CASE STUDY-1:

Muslin is a type of cotton textile which had its origin in Bengal, particularly, places in and around
Dhaka. Daccai Muslin had gained world wide fame as an exquisite type of cotton textile. The finest
variety of muslin was called malmal. Foreign travelers also used to refer to it as malmal shahi or
malmal khas meaning that it was worn by or fit for, the royalty.

Questions:

1. What was Muslin refer to?

2. For whom was that special kind of Muslin made for?

3. What kind of growth does Industrial sector had andwhy?

4. Dhaka is the capital of _______________.

CASE STUDY-2:

Before colonial period, India was exporting manufactured goods which enjoyed worldwide demand.
Under the colonial rule, India was reduced to a supplier of raw materials like jute, cotton, indigo,
wool, sugar etc. and importer of finished consumer goods like silk and woollen clothes and light
machinery manufactured in the factories of Britain. Additionally, the opening of Suez Canal
intensified this control of Britishers over Indian foreign trade.The remaining volume of foreign trade
was allowed with a handful of countries namely China, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Persia (Iran).
Interestingly, even this trade was heavily monitored by the colonials. As a matter of fact, there was a
large generation of export surplus under the British Raj. India was a large exporter in the colonial
period. However, it did not affect the country’s economy. Commodities like food grains, clothes,
kerosene hit the country hard with its scarcity. Ironically, this export surplus never made its way to
India. It was used to make payments for an office set up in Britain, war expenses of the British and
import of invisible items. Such brutalities eventually led to the dawn of a rising foreign trade aspect
of India

Questions: 1. How did the opening of suez canal help the Britishers?

2. The export surplus was used for the welfare of Indian Industry. (True/ False)

3. Name the countries with which India had Foreign Trade.

4. What is the reason for shortage of food grains?

Case study -3

Before 1947 ,?More than 90% of the national income relied on the Indian agriculture sector. A
significant portion of the country’s population resided in rural areas where agriculture was the
primary source of livelihood. The pre -colonised India produced primary two crops ,wheat and rice.
Even if it was only two types of crops, country's agriculture sector was sustainable and self
sufficient.The British invasion resulted in total commercialization of India's agriculture industry. On
the eve of independence the once most prominent sector of this country was known to be suffering
from stagnation and constant degradation.
Questions: 1. What is meant by commercialization of agriculture?

(a) Production of crop for sale in the market (b) Production of crop for self consumption

(c) None (d) Both

2. Reason for low productivity in agriculture sector

(a) HYV seeds (b) Low level of technology

(c) Improved irrigation system (d) All of these

3. Which of the following statements are correct with reference to the Zamindari system.

(i) The profit accruing out of the agriculture sector was proposed to go to the cultivators.

(ii) The main interest of the zamindar’s was only to Collect rent regardless of the economic condition
of the cultivators.

(a) Both are correct (b) Both are incorrect

(c) (i)correct (ii) incorrect (d) (ii)correct (i) incorrect

4.What was the main reason for the stagnation in the agriculture sector under the British rule?

Case study - 4

The rule of the British in India is possibly the most controversial and the most hotly debated aspect
of the history of the British Empire. Admirers of British rule point to the economic developments, the
legal and administrative system, and the fact that India became the centre of world politics. Critics of
British rule generally point out that all of these benefits went to a tiny British ruling class and the
majority of Indians gained little. Admirers of British rule counter this by saying that most Indians
were poor and oppressed by their own leaders before the British arrived, and that British rule was
less harsh on ordinary Indians than rule by Indian princes. Perhaps the main reason why the
arguments are so heated and so complex is that India was very different from the other territories
that made up the empire. North America and Australia, for example, were sparsely populated and
their populations were less economically developed than Britain. India, however, had a huge
population and was just as developed as Britain in the 1700s when the British arrived. The British
were able to take control of India mainly because India was not united. The British signed treaties
and made military and trading alliances with many of the independent states that made up India.
The British were very effective at infiltrating these states and gradually taking control of trade. They
often left the local princes in charge of the various parts of India. These local princes were effective
at maintaining British rule and gained much from being loyal to the British.

Questions:

1. Mention any one positive impact of British rule except the ones mentioned in above

2. Huge population of India in 1700 proved to be a ___________ (liability/ asset) for the country.
3. The British were very effective at infiltrating these states and gradually taking control of trade.
How according to you, British turned trade in their favour?

4. ‘British rule was less harsh on ordinary Indians than rule by Indian princes’. Do you agree with
statement?

