Table Of Content

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background of the study

1.1 Introduction of the study

1.2 Definitions of terms
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Problem of the study
1.5 Case of study and Methodology
CHAPTER TWO
2.O Literature review
2.1 Internet connectivity penetration in Nigeria
2.2 Cyber security
2.3 Internet connectivity penetration in Nigeria and cyber security
2.4 Nigeria Cyber security Threat
2.5 Cyber security risk
2.6 Cyber security attack
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background

Vision 2020 envisages improved socio-economic activities in Nigeria through

the useof Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Similarly, recent
developments in telecommunications and Internet expansion occasioned by
introduction of undersea fibre optics, has resulted in improved use of the Internet for
social and business activities in Nigeria. The country is operating progressively and
actively in cyberspace.
Cyberspace has become an essential component of 21st century activities. As critical
and non-critical activities are increasingly migrating to cyberspace, globalisation and
the increasing interdependence of nations has also put significant pressure on
nations to continuously look for ways of ensuring that the domain remains safe for
players utilizing it for social, economic and development purposes.
The purpose of the national cyber security policy is multifaceted. It considers the
versatile landscape, the various stakeholders involved, and the threats posed by
individuals and groups out there which take an undue advantage of users. Similarly,
measures necessary to address national challenges come from an articulated
approach, which must take into consideration the peculiarities and international
commitments of the country.

1.1 Introduction

From business, industry, government to not-for-profit organizations, the internet has

simplified business processes such as sorting, summarizing, coding, editing,
customized and generic report generation in a real-time processing mode. However,
it has also brought unintended consequences such as criminal activities, spamming,
credit card frauds, ATM frauds, phishing, identity theft and a blossoming haven for
cybercriminal miscreants to perpetrate their insidious acts.[13] This paper hopes to
paint a developing scenario of the evolution of new type of war - the internet
cybercrime - which will cause destruction of greater magnitude than the two past
world wars- if not properly nipped in the bud. It has been established that Nigeria is
an impressionable country. The advent of the internet to her was both welcome and
full of disadvantages. The exceptional outbreak of cyber-crime in Nigeria in recent
times was quite alarming, and the negative impact on the socio-economy of the
country is highly disturbing.
Over the past twenty years, immoral cyberspace users have continued to use the
internet to commit crimes; this has evoked mixed feelings of admiration and fear in
the general populace along with a growing unease about the state of cyber and
personal security. This phenomenon has seen sophisticated and extraordinary
increase recently and has called for quick response in providing laws that would
protect the cyber space and its users.
The first recorded cyber murder was committed in the United States seven years ago.
According to the Indian Express, January 2002, an underworld don in a hospital was
to undergo a minor surgery. His rival went ahead to hire a computer expert who
altered his prescriptions through hacking the hospital’s computer system. He was
administered the altered prescription by an innocent nurse, this resulted in the death
of the patient.[10] Statistically, all over the world, there has been a form of cyber-
crime committed every day since 2006.[15] Prior to the year 2001, the phenomenon
of cyber-crime was not globally associated with Nigeria. This resonates with the fact
that in Nigeria we came into realization of the full potential of the internet right about
that time. Since then, however, the country has acquired a world-wide notoriety in
criminal activities, especially financial scams, facilitated through the use of the
Internet.[14] Nigerian cyber criminals are daily devising new ways of perpetrating
this form of crime and the existing methods of tracking these criminals are no longer
suitable for to deal with their new tricks. The victims as well show increasing naivety
and gullibility at the prospects incited by these fraudsters.[18] Since the issue of
cyber security is raising a number of questions in the minds of Nigerians, it is only
fair that we answer these questions. This paper seeks to give an overview of cyber-
crime and cyber-security, outline some challenges and proffer solutions.

1.2 Definition of study

Cyber-security is the body of technology, processes and practices designed to
protect networks, computers, programs and data from attacks, damage, or authorized
access. In the computing or cyber context, the word security simply implies Cyber-
security.

