History 6 EM

For Class 6
BALOCHISTAN TEXTBOOK BOARD, QUETTA

In the name of ALLAH the most Beneficent and the most Merciful
HISTORY
For Class VI
Publisher:
Himmat Publications, Patel Road Quetta
for
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Authors: Kaleem Ullah Taran, Editor: Mehrun Nisa Khan

Mrs. Zakira Noreen Translation: Azmat Hussain Butt
Abdul Majeed Khan Ghazanfar Ali
Miss Munawara Rehman Abdul Ghafoor
Muhammad Asif Abdul Khaliq Bughlani
Mrs. Aosaf Latif
Supervision:
Mrs. Aosaf Latif (Subject Specialist)
Layout Design: Composing:

Muhammad Ali Raza Toqeer Ahmad
Printers: Prepared By:

------------------------- Himmat Publications, Quetta
CONTENTS
Chapter Topics Page Chapter Topics Page
1 Indus Valley Civilization 1-14 2.8 Gupta’s Reign 26

1.1 History and its significance 2 2.9 Harsha’s Reign 27
1.2 Indus Valley Civilization 2 2.10 Important Principalities/ States 27
(i) Important cities of Indus Valley 3
Civilization 3 Muslims in South Asia-I 32-47
(ii) Relations with other 6 3.1 Arrival of Arabs to South Asia 33
contemporary civilizations 3.2 Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi 36
1.3 Religious Beliefs 7 3.3 Shahab-u-din Muhammad Ghauri 37
1.4 Social System 8 3.4 Slave dynasty (1206-1290 AD) 39
1.5 Economic Activities 9 (i) Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak 40
1.6 Town Planning and Architecture 10 (ii) Sultan Shams-u-Din Iltutmush 41
1.7 Causes and Consequences of 11 (iii) Razia Sultana 42
the decline of Indus Valley (iv) Sultan Nasir-u-Din Mahmud 42
Civilization (v) Ghiasuddin Bulban 43
2 The Aryan Era 15-31 4 Muslims in South Asia-II 48-62

2.1 The Aryan’s: Origins and their 16 4.1 Khalji Dynasty 49
arrival in India (i) Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji 49
2.2 Social System 17 (ii) Sultan Allaudin Khilji 50
2.3 Economic Activities 17 (iii) Mubarak Shah Khilji 51
2.4 Religious Beliefs 18 4.2 Tughluq Dynasty 52
(i) Hinduism 18 (i) Sultan Ghiasuddin Tughluq 52
(ii) Buddhism 19 (ii) Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq 53
(iii) Jainism 20 (iii) Feroz Shah Tughluq 53
(iv) The difference between 20 (iv) Ameer Taimur 55
Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism 21 4.3 Syed Dynasty 56
2.5 Gandhara Civilization 21 4.4 Lodhi Dynasty 56
2.6 Alexander the Great 22 (i) Sultan Behlol Lodhi 56
2.7 Establishment of Mauryan 25 (ii) Sikandar Lodhi 57
Government (iii) Ibrahim Lodhi 57
CONTENTS
Chapter Topics Page Chapter Topics Page
4.5 Causes of the Downfall of 58 Glossary 78-80
Salateen-e-Delhi
4.6 Establishment of Independent 59
Principalities
5 Socio-Cultural Developments 63-77
(711-1526)
5.1 Sufism and its impacts 64

(i) Hazrat Ali Bin Usman Hajvari 65
(ii) Hazrat Khawaja Moin-u-Din 66
Chishti
(iii) Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar 66
Ganj
(iv) Hazrat Bahau-din Zakaria 67
(v) Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar 67
(vi) Hazrat Shaikh Nizam-u-Din 68
Auliya
5.2 Muslim Culture 68
5.3 Administrative Structure of 72
Salateen-e-Delhi
Chapter
Indus Valley
1
Civilization
Student Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, students will be able to:
1. Explain the Indus Valley Civilization in terms of its time scale.
2. Pinpoint its strategic location on the map.
3. Pinpoint on the map the land and sea routes through which it
established contact with other civilizations, e.g., Mesopotamian,
Sumerian, Nile Valley civilizations, etc.
4. Evaluate the religious belief system of the Indus Valley
Civilizations.
5. Discuss the structure and salient features of the society in terms of
its egalitarian nature.
6. Emphasize the peaceful nature of the society - as indicated by the
absence of weapons of warfare and tools for hunting.
7. Explain the absence of horse and the presence of bull as the
chief insignia of the Indus Valley Civilization.
8. Describe the agricultural patterns of the Indus Valley Civilization.
9. Highlight the trading activities, especially with reference to their
commercial exchanges with other civilizations.
10. Discuss the unique contribution of the Indus Valley Civilization in
terms of town planning and architecture, especially their drainage
system, kiln manufacturing, storage system, etc.
11. Explain how the migrating hordes with superior weapons and
warhorses pushed the local inhabitants (Dravidians) to South
further and further over a period of three hundred years.
12. Discuss the consequences of the Invasion: emergence of a new
ruling race, society and civilization.
01
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
1.1 History and its Significance
The word “History” is derived from the Greek word “Historia”,
which means, ”Inquiry”. Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus (484BC-
425BC) is known to be the father of history.
Oxford dictionary defines history as “all the events that happened in
the past” especially the political, social or economic development of a
nation.
We can say that history is such an organized study of past in which
past events, their causes and effects can be examined. The study of history
helps develop an awareness that enables a man to understand easily his
present and predict about future. The knowledge of history enables a man to
construct a better and brighter future in the light of the historical events. One
can trace the evolutionary changes taken place in socio-political and
economic systems, traditions and civilizations of any nation with the help of
history.
Many nations of the world declined after reaching the height of
glory. In the same manner, traces of civilization of different nations are
spread across the whole world. Archaeologists have been trying to collect
information about such civilizations.
Tehzeeb (civilization) is an Arabic word which means to propagate

good manners and training.
1.2 Indus Valley Civilization

Indus valley civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of the
world. It is called Indus valley civilization because it flourished in the areas
which were irrigated by River Indus and its tributaries. Thousands of years
ago Indus valley civilization was considered one of the most developed
civilizations of the world. This civilization was promoted and flourished by
Dravidians. Dravidians were peace loving people, having strong body,
short in stature, with flat nose and black complexion. The Indus valley
civilization had progressed for almost 2500 years, due to its individuality
and beauty, reached to its glory and then eventually declined.
02
The ruins of this civilization have been discovered in different areas
of Pakistan. Worth mentioning are the ruins of Mahar Garh in Balochistan,
Mohenjo Daro, Kot Deigi in Sindh and Harappa in punjab.
Islamabad
Harappa
Area of Sindh Valley

New Cities
Old Regions
New Country Border
Rivers
Dry Rivers
The Indus valley civilization in terms of its time scale.

The history of Indus valley civilization can be divided into three
periods:
i. Early Period (3300-2600 BC) during this period, this civilization
started making progress.
ii. Middle Period (2600-1900 BC) during this period this civilization
flourished tremendously.
iii. Last Period (1900-300 BC) during this period this civilization
declined.
1.2.1 Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization.
i) Mohenjo-Daro
ii) Harappa
iii) Mahergarh
03
i) Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro is situated at a
distance of 27 km from district Larkana, in
Sindh province. In 1922, during the
excavation of mounds at Mohenjo-Daro,
under the supervision of an English
archaeologist, Sir John Marshal, a splendid
city was discovered. Archaeologists
estimate that this city existed five thousand
years ago and ruined later.
Picture of the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro
The city of Mohenjo-Daro was constructed with proper planning.
There were houses, roads, markets, granaries, (stoops) round terraces and
streets in the city. Houses were constructed in one row. The city consisted of
many rectangular blocks, having long and short streets in them. The houses
had doors which opened in alleys. There was usually a room for watchmen
at the front of the houses. There was usually a well in the room close by the
street. There was usually a bathroom few yards away from the well, having
floor made of baked bricks. For sewerage system, drains of solid bricks
were made. There was underground sewerage system for draining the
waste, out of the city. Wood was used for making the roofs of the houses.
The important buildings of Mohenjo-Daro included, Buddha's stoopa, Fort,
pond, palace and granaries.
Literally Mohenjo-Daro means, “The city of the deads.” Before its destruction it
was a fertile city by River Indus.
ii) Harappa
Harappa is another city of the ancient civilization of Indus valley,
which was situated at the bank of River Ravi. The ruins of this city have
been discovered at the distance of 24 Km from District Sahiwal, in Punjab
province. These ruins are found at the distance of 4 km to the North of
Harappa railway station. In 1946, during the excavation at Harappa the
ruins which were unearthed resemble a lot to those found at Mohenjo-Daro.
04
It is believed that Harappa existed 4500 or 5000 years ago and about two or
two thousand years ago it was ruined. This place was also very fertile. It was
a big city and its people were prosperous. The ruins of Harappa consist of
Fort, city wall, houses, streets, roads, round terraces. and granaries.
The distance between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa is 650 Km, but the
relics indicate that they both belonged to the same civilization. Their
architecture, dresses and other hobbies resembled to one another to a great
extent.
Ruins of Harappa
iii) Maher Garh