Case study: 5

By the time India won its independence the impact of the the two century long British colonial rule
was already showing on all aspects of the Indian economy. The agricultural sector was already
saddled with surplus labour an extremely low productivity. The industrial sector was crying for or
modernization diversification, capacity building and increased public investment. Foreign trade was
oriented to feed the industrial revolution in Britain.

Questions: 1. The main reason for stagnation in agriculture during British rule was :

(a). Land settlement system (b). De industrialization

(c). Lack of technology (d). Commercialization of agriculture

2. Which industry received the major setback during the colonial rule?

(a). Cement (b). Handicraft (c). Paper (d). Iron in steel

3. At the time of independence Indian industry was crying for modernization due to

(a). Lack of capital goods industries during British rule (b). Adverse effects of decline of handicraft
industry (c). Limited role of public sector (d). None of these

4. Foreign trade was oriented to feed the industrial revolution in Britain as India became an
__________ of primary products and an ______of finished consumer goods.

Case study 6

CASE STUDY-1: Criticism on the effects of the green revolution include the cost for many small
farmers using HYV seeds, with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and
pesticides. A case study is found in India, where farmers are buying Monsanto BT cotton seeds—sold
on the idea that these seeds produced 'non natural insecticides'. In reality, they need to still pay for
expensive pesticides and irrigation systems, which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the
change from traditional seed varieties. Many farmers have difficulty in paying for the expensive
technologies, especially if they have a bad harvest. These high costs of cultivation push rural farmers
to take out loans—typically at high interest rates. Over-borrowing commonly entraps farmers into a
cycle of debt. On top of this, India's liberalized economy further exacerbates the farmers's economic
conditions. Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva writes that this is the "second Green Revolution".
The first Green Revolution, she suggests, was mostly publicly funded (by the Indian Government).
Farmer's financial issues have become especially apparent in Punjab, where its rural areas have
witnessed an alarming rise in suicide rates. Excluding the countless unreported cases, there has been
estimated to be a 51.97% increase in the number of suicides in Punjab in 1992–93, compared to the
recorded 5.11% increase in the country as a whole. According to a 2019 Indian news report,
indebtedness continues to be a grave issue affecting Punjabi people today, demonstrated by the
more than 900 recorded farmer committed suicide in Punjab in the last two years.

Questions: 1. The green revolution include the cost for many small farmers using ________ seeds,
with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides.

2. There has been estimated to be a 51.97% increase in the number of suicides in Punjab in 1992–93.
(True or False).

3. This new Green Revolution, she says, is driven by private (and foreign) interest—notably MNCs
like Monsanto—as encouraged by the: (a) Communism context (b) Liberal context (c) Neoliberal
context (d) None of these

4. According to a 2019 Indian news report, indebtedness continues to be a grave issue affecting
Punjabi people today, demonstrated by the more than ____ recorded farmer committed suicide in
Punjab in the last two years.

Case study 7

The industrial sector became well diversified by 1990, largely due to public sector. It was no longer
restricted to cotton textiles and jute. It also included engineering goods and a wide range of
consumer goods . The industrial sector increased in the period from 11.8 % in 1950- 51 to 24.6 in
1990 – 91. This rise in industry’s share of GDP is an important indicator of development. It gave
opportunities to people with small capital to get into business. New investment opportunities helped
in generating more employment. It promoted growth with equity.

Questions:

1. After independence the number of industrial policies declared till now are:

(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 5 2.

2.“Small capital to get into business “ in the above case refers to an investment in the fixed capital
upto Rs. _________.

(a) Rs 5 Crore (b) Rs 15 Crore (c) Rs 1 Crore (d) Rs 10 Lakh

3. Growth with equity is ___________________

(a) To ensure Social Justice (b) To ensure equality

(c) Rural Development (d) Urban Development

4. The industrial sector got well diversified by 1990, due to ________________

(a) Private Sector (b) Public Sector (c) FDI (d) All of the Above

Case study:8

Developed countries have been trying to pursue developing countries to liberalize the trade and
allow more flexibility in business policies to provide equal opportunities to multinational firms in
their domestic market. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank helped them in this
endeavour. Liberalization began to hold its foot on barren lands of developing countries like India by
means of reduction in excise duties on electronic goods in a fixed time frame. Indian government did
the same and liberalized the trade and investment due to the pressure from World Trade
Organization. Import duties were cut down phase-wise to allow MNC’s operate in India on equality
basis. As a result globalization has brought to India new technologies, new products and also the
economic opportunities.