1.3 Purpose of study

The following are the objectives of Cyber-security.
 To help people reduce the vulnerability of their Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) systems and networks.
 To help individuals and institutions develop and nurture a culture of cyber
security.
 To work collaboratively with public, private and international entities to secure
cyberspace.
 To help understand the current trends in IT/cybercrime, and develop effective
solutions.
 Availability.
 Integrity, which may include authenticity and non-repudiation.
 Confidentiality.
1.4 Problems of study
Tunji Ogunleye, an ICT security consultant and a member of Nigeria
Cyber Crime Working Group (NCWG) disclosed that the rate of e-crime in
Nigeria has outgrown the rate of Internet usage in the country. He said Nigeria
is the 56th out of 60 countries embracing Internet usage but third in the fraud
attempt category. We are tempted to ask why there is such an upsurge of e-
crime in Nigeria and what are the factors that made Nigerians so vulnerable to
e-crime?
• Domestic and international law enforcement: A hostile party using an
Internet connected computer thousands of miles away can attack internet-
connected computers in Nigeria as easily as if he were next door. It is often
difficult to identify the perpetrator of such an attack, and even when a
perpetrator is identified, criminal prosecution across national boundaries is
problematic.
• Unemployment: The spate of unemployment in Nigeria is alarming and
growing by the day. Companies are folding up and financial institutions are
going bankrupt. The federal government has proposed a mass sack of
government workers. Companies are also embarking on mass sacks of staff.
Financial institutions have put unreasonable age barriers on who is eligible to
apply for jobs and embarked on mass lay-offs of staff based on ad-hoc
decisions.
• Poverty Rate: On the global scale, Nigeria is regarded as a third world
country. The poverty rate is ever increasing. The rich are getting richer and the
poor are getting poorer. Insufficient basic amenities and an epileptic power
supply have grounded small scale industries.
 • Corruption: Nigeria was ranked third among the most corrupt countries in
the world. Until 1999, corruption was seen as a way of life in Nigeria.
• Lack of Standards and National Central Control: Charles Emeruwa, a
consultant to Nigeria Cyber Crime Working Group (NCCWG), said lack of
regulations, standards and computer security and protection act are hampering
true e-business. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and foreign outsourcing are
encouraging computer misuse and abuse.
• Lack of Infrastructure: Proper monitoring and arrest calls for sophisticated
state of the art Information and Communication Technology devices.
• Lack of National Functional Databases: National database could serve as a
means of tracking down the perpetrators of these heinous acts by checking into
past individual records and tracing their movements.
• Proliferation of Cybercafés: As a means of making ends meet, many
entrepreneurs have taken to establishment of cybercafés that serve as blissful
havens for the syndicates to practice their acts through night browsing service
they provide to prospective customers without being guided or monitored.
• Porous Nature of the Internet: The Internet is free for all with no central
control. Hence, the state of anarchy presently experienced.

1.5 Case of study and methodology

As of 2018, the Global Web Index reported Nigeria’s population to be 203.6
million, with 169.2 million (83 percent) having mobile phone connections. 89.49
million (42 percent) are internet users and 27 million (13 percent) are active social
media users. The digital growth indicators in 2020 from that of 2019 indicate an
increase of 5.1 million (2.6 percent) million in Nigerian population. These figure
indicate an important threshold in the study of internet and digital communication in
Nigeria.
This work adopts and expands the on the “National Security of Developing States”
model postulated by Muthiah Alagappa (1987), presented and discussed below. We
did so for three reasons. The first has to do with the chain of values and clear
illustrations that are depicted in the diagram for easy grasp of the concepts involved,
namely, national security and possible vulnerabilities and threats. Secondly, previous
studies on our case have used other theories, such as political realism, collective
security, foreign policy analysis, and other related frameworks, but none of them
refer to this framework, clearly demonstrating the innovative nature, contribution,
and new ideas proposed by this study.