The ruins of Maher Garh are found in the areas of Quetta, Dhadar and
Sibi, near Bolan Pass, in Balochistan province. The excavation started here
in 1974. According to the archaeologists agriculture was the main
occupation of the majority of the people. People used to live in mud houses
and used to rear cattle. Archaeological sites indicate that before the
destruction of this city, a central government existed there and people were
very prosperous.
05
Ruins of Maher Garh
In Maher Garh, in an area of two square Km, the ruins of a village

have been discovered, dated back to 7000 BC. These ruins are
considered to be one of the most ancient civilizations of the world, due
to its unique nature.
1.2.2 Relations with other contemporary civilizations
The marks of ancient civilizations can be traced at the banks of rivers
and sea-shores. Among other contemporary civilizations of Indus valley,
Mesopotamia (Iraq), Sumeria and Nile valley civilizations are the
prominent ones. The traces of these civilizations indicate that a central form
of government was established there. The study of the ruins of these
civilizations indicate that Indus valley had close trade relations, through sea
and land routes with all the other civilizations i.e, Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Trade route of Black Sea Aral Sea North
Indus valley Trade Route
civilization
with other
Mesopotamia:
Silver, Woolen Cloth,
contemporary Edible Oil, Leather
civilizations Areas of Sindh:

Egypt:
Guitar, Wood for
Aluminium, Copper, Gold,
Construction,
Lime Stone, Grenite and
Casnelianand Gold
Emerald
06
Sumeria and Nile valley. Merchants would bring trade goods to and from
Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab, now the existing areas of Pakistan.
During the excavation of Sumerian Civilization, a picture of
“humped bull” on a pot was found which is a typical symbol of Indus valley
civilization. In Mesopotamia and Sumeria during the excavation , seals and
pots of particular shapes have been discovered, which prove that there had
been quite long and close relations between Sumeria and Sindh. We can say
that the civilizations which flourished at the banks of River Tigris and
Euphrates had trade relations with Indus valley civilization.
The Mesopotamian civilization flourished in present Iraq, Sumerian

civilization in Syria and Nile valley civilization in Egypt.
1.3 Religious Beliefs

It is difficult to have a clear idea about the religious beliefs of the
people of Indus valley civilization. However, by examining the seals and
the statues made of mud and metals, found in this area we can presume that
these people worshipped trees, animals and idols (gods & goddesses).
Different statues of religious leaders, goddesses, one horned bulls, humped
bulls, lions, rhinoceros and elephants have been discovered. The carvings of
the animals on the stamps indicate that these people worshipped animals as
well. It is believed that the people of this ancient civilization used three
methods for disposing of dead bodies.
A stoopa: Building Statue of Religious Leader Seal of Mysterious Writing
07
(i) They buried their deads.
(ii) They put the dead body in the open area, so that animals and birds
could eat it, and later its bones were buried.
(iii) They burned the dead ones and buried their ashes in the ground or
kept them in jars in Stoopa buildings
1.4 Social System

Indus valley civilization had an organized social system. People used
to take great interest in arts such as carving, engraving on utensils and
different shapes on stamps which show their interest in arts. The people
were divided into three classes, rulers, traders and labourers. There was no
concept of slavery in the valley. The people were quite hard working and
lived peacefully with one another. Potters made pottery with clay.
Agriculture and trade were the major occupations of the people. There had
been a proper system of weighing and measuring. They made weights for
weighing. Sheep, goats, cows and bulls were reared. Bull- carts were used
for carrying goods. There was a tradition of hunting animals. People used
cotton clothes. Beautifully embroidered dresses were in fashion. Men wore
shawls. Women wore jewellary made of gold, silver, ivory and other
materials and used utensils made of these materials. Many toys made of clay
have been found in the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
Toys, Utensils, Necklece, Piece of Writing/ Script and Seals etc.
08
The people of Indus valley were literate. They had invented their own
script and knew the use of numbers as well.
From Indus valley, war weapons and hunting tools have been found
in less quantity. People lived a peaceful life. The rulers only defended their
own cities therefore they did not keep huge armies. The rulers were as
peaceful as the people. The weapons found in the ruins of this area are made
of bronze and copper, which are not quite durable. Other hunting tools such
as axes, daggers, spears etc found in the ruins are not of good quality.
Seals and clay toys, bearing pictures of bulls on them have been
discovered in large quantity, which indicate that “Bull” was an important
animal for them. Since they were associated with trade profession, it is
believed that they used the bulls for transpotation. No evidences have been
found of keeping horses by the people of Indus valley civilization. No signs
of horses have been found on the pictures of skeletons and statues. It seems
that they were not familiar with horse.
1.5 Economic Activities

i) Agriculture ii) Trade
i) Agriculture
The people of Indus valley were well familiar with agriculture. Most
of the people worked as farmers. The cities located on the banks of the rivers
were quite famous for their fertility. These people used to grow rice, wheat,
chick peas, barley and peas to meet their food requirements. Cotton was
grown for purpose of trade. These people were the pioneers in making
dresses with cotton. They were fond of eating fish and meat. They used
vegetable and milk abundantly. They did not have proper irrigation system.
The cultivation of corps depended on the seasonal and Monsoon rains.
ii) Trade
The people of Indus valley were economically prosperous. In the
ruins of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, spindles, have been found in large
number, which indicate that quite a large number of women were associated
with cottage industry of spinning cotton, along with their house chores.
There was a proper system of tax collection. A considerable number of
people were associated with trade. They also carried out minerals and
agricultural-trade activities across the cities of Indus valley and far flung
09
areas . They travelled not only to the Subcontinent but also to the far off
countries for trade and tourism. Hence, they had trade relations with other
contemporary civilizations as well. Government officials issued special
orders and used their particular seals, bearing different pictures of animals
on them. These people used boats and bull-carts for carrying trade goods
from one place to another.
Special seals Scale and weights for

weighing goods
1.6 Town planning and Architecture

(i) Town Planning
The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that these cities
were constructed with proper town planning. These people constructed
their houses with bricks even thousands of years ago, which indicates that
they were skilled in brick making. While constructing houses, basements
were also made, which were bright and ventilated. Floors were also made
with bricks. Paved drains were made for draining out waste water, which
shows their sense of cleanliness. Each house had an open bath. Many
ganaries have been discovered in Indus valley. Most of them were situated by
river banks. In order to save grain from humidity, a proper system of
ventilation was made.
ii) Architecture
The architects of that period were quite skilled in their field. In the
houses of Indus valley, wood was used for making roofs and doors. They
used to construct their houses with proper planning. Which separated
residential and commercial areas. Stairs have also been discovered in the
10
Bathroom Paved Drains

houses of Mohenjo-Daro.
1.7 Causes and consequences of the decline of Indus Valley
Civilization:
Archaeologist and Historians are not agreed on any ultimate theory
on the causes of decline of the Indus valley civilization. However, some of
these causes are given below:
i. Aryans' Invasion
According to archaeologists the foreign invasion caused the decline
of Indus valley civilization. Aryans were nomads and great warriors. They
frequently attacked the local people (Dravidians) and massacred them.
Dravidians were neither great warriors nor had good weapons to defend
themselves; hence these attacks caused their downfall.
ii. Floods and Earthquakes
Archaeologists believe that the overflow of rivers, floods,
earthquakes and the spread of epidemics destroyed the Indus valley
civilization.
iii. Change in course of rivers and drought
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were situated on the banks of rivers.
Today the rivers have changed their course and are a bit away from their
previous locations. Archaeologist are of the view that due to the change in
the course of rivers, the irrigation system of this civilization was destroyed.
Moreover, due to the prolonged spell of drought people started migrating
from these regions and thus these cities became desolate and later turned
into ruins.
11
Exercise
1.1 Following are the four options for each question. Tick the correct
one.
i. The people of Indus valley used to carry trade goods by:
a) Tractor trolley b) Trucks
c) Trains d) Boats and bull carts
ii. Most of the people of Indus valley were attached with:
a) Mining b) Jobs
c) Farming d) Labouring
iii. The excavation of Maher Garh civilization was started in:
a) 1944 AD b) 1954 AD
c) 1964 AD d) 1974 AD
iv. The spindles found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were
used for:
a) Irrigation b) Spinning cotton
c) Construction d) Currency
v. The animal used for carrying loads in Indus valley was:
a) Elephant b) Horse
c) Donkey d) Bull
1.2 Fill in the blanks.
i. Mohenjo-Daro is situated at the distance of Km from
Larkana.
ii. The people of Indus valley had relations with other
contemporary civilizations.
iii. The local people of ancient Indus valley civilization were .
iv. The people of Indus valley were well familiar with the skill of
.
v. The have been discovered, which were mostly
situated at the banks of rivers.
12
1.3 Tick the true sentence and cross the false ones.
I. History enables a man to construct a better and bright
future, by keeping in view past.
ii. Dravidians had modern weapons of warfare.
iii. A large number of the people of Indus valley were
attached with industries.
iv. Harappa is situated near District Jhang.
v. The houses of Indus valley were constructed with baked
bricks.
1.4 Match column A with column B.
Column A Column B
Contemporary civilization of Indus valley Sahiwal
Mohenjo-Daro Bull cart
Carrying loads, Iraq, Sumeria and Nile valley
Cotton Larkana
Harappa Spindle (takla)
1.5 Write short answers.