Questions:

1. ____________facilitates International Trade through removal of tariffs as well as non tariff

2. India had compulsion to introduce reforms as dictated by (a). World Bank (b). IMF (c). both a and
b (d). None of the above

3. Why was Indian economy liberalized in 1991?

4. Trade liberalization benefits developed countries more than developing economies. (True / False)

CASE STUDY: 9

Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing to growth by their active
involvement in the growth process.This is possible through a process of social mobilisation,
encouraging poor people to participate and get them empowered. This will also help in creating
employment opportunities which may lead to increase in levels of income, skill development, health
and literacy.

Questions:

1. Which one of the following are categorised as “most poor” ?

(a) Chronic poor (b) Occasionally Poor (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

2. The incidence of poverty is greater in rural areas. ( True / False )

3. Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the ________ start contributing to growth
process. (Rich / Poor) 4. Define the concept of jobless growth.

Case study: 10

The planning commission constituted an expert group under the chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan
in June 2012 to ' Review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty '. The Rangarajan Committee
submitted its report in June 2014. It recommended separate consumption baskets for rural and
urban areas. According to the recommended methodology of Rangarajan Committee, the Tendulkar
national rural Poverty line has been raised from Rs.816 per capita per month at 2011-12 prices to Rs.
972 per capita per month the Tendulkar national urban Poverty line from Rs.1000 per capita per
month at 2011-12 prices to Rs.1407.

Questions:
1. The government uses------------- as proxy for income of households to identify the poor.

2. Based on the monetary value ( per capita expenditure) of the minimum calorie intake, in 2011-12,
the Poverty line was defined for rural areas as consumption worth---------- per person a month and
for urban areas, it was -----------.

3. The average calories required per person in urban area is (a). 2400 (b).2100 (c). 2500 (d). 2150

4. When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people below the Poverty line, it is
known as---------

(a).Headcount ratio (b). Worker- population ratio (c). Capital-gain ratio (d). None of these

Case study:11

Human Capital and Human Development are related concepts, but certainly not identical. Human
capital is a means to an end. Human capital is a means in the sense that it consists of 'skills' as used
in the process of production. It consists of 'kn owhow ', abilities and expertise used as inputs in the
production activity. Increase in productivity (referring to output per unit of input) is the end result.
Thus, we want to achieve higher and higher levels of output through extensive and intensive
application of human capital. Human development is an end itself It refers to development of the
individuals as valuable personalities by acquiring good education and attaining good health. Human
development occurs when more and more individuals in a society are educated, healthy and skill-
oriented

Questions:

1. Human development occurs when more and more individuals in a society are educated, healthy
and skill-oriented (a). skill-oriented (b). educated (c). healthy (d). all of the above

2. Differentiate between human development and human capital.

3. Human development is a means to an end. (true/false)

4. Human development is an end itself It refers to development of the individuals as valuable

Case study 12

In agriculture, due to long time gap between crop sowing and realisation of income,farmers are in
strong need for credit.Farmers need money to meet initial investment on seeds, fertilisers,
implements and other family expenses of marriage, death,religious ceremonies, etc. So, credit is one
of the important factors, which contribute to agricultural production. An efficient and effective rural
credit delivery system is crucial for raising agricultural productivity and incomes.

Questions:
1. Which one of the following is not a non-institutional source of credit? (a) Money lenders (b) Co-
operative Credit (c) Traders and commission agents (d) Land development bank

2. __________ ( NABARD/ RBI) is the Apex Bank which coordinates the functioning of different
financial institutions, working for expansion of rural credit.

3. Regulated markets were organised to protect the farmers from the malpractices of consumers.
(True/ False)

4. What is the main aim of co-operative marketing societies?

Case study: 13

Rural Development is the key issue with the government . Without the development of rural areas
India can not increase its growth to desired level. Rural development does not mean only to develop
its agriculture marketing and credit but also to develop education , training and infrastructure in
rural areas. The government has launched many programmes especially of provision of credit and
marketing facilities. The farmers often have shortage of funds. Farmers generally go to non
institutional sources for their short term and long term loans. But farmers are generally exploited. To
help them government started provided loan through commercial banks and also an apex bank
named NABARD was established in 1982. Government is also making efforts to improve agricultural
marketing by removing the role of intermediaries where farmers can directly sell their produce to
seller without involving any commission agent or middlemen.

Questions:

1. SHG’s (a) Self Higher Group (b) Social Help Group (c) Self Help Group (d) None

2. NABARD is established in the year ______ (1982/1992).

3. When a sale is made under unfavourable conditions for seller is termed as _________.

4.Non farm activities are promoted by government for:

(a) regular income to farmer (b) addressing the problem of disguised unemployment

(c) reducing pressure on land (d) All of the above