a
big deal in terms of basketball because of the marker that was laid down by
the American Dream Team when professionals first became eligible to
play.
EuroLeague– the EuroLeague is essentially the basketball version of the
UEFA Champions League, a very prestigious soccer competition contested
between teams from various European nations. Much like its soccer
counterparts, the EuroLeague is also made up of teams from various
countries. To qualify for the EuroLeague, teams usually have to win their
national basketball championship. For example, Barcelona would have to
win the Spanish League title to play. This means that only the best teams,
or the teams that were the best in the previous season, will make the
tournament. This provides fans a great opportunity to see contrasting styles
meeting one another, and it is also great practice for the players as they
prepare for potentially going to the Olympics or FIBA World Cup. Each
season, 16 teams take part in the tournament to determine who is Europe’s
best basketball team. The format sees every team play the other in a home
and away format. The top eight in the standings will then qualify for the
next round.
With the NBA expanding more and more, the whole basketball world could
be changed over the next few years. In the past, there has been talking of a
super league where the NBA would play other European teams, but it's
Basketball 26
hard to see that happening, as it looks like the NBA is just determined to
sign all of the top talent. Each of these tournaments is huge and very
important to win, and they've all got their little niche group to look out for.
The last decade has seen a drastic increase in the participation of other
sports than cricket in India. Since the success of the Indian Premier League
in Cricket, Federations are coming up with similar tournaments across the
Nation to attract talent, recognition, and support- both in-country and
Internationally. Achievements in Basketball, Hockey, Football, Badminton,
Tennis, and other sports are not going unnoticed and unappreciated.
Basketball has been in India since the 1930s. The National Basketball
Championship for Men was the first major tournament to be conducted in
1934, New Delhi. The BFI- Basketball Federation of India was formed in
1950 and constantly sends the Indian Men and Women National teams for
various Basketball tournaments across Asia and the World. India's best
performance came as 4th place that they achieved in the 1975 FIBA
Asia Championships. Furthermore, they participated in the 1980 Summer
Olympics where they came 12th.
The National Basketball team has failed to qualify for the FIBA World
Championships, 2019. However, recent years have seen steady progress. In
Basketball 27
National Championship
Basketball 28
Federation Cup
The ISBL and the ISCL are two new leagues to promote basketball at the
grassroots levels in various schools and colleges in India. It is a self-
sustaining structured system that serves the platform to increase organized
basketball participation at the grassroots level. Subsequently, this serves as
the talent development system for the Indian National Teams. These
leagues last for up to a period of around 6-8 weeks. Each team plays only
one match every week since it is a league and not a tournament. Also, the
School Leagues have certain regulations which help every player to get a
good amount of playing time to showcase their talent. Firstly, it begins with
the State Championship. Whose winners then participate in the Indian
School & College Basketball Leagues – National Championship.
The number of teams participating in each League will be 16, except in the
case of Union territories where 8 teams in each group/section must
participate. Teams are then divided into groups of 8 and follow the league
cum knock-out format at both- state and national levels. Each team plays
all the other teams in the group. Each team plays at least once per weak
over a minimum of 6 week period. The age limit for participation in ICBL
is under 25 years, whereas for ISBL it is under 19 years.
Invitational Tournaments
Venues in basketball
Philippine Arena
The Philippine Arena, the world's biggest basketball venue, is located in
Bulacan, Philippines. A South Korean company, Hanwha Engineering, and
Construction began the construction in August 2011 and completed it on
May 30, 2014, before it was fully inaugurated on July 21, 2014.
Carrier Dome
Carrier Dome is located in Syracuse, New York, and is home to the
Syracuse Orange men and women basketball teams. The arena's highest
capacity during a basketball game is 35,446 but has a maximum seating
capacity of 49,250.
Araneta Coliseum
The Smart Araneta Coliseum popularly known as the Big Dome is part of
the Araneta Center in Quezon City, Philippines. The 25,000 capacity
basketball arena was constructed between 1957 and 1959 and remains one
of the largest clear-span domes in the world. It sits on a total area of
430,000 sq ft and has a floor area of 250,000 sq ft..
Rupp Arena
Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, U.S, is part of the Lexington Center
and serves as the home of University of Kentucky men's basketball. It is the
largest arena in the US specifically made for basketball with an official
capacity of 23,500. bleacher bench seats.
Other Notable Basketball Arenas
Other large basketball arenas include the 23,377 capacity Greensboro
Coliseum Complex in Greensboro, United States, the KFC Yum! Center
with a capa city of 22,090.
Basketball 31
Awards
Team Awards:
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
NBA & ABA Season Awards:
Most Valuable Player Award
Rookie of the Year Award
Defensive Player of the Year Award
Sixth Man of the Year Award
Most Improved Player Award
Teammate of the Year Award
Finals Most Valuable Player Award
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
Comeback Player of the Year Award
Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award
Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award
Coach of the Year Award
Executive of the Year Award
Awardees
Sarabjit Singh -1961-Arjuna Award
Khushi Rm-1967-Arjuna Award
Gurdial Singh-1968-Arjuna Award
Hav. Hari Dutt -1969-Arjuna Award
Basketball 32
Tim Duncan
Shaquille O’Neal
Chris Urso/AP
Basketball 34
Larry Bird
Bill Russell
Oscar Robertson
Wilt Chamberlain
Magic Johnson
Michael Jordan
LeBron James
Basketball 35