i. Write down the meaning and significance of history.
ii. Explain the religious beliefs of the people of Indus valley.
iii. What do you know about Maher Garh? What was the occupations
of the people of this area?
iv. What do you know about the Indus valley civilization?
v. Were the ancient houses in Indus valley built with baked bricks?
1.6 Write detailed answers.
i. What are the major cities of Indus valley civilization? Write down
a comprehensive note on each of them.
13
ii. Explain the relations of Indus valley with other contemporary
civilizations.
iii. Explain the Social system of Indus valley civilization.
iv. Discuss the town planning and architecture of Indus valley
civilization.
v. Identify the routes with the help of map through which the people of
Indus valley developed relations with other contemporary
civilizations.
Activities
 Make a list of the relics found in the ruins of Indus valley civilization.
 Draw the map and location of the Indus valley and those of
contemporary civilizations on a chart and hang it on the wall in
the class room.
14
Chapter
2 The Aryan Era

1. Elaborate the origins of the Aryans and their migrating routes
with the help of a map.
2. Describe their arrival in India from time to time and its impact on
the local civilization.
3. Discuss the structure of the Aryan society.
4. Discuss the process of Aryan settling down, the evolution of the
Aryan township system and the beginning of economic
activities.
5. Describe the evolution of the religious belief system of the Aryans.
6. Discuss the salient features of Hinduism.
7. Describe the origin and expansion of Buddhism and Jainism.
8. Explain how Buddhism and Jainism differ from Hinduism.
9. Explain the volution and salient features of Gandhara Civilization.
10. Trace Alexander's expedition in North-Western India.
11. Discuss the rise and expansion of the Mauryan dynasty and the
contribution of Chandra Gupta Mauraya and Ashoka.
12. Describe the rise of the Guptas and the revival of Hinduism.
13. Describe the contribution of Harsha in terms of India's political
unification.
15
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
2.1 The Aryans: Origins and their Arrival in India
Aryans came from Central Asia. They were quite dynamic and great
warriors. They were tall and had strong body with fair complexion. They
considered others inferior to them because of their stronger physical
structure. Central Asia has been an excellent centre of culture and
civilization. Historians believe that the rapid growth in population, shortage
of pastures, decrease in agricultural yield and economic crisis compelled
them to leave their homeland and migrate to the Subcontinent. Marching
through Afghanistan, they finally reached Punjab and Sindh. Since the
Aryans were nomads, they migrated for their survival. They found the
Subcontinent a suitable place for meeting their needs and requirements.
They started settling in this area about 1500 BC. Aryans enslaved the local
people (Dravidians) and laid the foundation of a new culture and
civilization, which resembled to some extent with the culture of the local
people. (Dravidians) They destroyed the social system of this region, which
was based on equality.
Route of Migration
Settlement & Aryans
The Migration of Aryans and their Settlement in the Sub-Continent

With the passage of time the occupations
became family professions. Changing the
profession was not acceptable. Women The word Arya means, great,
were deprived of their share in property. trustworthy and refined.
16
2.2 Social System
Joint family system was in vogue in Aryan's society. Man was the
head of the family. Many families joined together to form a tribe. The head
of the tribe had the authority like that of a “Raja.” Maintaining law and
order, settling the disputes and leading the army in wars were the prime
responsibilities of a Raja. The people respected and obeyed the Raja.
Aryans had many qualities, and the most important one was their passion
for hospitability. They wore simple and beautiful dresses.
Men, like women, wore different kinds of jewellery. Women were

fond of makeup. Women were responsible for the upbringing of their
children and looking after their houses. Women were also given education
in prevailing disciplines. Wheat, barley, vegetables, fruit, milk and butter
were included in their daily diet. On special occasions meat of sheep and
goats was cooked. Aryans were well familiar with the art of architecture.
They constructed wide and bright houses which fulfilled all the basic needs
of life. Hunting was their favourite recreation. They would conduct
different sports competitions in which they showed off their skills and
bravery. They took great interest in dancing and music. As the Aryans were a
warrior nation, their hobbies and interests greatly matched their nature.
They were also fond of riding, archery and Javelin Throw.
2.3 Economic Activities

The Aryans, started settling in four provinces of present Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Kashmir, Indian Punjab, Ambala and Rajhistan, etc. Since the
Aryans were warriors, they frequently attacked the local inhabitants. The
Local people (Dravidians) were neither great warriors nor had better
weapons to protect and defend themselves. The Aryans committed
massacre at large scale many and pushed the remaining local people
towards the South.
The Aryans, who were nomads, lived in huts, made of wood and
thatched roofs. Later, they started making houses with mud and bricks.
There was also proper sewerage system in their houses. Most of the Aryans
chose agriculture as their occupation. They reclaimed the barren land and
cultivated crops on a large scale to meet their needs. Wheat, barley, cotton
and rice were among the crops they cultivated. The Aryans gave
17
great importance to animals, to meet their trade and food requirements.
They reared sheep, goats, cows and horses. They employed bulls and horses
for ploughing the fields and carrying goods. Apart from hunting different
animals, like deer and lion, they also hunted birds. The Aryans made
tremendous progress in the field of industry. They could weave cotton and
woolen cloth and made different types of embroidery on them.
The Aryans had vast experience in the field of trade. They were
interested in trading cotton and woolen cloth along with agricultural
products. Buying and selling of animals, particularly of horses, was a
common practice among them. The Aryans also carried out the trade of
different metallic objects on a limited scale. They were good at dyeing
leather and making different goods out of it. The Aryans made not only
common goods out of wood but also bull carts, boats and cupboards. They
were familiar with the use of different metals and could make ornaments of
gold, bronze, copper and iron. They made weapons and utensils with these
metals.
2.4 Religious Beliefs

The Aryans were the followers of a simple religion. Different gods
have been mentioned in their religious books, like Surya (god of sun),
Derona (god of sky), Waio (god of air), Agni (god of fire), and Inder (god of
rain and storm), etc. They did not have any particular place for performing
their religious rituals; these were performed at an open place. They offered
various things like, meat, edible oil, milk, etc to their gods to please them
and by throwing these things into fire, they believed that they could please
their gods. The Aryans had different religious books in which their gods
have been praised. The most important among them is “Rig-vaid.” With the
passage of time their beliefs culminated into the form of Hinduism.
2.4.1 Hinduism
Hinduism was based on human experiences and Indian religious
traditions, which prevailed for thousands of years in India. Gradually the
principles of this religion changed. Different gods were worshiped at
different places. Shiva, Shakhty and Vishnovandra were the famous gods of
Hindus.
18
According to Hinduism, a man takes
another birth after his death, in good or bad
form, depending upon his good or bad
deeds. Good or bad deeds are not wasted.
Man is punished or rewarded according to
his deeds. Man is born and dies time and
again. He cannot avert the pain of taking
birth and dying unless he attains ultimate
salvation.
Shiva God
Caste System
With the passage of time, caste system took its roots in Hinduism and
Hindu society was divided into four major castes.
a. Berhamins: It was the most superior caste. Berhamins performed
religious duties/rituals.
b. Khashtry: They were assigned the task of defending their
homeland and waging wars.
c. Vaishyas: Different occupations like, trading, farming, and
industry were assigned to the people of this caste.
d. Shudras: It was considered to be the most inferior caste. Shudras
had to serve the Aryans, maintain cleanliness, mend shoes, strip off the skin
of animals and perform other menial jobs.
2.4.2 Buddhism
Gautam Buddh was the founder of
Buddhism. He was born in 563 BC. His real
name was “Sidharath.” He was the son of a Raja
of the state of Nepal. He was a young man of
quiet nature, and had tendency towards
meditation. He disliked the bad customs and
traditions and un-necessary restrictions in
Hinduism.
In his youth, he left his home, wife and
children and went to the jungle. He hated the
worldly comforts and started meditation. At the The founder of Buddhism
age of 35, he started preaching to reform (Mahatama Gotum Budh)
19
the society and invited the people towards truthfulness. He stressed upon
adopting simplicity and getting control over wordly desires. He spent his
last 45 years, rendering religious and social duties.
Basic Teachings of Buddhism

 By giving up caste system, Gatuam Budh advised his followers to
refrain from committing theft, drinking wine, telling lies and doing other
evil practices.
 Gatuam Budh believed that after death, man is sent back to this
world, in a different form, depending upon his deeds and this process
continues. In order to attain deliverance, man should follow truthfulness,
simplicity and moderation. He advised not to harm animals. He believed in
maintaining justice in the society.
Gradually the priests of this religion fell victim of moral degradation
and started dividing the followers of Budhism into different sects. As a
reaction, the people started rejoining Hinduism. Historians believe that due
to the self imposed restrictions, Buddhism lost its importance among the
people.
2.4.3 Jainism
Jainism started spreading in the
sixth century BC. It is considered
older religion than Buddhism.
Rishabha was the first preacher of this
religion. Later, many preachers
preached this religion at different
times. In India (Subcontinent),
Virdhaman Mahaveer was the pioneer
of this religion. He was born in 599
BC, in Indian town Veshali. He gave
up the life of luxury and went to jungle
in search of truthfulness. After facing
great hardships for twelve years, he
finally attained spiritual wisdom and
then started preaching it. His religion
came to be known as Jainism.
Mahaveer died at the age of 72, in Statue of Mahaveer
527 BC.
20
Basic teachings of Jainism
 As Bhuddhists, the followers of Jainism also did not like caste
system. To them telling lie, theft committing murder and comfort of life are
considered as disgusting acts. According to the Jainism, a man can get
spiritual exaltation by acting upon the following three basic principles.
i. Right belief
ii. Right knowledge
iii. Right deeds
 Jainism could not gain popularity among the people, due to its strict
religious teachings and restrictions and started declining rapidly.
2.4.4 The difference between Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

The difference between Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are given
below.
I. Hinduism is a complicated and complex religion, while
Buddhism and Jainism are quite simple religions. In contract
with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism emphasized on the theory
of “Non-Violence.”
ii. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism do not acknowledge
the superiority of Brahmans and Vaids.
iii. There is a concept of Upper and Lower caste in Hinduism,
while the followers of Buddhism and Jainism do not believe in
caste system.
iv. Hinduism is totally different, in terms of its characteristics,
from Buddhism and Jainism. In Hinduism, gods and
goddesses are worshipped, where as there is no such concept of
worshipping in Buddhism and Jainism.
2.5 Gandhara Civilization:

To the South of Sindh, lies the area of Gandhara civilization. The area
from Rawalpindi up to Peshawar was known as Gandhara. Texla was its
central city. Peshawar, Mardan, Swat, Dir, Malakand, Bajore and Texla,
now the areas in present day Pakistan were, the important areas of Gandhara
Civilization. Gandhara was an excellent centre of culture and civilization
2500 years ago.
21
The period of Gandhara civilization is in between 600 BC and 1100 AD.

There were excellent facilities of education in the cities of Gandhara
civilization There was a university at Texla where people came from far
flung areas to get education.
(Ruins of Gandhara Civilization at Taxila)

The culture of Indus valley was quite rich. Many tribes coming from
Central Asian states amalgamated their culture to that of Indus valley
civilization. In the era of Maharaja Kanshik Kisshen family, Gandhara art
flourished tremendously. Apart from knowledge and wisdom, they also
excelled in different arts. A number of inscriptions of that era have been
found. The art of sculpture was particularly prominent. Foreign invaders
caused great damage to Gandhara civilization. Many artists and learned
people also came along with the armies from Iran, central Asia and Greece
and in this way the amalgamation of various civilizations put deep impacts
on Gandhara civilization. Many models of Gandhara art have been
displayed in the Museum of Pakistan, at Texla.
2.6. Alexander the Great (356 BC - 323 BC)

Alexander the great was the prince of Maqdoonia, a state of Northern
Greece. He was born in 356 BC. A renowned Greek philosopher “Aristotle”
was his teacher who trained him in various discipline in his early age. The
22
impact of Aristotle's training and
guidance was quite vividly visible on
him. After ascending the throne, the
personality of Alexander further
developed. On account of his
capabilities, he was considered the
greatest conqueror and counted
amongst the great personalities of the
world. From his very child hood,
Alexander had great desire to conquer
the world. At the age of 20, before
ascending the throne, “Dara Shah” of
Iran attacked Maqdoonia but was
defeated.
Alexander The Great

After defeating Shah of Iran, Alexander the great marched through
Afghanistan towards India. The Raja of Texla extended his friendship to
Alexander and instigated him against his traditional rival, “Poris.” Poris
was a brave Raja. Because of his bravery and strong military power, he was
considered invincible,. The presence of elephants in large number was the
mainstay of the military power of Poris, which caused terror in the hearts of
enemies. These were trained elephants, which not only attacked the
enemies in war but also knew how to defend their riders. The presence of
elephants in Poris' forces terrified the soldiers of Alexander. Anyhow, a
fierce battle took place and both the forces fought bravely. Poris himself
fought valiantly. During the fight many arrows struck him and he fell down
unconscious. His elephant protected and defended him in this condition and
did not let anyone come anywhere closer to its lord. On the other hand,
Alexander forced to disperse Poris' forces by using war tactics. After a
fierce battle, Poris was defeated and arrested. He was brought before the
Alexander. Alexander got very much impressed by the bravery of Poris and
he returned him his empire. Due to the kind treatment of Alexander, Poris
became his friend and supporter.
23
Black Sea
Land Route of
Alaxender
Sea Route of
Alaxender
The routes through which Alexander the Great arrived the Sub-Continent
After getting the support of Poris, Alexander subdued different
tribes. They could not confront Alexander, due to their internal conflicts and
crisis. At last Alexander captured Sialkot. Later he reached the bank of
River Beas to conquer the remaining India. After leaving their native land
and till his reaching Beas, Alexander the great and his army had been in
continuous state of war, therefore, despite victories, his troops refused to
march further ahead. Alexander tried his best to convince them but they did
not agree to fight any longer. Hence; in 326 Alexander ordered to return to
their native country. At the age of 32, Alexander had conquered major part
of the world.
The will of Alexander the Great:
Alexander the Great died in 323 BC. For man, this world is a temporary
place to live in, and all the things in it are destined to be perished, and do not
go in grave with man. Realizing this fact, the great conqueror, Alexander
the great, before his death, wrote in his will, “Let my both hands be out of
shroud, so that people could see that despite having a vast empire and
power, I am leaving this world with empty hands.” The same feelings and
thoughts determine a line of action that is based on love, justice and respect
for humanity.
24
2.7. Mauryan Kingdom: (321 BC - 185 BC)
After the return of Alexander the great, the local rulers started
perpetrating cruelties against the people. Different types of taxes and un-
necessary restrictions were imposed on them. In such circumstances, a
brave young man “Chander Gupt” yielded the scepter of power and laid the
foundation of Mouryan dynasty. He gave special attention to internal and
external affairs that could strengthen his rule. He established a strong
government in India and did a lot of work for the welfare of the people.
After the death of Chander Gupt Maurya, his son “Bandosar”

succeeded him. He also tried to expand his empire by following the
footsteps of his father but could not succeed. After the death of “Bandosar”
in 273 BC, his son “Ashoka” succeeded him.
2.7.1 Ashoka, a great king

Ashoka was just 21 years old, when Bandosar died. Ashoka ruled
quite wisely. Historians believe that he was the greatest king in the history of
ancient India. In his early life, Ashoka was not
different from his contemporary kings. He
was the governor of Texla, during the reign of
his father (Bandosar). He was known for his
strictness. He was fond of hunting animals in
the jungle and eating their meat. He was a
good archer and a rider but a cruel man.
Ashoka ruled over the regions from
Kohe-Hindukush to Bengal, in North
Kashmir, Afghanistan and Balochistan, while
in the South, up to Maysoor.
2.7.2 Kalingha War Ashoka

Kalingha was the province of Ashoka's
empire, where rebellions often took place. Ashoka invaded Kalingha to
suppress these rebellions. A fierce battle was fought and about one and a half
lac people were killed and the same number of people were wounded. This
was the only worth mentioning war in the reign of Ashoka.
25
This war changed the life of Ashoka altogether. The massacre during
this war proved heart-rending. Instead of celebrating victory, he declared
this war as the biggest blunder of his life. He felt the qualm of conscience
over the massacre of thousands of people. Therefore, he decided not to wage
wars again. He advised his courtiers not to subdue the nations with the
power of sword, rather win the hearts of the people by displaying high moral
values and serving the people. He dedicated his remaining life to the service
of humanity.
Ashoka was greatly impressed by the teachings of Buddhism. He

promoted Buddhism in his empire. He abolished the caste system. After the
war of Kalingha, he ruled for thirty years. This era is known as the most
peaceful one in the history of Sub-Continent. He got different welfare
works completed. He died in 232 BC.
2.8. Gupta's Reign: (320 - 550 AD)

Till the 3rd century AD, there was a grate chaos and disturbances in
India. In the beginning of 4th century AD, a consolidated and powerful
empire emerged, which once again, united the entire India (Subcontinent.)
In the fourth century, The Gupta's family established its rule in India
(subcontinent.) Maharaja Sire-Gupta was the founder of Gupta dynasty,
who was the ruler of a small state near “Magdh.” He was the Maharaja of
that state. Chander Gupt 1 was the Maharaja of Gupta dynasty, who
expanded the boundaries of his state and conquered the areas up to Ala
Abad, in the wake of different wars. Chander Gupt 1 ascended the throne at
Patna, in 320 AD. In a short span of time, he defeated the local Rajas and
expanded his empire upto Per- bet, Oudh and Bihar. He ruled for about 15
years.
After the death of Chander Gupt, his son Samder Gupt succeeded
him. He ruled for 40 years. He was fond of conquering lands and waging
wars. Samder Gupt was the most powerful king in the history of Gupta
dynasty. He conquered many states, and became the king of a vast empire.
After his death his son Chander Gupt II became the ruler and remained in
power for about 38 years. He supported and promoted Hinduism like his
father and grandfather did. During his reign, Hinduism, once again, became
26
the most prominent religion in
India (Subcontinent.).
The promotion of literature

and Sanskrit language is an
important achievement of
Chander Gupt. After his death his
successors proved to be
incompetent and could not
maintain their rule for a longer
period, which caused the decline
of Gupta's rule.
A Tomb (During Gupts Reign)
2.9. Harsha's Reign: (606 AD- 647 AD)

After the decline of Gupta Dynasty, Civil war broke out in India.
Which continued till 606 AD. In 606 AD, Harish Werdhen became the king
of India. He united the independent states under his rule and once again laid
the foundation of a vast empire. After his death, in 647 AD, this vast empire
disintegrated. Raja Harish was an autocrat ruler and had control over all the
pillars of the state. Harish had a great taste for knowledge and literature. He
not only promoted knowledge and literature but also he himself was an
author. Even today, his plays, which were written in Sanskrit language, are
very popular.
2.10 Important principalities/states

After the death of Harish Verdhan, different nations of India tried to
establish their own principalities. Their detail is given below.
I. Qanooj
The state of Qanooj was established in 9th century AD. A Rajput ruler
“Bhooja” set up his capital at Qanooj. The boundaries of this state stretched
over an area from Gujrat to Bengal.
27
ii. Delhi:
At the end of 10th century “Tomar” dynasty captured Delhi. Raja
Anang Pal was the founder of this dynasty. After him, in 12th century,
Chuhans and Rajputs captured Delhi.
iii. South India:

Rashtar Kot dynasty ruled over India during the ninth and tenth
century. Later Chalokiya and Yado dynasties ruled over it.
iv. Tamil:
In 10th and 11th century Tamil state was established, which rapidly
expanded from Deccan to Srilanka.
v. Kashmir:
In 9th and 10th century “Kotla dynasty” ruled over Kashmir. In 856
AD, “Opel dynasty” conquered it, while from 11th to 14th century “Loharo
dynasty” ruled over it.
vi. Bengal and Bihar:

In 8th century Paul dynasty conquered Bengal and Bihar. In
11th century “Seen dynasty” conquered these regions. Bakhtiar Khilji
annexed these areas to Delhi sultanate, after defeating Raja Lakshmi Seen
of this dynasty.
28
Exercise
2.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the correct
one.
i) Before the arrival of the Aryans, the major occupation of the
local people was:
a) Agriculture b) Industry
c) Employment d) Mining
ii) The government of Gupta dynasty was established in the
subcontinent:
a) In second century AD b) In third century AD
c) In fourth century AD d) In fifth century AD
iii) Ashoka, the third ruler of Mauriyan dynasty became the King:
a) In 273 BC b) In 373 BC
c) In 293 BC d) In 470 BC
iv) Alaxender the great was born:
a) In 356 BC b) In 456 BC
c) In 354 BC d) In 453 BC
v) Samder Gupt ruled over India for:
a) 20 years b) 30 years
c) 40 years d) 50 years

i) The area of Gandhara civilization lies to the of
Sindh.
ii) The Aryans belonged to .
iii) The area from Rawalpindi to was known as
Gandhara.
iv) After the death of Samder Gupt, his son II
became the ruler.
v) Raja Harish not only the promotion of
knowledge and literature but also was an author.
29
2.3 Tick the true sentences and cross the false ones.
i) By the end of 335 BC, Greeks' occupation over India

had come to an end.
ii) In 647 AD, after the death of Harish, his government
disintegrated.
iii) Animals are not supposed to be harmed in Buddhism.
iv) The Aryans were peaceful people.
v) Gautam Budh was the founder of Buddhism.
Column A Column B
Texla, Rawalpindi, Captured by Paul family.
In 8th century, the state of Bengal Cotton or wool

and Bihar was,
Chander Gupt I, in 320 AD remained a ruler for about 38 years.
The dresses of Aryans were was enthroned at Patna.

commonly made of
Chander Gupta II is situated at a distance of 40 Km.

I) What do you know about Harish dynasty?
ii) What was the major reason for change in Ashoka's life?
iii) Write down the basic principles of Buddhism.
iv) Explain the basic teachings of Jainism.
v) What was the last will of Alexander the great?
30
i) Where were the Aryans from? When did they come to
subcontinent?
ii) What is the distinguishing feature/achievement of Chander
Gupta's reign?
iii) Write a detailed note on the important principalities/states of
9th and 12th century.
iv) Who was the founder of Buddhism and what were his basic
teachings?
v) What do you know about Alexander the great?
Activities
 Ask children to collect the pictures of ancient civilization and
paste them on their note books.
 Get an exhibition arranged in the class room, having pictures of
prominent historical places of ancient civilization. Write down
in your copy the information that you got in the exhibition.
31
Chapter
Muslims
3 In
South Asia-I
1. Describe the causes and impact of Arab invasions, with
particular reference to Makran, Sindh and Multan.
2. Describe the Conquests of Sindh and Multan by Muhammad Bin

Qasim.
3. Trace Mahmud of Ghazan's expeditions and conquests in India.
4. Discuss the Ghaznavid’s contribution to the arts, the science and

culture.
5. Describe the Ghauri's military exploits, the conquest of

Hindustan and the establishment of Muslim rule.
6. Discuss the founding and consolidation of Muslim empire in India

during Qutbuddin's and Iltutmish reigns.
7. Discuss Razia Sultana's ascendancy to power and the problems.
8. Describe Nasiruddin Mahmud's reign.
9. Discuss Balban's early career and reign.
32
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
3.1 Arrival of Arabs to South Asia
Most of the Arabs were associated with trade. Arab traders had
established trade relations with the people of south Asia even before the
advent of Islam. Muslims had been visiting the coasts of Balochistan,
Sindh, Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kali cut and Ras-Kumari from where they went
to Lanka, (present Srilanka) Burma and other Eastern countries for trade
purposes. Many Arabs settled in these states.
3.1.1 The Causes of invading Sindh
At that time, Islamic empire was a strong power and expanded in the
entire Arab peninsula and its neighboring countries. Every king of the world
wished to make friendship with the caliph of Islam. Lanka's Raja sent some
valuable gifts to the caliph of Islam by a fleet . In the same fleet, some Arab
pilgrims bound for Makkah for performing Hajj were also aboard. There
were also few widows and orphan children of Arab traders in the fleet,
whose husbands and fathers respectively had died in Lanka. When this fleet
reached near the famous port of Debel, it was attacked and plundered by
pirates who imprisoned the children, women and men. Even before this
incident, many traders had been the victims to plunder at this port. But this
time, the report of making women and children prisoners infuriated Hijjaj
Bin Yusuf. He wrote a letter to Raja Dahir, the ruler of Sindh, stating, “your
pirates have plundered our fleet and imprisoned women and children
aboard.” He demanded immediate release of women and children along
with the return of the plundered goods”. In response to this letter, Raja Dahir
replied, “I have no control over these pirates.” Now Hijaj Bin Yusuf decided
to punish Raja Dahir and get the women and children released. Hajjaj Bin
Yusuf got permission from the then Caliph, Waleed Bin Abdul Malik to
attack Raja Dahir.
3.1.2 Arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim to Sindh and the conquest of
Debal
Hajjaj Bin Yousuf sent his nephew and son in law, Ammadudin
Muhammad Bin Qasim to conquer Sindh. At that time Muhammad Bin
Qasim was 17 years old. He was a wise and brave young man. There were 12
thousand Mujahedeen in the army with three thousand camels, arrows for
igniting fire and Manjaniques for throwing heavy stones.
33
Muslim forces entered Sindh
through Makran, an area of present
Balochistan province and besieged
Debal in 712 AD. Debal was a famous
port of Sindh, situated at a distance of
12 Km from present day Karachi.
Those days it was a small city which
was the centre of trade, culture and
religion activities. There was a temple
in the middle of the city. A red colour
flag fluttered at the top of the castle
about which the hindus had firm belief
that as long as the flag continued to
Muhammad Bin Qasim
flutter, no one could harm them.
Muhammad Bin Qasim ordered his troops to hit the flag with his biggest
Manjanique (Al Urus). Those days, huge stones were thrown with the help
of Manjanique. A big stone hit the flag and it fell down. It demoralized the
hindus. In the meanwhile, Arab Muslims broke into the fort. Allah bestowed
victory upon muslims. The women and children prisoners were freed. Many
people embraced Islam due to Muhammad Bin Qasim's kind treatment.
Due to the conquests of Muhammad Bin Qasim, Sindh is

called “Babul Islam”, the door of Islam.
a. War with Raja Dahir

After the conquest of Debal, the morale of Mulsims raised very high.
Now the Muslims and Raja Dahir's forces confronted each other. There
were elephants in Dahir's army. Muslim soldiers hurled explosives on them
which created chaos in the forces of enemy. Their elephants trampled on
their own soldiers. Raja Dahir was killed along with many of his generals
and relatives.
34
b. Conquest of Multan
Multan was also part of Raja Dahir's state. It was a major centre of
trade. The ruler of Multan was Raja Dahir's cousin. He fought with the
Muslim forces for two months and eventually fled. Muhammad bin Qasim
announced general pardon for all. After conquering Multan, Muhammad
bin Qasim got a lot of spoils. Its major part was distributed among the
soldiers and the remaining was sent to Iraq through Debal.
Conquerals of
Muhammad Bin Qasim
Kilometer 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Kilometer
Land Route
Sea Route
The route taken by Muhammad Bin Qasim between Debal and Multan
c. Impact of Muhammad Bin Qasim's invasion
After the conquests of Muhammad Bin Qasim, Islam spread rapidly
in the Subcontinent. The Arabs set such examples of religious freedom,
generosity, tolerance, kind treatment, justice and love, which can hardly be
found in the history of mankind. As a result, many Brahmins and Buddhists
embraced Islam. Owing to the conquest of Sindh the people learnt the
lesson of civility and morality. Many religious scholars, traders and
industrialists came from Arabia and settled in Sindh. The Arabs were quite
advanced in the field of agriculture, due to which the production of crops
increased and the people began to prosper.
35
d. Death of Muhammad Bin Qasim
Muhammad Bin Qasim stayed in Sindh for only three years. He
intended to continue his conquests but in 714 AD, Hjjaj Bin Yusuf died and
in 715 AD, Suleiman Bin Abdul Malik was enthroned, who was a rival of
Hajjaj Bin Yusuf. On the orders of the Caliph, Muhammad Bin Qasim was
arrested in Sindh and brought to Iraq, where this conqueror of Sindh died in
solitary confinement.
3.2 Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi

Sultan Mahmud Gaznavi was born in 971 AD. His father's name was
Subuktagin. He completed military training in his child hood and at the age
of seven, he took part in many wars along with his father.
During his illness, Subuktagin
appointed his younger son, Ismail as
the ruler of Ghazni but after the death
of Subuktagin, Mahmood snatched the
throne from his younger brother and he
himself ascended the throne in 997 AD.
At that time Mahmud Ghaznvi was just
26 years old. The passion for conquests
was in his very nature. From the very
beginning he had been courageous, a
great administrator, just and fond of
education and arts.
Mahmud Ghaznvi invaded Indo Pak
Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi
Subcontinent seventeen times and his
invasion on Somnat Temple is one of the most historical events. He
succeeded in all of his invasions but did not set up a permanent government
there.
a. Conquest of Somnat
In 1020 AD, Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded Somnat temple. This
temple was situated at the coastal area of Kathiawar in Gujarat. Literally
Somnat means, the god of moon. The temple contained a huge idol of
Shiva Jee.
36
When Mahmud Ghznavi invaded Somnat, the hindus did not resist in
the beginning, because they believed that whosoever attacked Somnat, will
be destroyed by Shiva Jee himself but then they put up a tough resistance
against the Muslim troops. The war continued for many days and at last the
Muslims captured Somnat.
In Hinduism, Shiva Jee is thought to be the most important and the

greatest of all the deities. After the conquest of Somnat, many Hindus came to
Mahmud Gaznavi and requested him not to break the idol of Shiva Jee. They
offered ornaments equal to the weight of this idol. As a response Mahmud
replied, “Mahmud is an idol-breaker and not an idol-seller.” Saying this he
broke the idol into pieces.
b. Promotion of Education and Arts in the reign of Mahmud
Ghaznavi
Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi was not only a good ruler but he had also
great interest in Arts, science and culture. He respected the men of letters
and invited them to his court. He encouraged and rewarded them. In his
reign, Ghazni became the centre of education and arts. He established many
schools and Madrassas in his empire, and constructed many mosques and
monasteries A university was established at Ghazni for higher education
and research.
During his reign there were many eminent poets, historians,
scientists, mathematicians, astrologists and physicians in Ghazni. Al Beruni
was also one of the courtiers of Mahmud Ghaznavi, who was a renowned
mathematician, scientist, historian, astrologist, and astronomer. He had also
great command over Sanskrit and Hindi subjects. He got different Libraries
established, which contained rare collection of books. Many museums had
been established during his reign in which were kept valuable relics. Sultan
Mahmud Ghaznave died in 1030 AD.
3.3 Shahab-u-din Muhammad Ghauri

The real name of Muhammad Ghauri was, Moizudin Sam, but he was
known by the name of Shaab-u din Muhammad Ghauri. He was born in
37
“Ghour” an area of Afghanistan. Ghour
is a hilly terrain which is situated
between Ghazni and Hirat. After the
death of Sultan Mahmud Ghazni,
Ghauri family invaded Ghazni many
times and eventually succeeded in
capturing it. The rule of Shahabu-din
Muhammad Ghauri prevailed over
from Ghaznavi to the Subcontinent. He
was greatly inspired by Sultan
Mahmud Ghazni and following his
footsteps, he decided to establish a
Muslim state by conquering the Shahab-u-Din Muhammad Ghori
Subcontinent. After Muhammad Bin Qasim and Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi,
Muhammad Ghauri was the third Muslim ruler, who invaded the
Subcontinent and conquered its different parts. After Ghaznavi Shahbu-din
Muhammad Ghauri, started his series of conquests from Multan.
a. Achievements and conquests

In 1175 AD, Shahb-u-din Muahmmad Ghauri captured Multan and in
the same year he conquered Uch. In 1178 AD, he conquered Sindh and
Gujarat. In 1179 AD, Peshawar and set up his military headquarters there,
and then marched forward to overthrow the Ghaznavi government.
Muhammad Ghauri invaded Punjab for the first time in 1181 AD, and Malik
Shah the son of Ghaznavi ruler Khusru Malik was held as a hostage.
Muhammad Ghauri captured Sialkot in 1184 AD. He invaded Punjab again
in 1186 AD and besieged Lahore. Khusru Malik could not hold on against
the onslaught of Sultan Muhammad Ghauri’s forces. At last Sultan
Muhammad Ghauri captured Lahore. The conquest of Punjab paved the
way for Muhammad Ghauri to conquer other areas of the Subcontinent.
During that time “Pirthvi Raj Chuhan” was the Raja of Delhi and Ajmer.
b. First war of Tarian (1191 AD)

Muhammad Ghauri conquered the castle of Sirhind in 1191 AD.
When Pirthvi Raj Chuhan heard this news, he marched with his army to
retrieve the castle. Both the forces confronted each other at Tarian. In this
38
first war of Tarian, Muhammad Ghauri was defeated and Pirthvi Raj
Chuhan recaptured the castle.
c. Second war of Tarian (1192 AD)

After the defeat in the first war of Tarian, Muhammad Ghauri started
organizing his army at Ghazni. He was burning to avenge his defeat. In 1192
AD Sultan Muhammad Ghauri marched with his army towards the
Subcontinent.
In the war of Tarian, Pirthvi Raj Chuhan was killed and his army was
defeated.
In 1194 AD, Muhammad Ghuri invaded Qanooj and defeated its
ruler, Raja Jay Chund. In this way, the formal rule of Ghauri dynasty was
established in the Subcontinent. Shahb-u-din Muhammad Ghauri
conquered many regions. His empire spread over an area, from Ghour in the
South to Bengal in the East. Muhammad Ghauri appointed his slave,
Qutubu din Aibak, as his deputy in the Subcontinent and returned to Ghazni.
After Shahb-u-din Ghauri, from 13th century till the beginning of 16th
century, the rulers who ruled Indo-Pak subcontinent are called “Salateen.”
(Plural of Sultan) Since the capital of this empire was shifted from Ghazni to
Delhi from the very beginning, this empire was known as “Delhi Sultanate.”
3.4 Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)

Delhi Sultanate was founded by Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak, who was
a slave of Shahab-u-din Ghauri. After Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak, his slave
Shamsu-din Iltutmish succeeded him. After the death of Shamsu-din
Iltutmish, four sultans of this dynasty were killed one after another, and
after the death of the fifth ruler, Nassir-u-din Mahmud, Ghayasu-din Balbun
became the Sultan (slave of sultan Altutmush) who was the last great sultan
of slave dynasty. Since all the sultans of this dynasty were slaves or were the
offspring of slaves, this dynasty came to be known as “Slave Dynasty.”
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3.4.1 Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak
(1206-1210 AD)
Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak belonged to
Turk race. He was a great general. On
account of his God-gifted talent and
capabilities, Sultan Shahab-u-din
Ghauri appointed him as his deputy the
Subcontinent. He established cordial
relations with his rivals to overcome
political crisis. Owing to his gentle
disposition and generosity even his
Sultan Qutub-u-Din Aibak
staunch enemies turned into friends.
He was a great administrator and politician and believed in religious
tolerance.
a. Achievements and Conquests

Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak ascended the throne in 1206 AD. He was
the first ruler who out of political exigency, chose Delhi as the capital, His
succession was not accepted by Turk officers and nobles. He, however,
succeeded in winning their favour by safeguarding their interests. As he
ascended the throne, he neutralized an important political group. Even
Ghulam Tajudin Yaldoze and Nassir-u-din Qabacha, who were the slaves of
Sultan Shahab-u-din Ghauri, resented his succession. They themselves
wanted to be rulers. Yaldoze and Qabacha declared their kingship in Ghazni
and Uch respectively. In these circumstances, Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak
avoided confrontation with them and adopted decent behaviour. He married
the daughter of Yaldoze to resolve political conflict and got his sister
married to Qabacha to end political tension with him. Due to his political
vision, Rajpoot Rajas of Bengal also accepted his hegemony and agreed to
pay Khiraj.
40
b. Death
While playing Polo Sultan Qutbudin Aibak fell from his horse and
died in 1210 AD. His tomb is situated at Anar- Kali bazaar in Lahore. After
his death, his son Aram Shah succeeded him. He was an inexperienced man,
therefore the nobles asked the governor of Bidayoon, Shams-u-din
Iltutmish to ascend the throne. Thereupon he reached Delhi and grabbed the
seat of power by dint of stronger military power.
3.4.2 Sultan Shams-u-din Iltutmush: (1210-1236AD)

Sultan Shams-u-din Iltutmush belonged to Turk race. He was one of
the slaves of Sultan Qutub-u-din Aibak. He was a generous and a just ruler.
He was a great general, administrator, and politician as well. As he ascended
the throne, he strengthened the foundation of Islamic government with
bravery and hard work and suppressed his opponents.
a. Achievements and Conquests

Like Sultan Qutub-udin Aibak, Sultan Iltutmush had to confront
those nobles who claimed for the throne. In the mean while, Nassir-u-din
Qabacha occupied Multan, Rajpoot Rajas had already diminished the
influence of Turks over the entire region by establishing independent
government. Therefore, Iltutmush decided to deal with the independent
state. He defeated and destroyed them so completely that these states then
could never raise their heads.
Iltutmush set up an effective system in the conquered areas. He

organized all the government departments. The empire was divided into
provinces and loyal governors were appointed. Most of the powers
remained in the hand of central government. The powers of the nobles were
curtailed, so that the threat of rebellion could be averted. He issued first
Islamic coin and engraved the name of Baghdad's caliph and Sultan's title,
Nassir, Ameeru-l-Moamaneen on it. A silver coin was also issued, which
remained in use for a long period.
b. Death
Sultan Iltutmush died in 1236 AD. After his death, his son Rukun-u-
din, under the title of Feroze Shah, succeeded him. He ruled for seven
months. Later, the nobles got Rukun-u-din Feroze Shah assassinated and
41
handed over the government to Razia Sultana.
3.4.3 Razia Sultana (1236-1240 AD)

Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmush. She was a brave and
bold lady. She used to lead the troops during military invasions. She was a
talented and capable lady.
As soon as Razia Sultana ascended the
throne, she confronted rebellion. Many
nobles were not willing to serve under a
woman; therefore they all got united and
revolted against her. She used her
political wisdom while suppressing this
rebellion. Razia Sultana appointed a
Negro slave “Yaqoot” as her special
advisor preferring him over Turk nobles
and tried to form a group of “Non Turk
Nobles” against the Turk nobles. This
was unacceptable for Turk nobles and
first of all the governor of Lahore
revolted. Razia sultana took immediate
action and marched her forces towards Razia Sultana
Lahore but her own Turk soldiers rebelled and she was arrested. The rebels
handed her over to Malik Altonia, Turk nobles refused to accept Malik
Altonia as their Ameer, therefore he married with Razia Sultana. In 1240
AD, Razia Sultana along with her husband, waged a war for regaining
“Delhi throne” but was defeated and killed.
After Razia Sultana, her brother Behram Shah remained the ruler
from 1240-1242 AD. In 1242 AD, Alaudin Masood was enthroned, but he
neglected the political affairs and fell in sensual pleasure. Hence; the
younger son of Iltutmush, Nassir-u-din Mahmud took over the kingship in
1246 AD.
3.4.4 Sultan Nassir-u-din Mahmud 1246-1266 AD

At the time of succession of Sultan Nassir-u-din Mahmud, the
country was in the state of crisis and chaos. Taking advantage of the
42
situation his second in command, Ghiasuddin Bulban crossed the river
Chenab in 1247 AD, and defeated the “Khokars” which was a supporting
tribe of Mongols. Later, the Mongols retreated when they saw him on the
bank of river Jhelum well equipped and prepared for fighting. Sultan
launched military campaigns to punish the rebellious Rajpoot Rajas, which
not only caused to restore peace but also the influence of Delhi government.
Sultan Nassir-u-din Mahmud died in 1266 AD. After the death of this kind
Sultan, the nobles, unanimously accepted Ghiasuddin Bulban as their ruler.
3.4.5 Ghiasuddin Bulban 1266-1287 AD

Ghiasuddin Bulban was a slave of
Sultan Iltutmush. Owing to his Allah’s
gifted abilities, Sultan Iltutmush set him
free and included him in his group of
nobles. Bulban made trmendous
progress. Razia Sultana appointed him as
the “Ameer of Hunting” and Bahram
Shah rewarded him a fief of the Castle of
Riwari and District of Hansi.
After defeating Mongols he

became a hero of the Muslims of the
Subcontinent. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban
had an impressive and dominating
personality. After ascending the throne,
he got his enemies killed one by one. Ghias uddin Bulban
People were so much afraid of him that they trembled with fear when they
heard his very name.
He was a far-sighted and visionary politician. He quite wisely

utilized his powers and strength for the stability of the kingdom. He was a
successful general. He crushed the rebellions by sheer dint of military
power.
43
Policies of Bulban:
1. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban took steps to root out the rebellious
tendencies of nobles.
2. The system of espionage was made more effective.
3. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban regularized the system of Taxes

and got the record of war spoils prepared.
4. During the reign of Bulban, Mongols invaded in 1279 and 1285 AD.
In the last invasion, his son Shehzada Muhammad got killed. He appointed
supreme commanders in present Khayber Pakhtunkhwa, to keep Mongols
away and introduced military reforms. He adopted a permanent defense
policy to counter the invasions of Mangols. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban fell
seriously ill after the death of his son, Shehzada Muhammad and died in
1287 AD.
44
Exercise
3.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the correct
one.
I) The slave of Sultan Shamsuddin Altutmush was:
a) Qutubb-u-din Aibak b) Bulban
c) Nasir-u-din Mahmood d) Razia sultana
ii) The name of Razia Sultana's brother was:
a) Yaqoot b) Allau din
c) Bahram Shah d) Nasir-u-din Mahmood
iii) The strategy for countering the invasions of Mongols was
formulated by:
a) Razia Sultana b) Ghiasudin Bulban
c) Moizudin Qaikabad d) Qutub-u-din Aibak
iv) Mohammad Bin Qasim invaded Sindh in:
a) 711 AD b) 712 AD
c) 713 AD d) 714 AD
v) Qutub-u-din Aibak's rule lasted:
a) 4 years b) 5 years
c) 6 years d) 8 years
i. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban took steps to root out the
rebellious tendencies of the .
ii. Mahmood Ghaznavi invaded Indo-Pak
times.
iii. was a famous port of Sindh.
iv. Muhammad Ghauri defeated in the second
war of Tarian.
v. Sultan Shams-u-din Iltutmush belonged to race.
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3.3 Question No: 3 Tick the true sentences and cross the false ones.
i. Muhammad Bin Qasim was the son of Hajjaj Bin Yusuf.

ii. Mahmood Ghaznavi invaded Somnat Temple in 1026 AD.
iii. Muhammad Bin Qasim was just 20 years old, when he
invaded Sindh.
iv. Iltutmush formed an effective system in the conquered
regions.
v. Sultan Nassir-u-din Mahmud died in 1266 AD.

Column A Column B
Mahmood Ghaznavi the god of moon
Somnat Shahab-u-din Ghauri

Pirthvi Raj Hajjaj Bin Yusuf
Raja Dahir Breaker of idols
Muhammad Bin Qasim Cruel king

i. What was the major cause of Arab's invasion on Sindh?
ii. Who founded Delhi Sultanate? Describe the causes of
Qutub-u-din Aibak's death.
iii. How did Qutub-u-din Aibak become the ruler of Hindustan?
iv. What do you know about Somnat?
v. What does “Sulateen-e-Delhi mean?
46
3.6 Write detaild answers.

i. Give a detailed account of Sultan Mahmood Ghznavi's invasion on
Somnat.
ii. Highlight Qutub-u-din Aibak's system of government.
iii. What were the problems that Iltutmush faced after ascending
the throne?
iv. Give a brief account of Razia Sultana's reign.
v. Describe the steps taken by Sultan Bulban, for the consolidation of
his empire.
Activity
 Collect the pictures of some of the kings in the lesson and paste them
on a chart mentioning their great achievements and hang it on the
wall in your class room.
47
Chapter
Muslims
4 In
South Asia-II
1. Elaborate the rise and Consolidation of the Khilji Dynasty.
2. Discuss Alauddin Khilji: His Intrusion into the South and his
economic system.
3. Trace Mongol invasions into India and the defence policies of the
Dehli Sultans with particular reference Alauddin Khilji.
4. Discuss Tughluq's rise to power and expansion of the Dehli
Sultanate.
5. Critically examine various projects undertaken by Muhammad
Tughluq.
6. Discuss Feroze Shah Tughluq's reforms.
7. Discuss Taimur's invasion and its impact.
8. Critically examine the rise of the Lodhi Dynasty and its role in
restoring stability of the Sultanate.
9. Describe the cultural contributions of the Lodhis.
10. Explain the factors leading to the decline and downfall of the Delhi
Sultanate.
11. Identify the independent principalities, their locations and their
contributions during the 15th 16th centuries.
48
Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
4.1 Khilji Dynasty (1290-1296AD)
Khiljis belonged to Turk race. They held high posts in the armies of
Mahmood Gahznavi and Sultan Muhammad Ghauri. The founder of Khilji
Dynasty in the Subcontinent, Jalal-u-din Khilji was accepted as the leader
by all the Khiljis, due to hospitality and kind nature. Qaikabad feared his
increasing popularity and thus imprisoned him but later on released him
after finding him innocent. As he had great influence in the army, he
dethroned Qaikabad and took over Delhi.
4.1.1 Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji (1290-1296 AD)

After Khiljis' revolution, in 1290, Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji ascended
the throne. By that time he was 70 years old. He adopted a lenient and
flexible policy. The first rebellion during the reign of Sultan Jalal-u-din
Khilji was raised by the governor of Karrah (Allahabad) Kashli khan, who
was known by the name of Malik Chajju among the people. He assumed the
title of Mughisudin after taking over the power of kingship. Sultan Jalal-u-
din sent his son Arkali Khan to tackle him, who defeated and arrested him
and sent him to Multan.
Second rebellion was raised by Saydi Maula, who after arriving

Delhi got a Khankha (Monastery) constructed and established a public
kitchen. His love and respect amongst the people increased to the extent that
they started calling him “miracle performer.” Few Turk nobles of Balbun's
era became his disciples, who instigated him to kill Jalal-u-din and become
a sultan himself and then run the affairs of the government according to
Sharia. It was then decided that Sultan would be killed during the Jumma
prayer.
The Sultan came to know about this conspiracy well in time and
Saydi Maula was arrested and killed. It was the first murder which was
committed during the reign of the Sultan. Rajpoots took to revolt during the
reign of Jalal-u-din Khilji. In 1221, Sultan besieged Ranthambore Castle.
When the inhabitants of the castle refused to surrender, Sultan lifted the
siege by saying that those castles were not more important than the head of a
true Muslim. This unsuccessful campaign offended the Khilji nobles.
49
Jalal-u-din Khilji accomplished different welfare works.
a. Kind treatment with Mongols
In 1229, during the reign of Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji, the grandson of
Changez Khan, Alakhu Khan invaded Hindustan, but he was defeated.
Instead of crushing his army completely, Jalal-u-din adoped a flexible
policy and gave his daughter in marriage with Alakhu Khan. In order to
please the Mongoles he also built a town by the name of "Mangoles".
b. Conquest of Devegarhi
Allaudin Khilji was the nephew of Sultan Jalal-u-din. He was a great
general. He conquered the surrounding areas of Malwah and sent a lot of
war spoils to Sultan. The Sultan got very much pleased with him and handed
over Malwah to him. Allaudin was against the lenient policy of Sultan on
the one hand and angry at the mistreatment of Queen Jahan with him on the
other. Hence, without informing the Sultan he invaded Devegarhi. After
defeating Raja Ram Dave and his son Shanker Dave, he captured
Davegarhi. In this war he got a lot of wealth in the form of war spoils.
c. Assassination of Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji

When Allaudin reached “Karrah” along with his war spoils,
conspirators started instigating Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji against Allaudin
Khilji, which caused bad blood between the two. Anyhow, both met in a
quite pleasant and friendly atmosphere but on the signal of Allaudin, his
loyalists attacked the Sultan and killed him. In
this way the reign of Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji
came to an end.
4.1.2 Sultan Allaudin Khilji 1296-1316 AD

As soon as Sultan Allaudin Khilji
ascended the throne in 1296, he got all the
family members of Sultan Jalal-u-din killed.
Queen Jahan and other women were
imprisoned. He was a competent general.
During his reign, he not only defended
Hindustan successfully but also expanded its
frontiers. He countered successfully various Sultan Allaudin Khilji
50
Mongolian invasions on Hindustan and foiled many conspiracies in the
country. He re-organized his army and equipped with modern weapons. He
also formed an effective espionage system. Allaudin Khilji was a great
administrator and politician. He introduced many administrative,
agricultural, military and economic reforms, which brought prosperity in
the country.
a. Administrative and Military reforms

Sultan Allaudin confiscated all the trust properties and put a ban on
intoxicants and feasts of nobles. Like Balbun, Sultan Allaudin revised
borders' policy and enforced new military rules. New castles were built and
forces were deployed there. Defense lines were demarcated. He raised a
regular army, in place of feudal army, which was highly paid. Allaudin was
the first ruler who introduced the method of marking horse’ back. Ordnance
factories were established and the system of Daak Choki, for sending
messages was established.
b. Economic reforms
Allaudin formed a system of “price fixing” in the light of his
economic reforms. He appointed officials to enforce this system. To
maintain the supply of goods, new rules were framed, according to which,
hoarding of goods in large quantity was declared a punishable crime. For
the collection of land revenue, Allaudin also introduced agricultural
reforms. He fixed a certain rate of tax on land. Allaudin died in 1316 AD.
Before his death, he had already handed over the affairs of the government
to Malik Kafoor who was killed, after running the government for just 35
days.
Sultan Allaudin Khilji had great interest in architecture. He got Alai darwaza,
Alai Minaret, Tomb of Nizamudin Auliya ( ) Houz-e- Alai and a castle
like city, constructed.
4.1.3 Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316-1320 AD)
After the death of Mlik Kafoor, the son of Allaudin, Mubarak Shah
took over the seat of power. Debauchery and incompetence marked his rule.
51
He appointed Hassan, who was apparently a Muslim, as his prime minister,
and gave him the title of Khusroo Khan. Khusroo Khan killed Mubarak
Shah and snatched the throne. In this way, 30 year rule of Khilji Dynasty
came to an end.
Khilji Dynasty
(1316-1320 AD)
Gujrat
Bangal
Bay of Bangal
Vijay Nagar Madras
Koochan
Trunk Bar
Indian Ocean
4.2 Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)

The real name of Ghiasudin Tughluq was Ghazi Malik. He was a
Turk slave of Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban who was later appointed as the
governor of Dipalpur. He invaded Delhi in 1320 AD and defeated Khusroo
Khan and founded Tughluq Dynasty.
4.2.1 Sultan Ghiasuddin Tughluq 1320-1325 AD

After ascending the throne, Sultan Ghiasuddin Tughluq took drastic
measures to restore the dignity of kingship. He succeeded in gaining the
confidence of the nobles, getting rid of debauchery and recovering illegal
wealth. It resulted in restoring law and order, and repleting the treasury . He
withdrew unnecessary taxes. He succeeded in maintaining discipline in
army ranks by enforcing strict military rules. He improved the get up of the
soldiers and the method of marking horses.
52
During the reign of Sultan Ghiasuddin, the rulers of “Warngal” and
:Talangana” were subdued and their states were annexed to Delhi Sultanate.
East Bengal was brought under the rule of Delhi Sultanate. After the
successful expedition of Bengal, his son Juna Khan constructed a wooden
palace at Tughluq- Abad, as a token of honour for him. During his stay at the
palace, the palace collapsed due to Elephants' fight and Sultan Ghiasuddin
Tughluq along with his companions died under the jumble of wooden
planks.
4.2.2 Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq (1325-1351 AD)

The real name of Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq was Fakhar-u-din
Junna Khan. He was the eldest son of Ghiasuddin Tughluq.
After the death of his father, in 1325

AD, he ascended the throne by the name of
Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq. He had
command over different subjects; He
followed the policy of modernization. He
declared Daulat Abad as a new capital
instead of Delhi. Reforms were introduced in
Tax collection system. New coins bearing
symbols were issued. All his projects failed,
due to his poor planning and unrealistic
approach. His economic reforms caused
great miseries to the people. His military
expeditions also failed. Shifting of the Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq
capital rendered the northern regions
unsecured. Due to his irrational policies, last sixteen years of his rule
marked the emergence of conspiracies and rebellions. Provinces and
various regions declared their independence. In 1351 AD, Muhammad Bin
Tughluq died in Sindh, near Thatta.
4.2.3 Feroze Shah Tughluq 1351-1388 AD

Feroze Shah Tughluq was the son of the younger brother of
Ghiasuddin Tughluq. After the death of his father, he was brought up by
Ghiasuddin Tughluq. After the death of Muhammad Bin Tughluq, he
53
ascended the throne in 1351 AD.
During his reign, economic reforms
were enforced and public welfare
projects were completed. There had
been peace and political stability
during the first twenty years of
Feroze Shah's reign, while in the next
seventeen years, chaos and anarchy
prevailed throughout the empire and
eventually Tughluq Dynasty lost its
power.
Reforms
Feroze Shah abolished all
those taxes which were imposed
during Muhammad Bin Tughluq's Feroze Shah Tughluq
reign. Those taxes had caused great
damage to the economy. He lowered the tax rates. All the taxes against
Sharia were abolished. Confiscated lands were returned to their owners. He
distributed the state lands among the military officers and nobles.
Tomb of Feroze Shah Tughluq

54
Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq raised two types of forces and introduced
military reforms. He declared military posts inheritable and the families of
soldiers were exempted from government taxes. He improved the judicial
system in the light of the teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Different
types of factories were set up to promote industry.
Feroze shah Tughluq constructed a new capital “Feroze Abad,” near

Delhi. He appointed Tughluq Shah, as his successor. Feroze Shah died in
1388 AD. At that time he was about 83 years old. After the death of Feroze
Shah, the Sultanat came under chaos and taking advantage of this situation,
Ameer Taimur invaded the Subcontinent and with that the downfall of
Tughluq's dynasty started.
4.2.4 Ameer Taimur

Ameer Taimur belonged to a Turk family, named “Berlas” His father,
Ameer Terghi was the chief of Chughtai tribe. He was born in 1336, at
“Caish” a place at a distance of 50 Km from Samerkand. He was lame of one
leg, therefore he is known as “Taimur Lung”. He became the chief of the
tribe in 1369, after the death of his
father. He raised a huge army and
strengthened and organized his
tribe.
He, first of all, conquered
Iran and killed the ruler of Iran. After
that he invaded “Asiayay koochak”
a part of Turkey and defeated
Ottoman Turk “Bayazeed
Yelderem” and arrested him. He also
conquered different regions of
Turkistan, Iraq, Russia and Siberia,
etc. After reaching Afghanistan, he
reorganized his army and invaded
Hindustan. Ameer Taimur
55
Taimur's Invasion of Hindustan
In 1398 AD, Ameer Taimur's grandson “Peer Muhammad Khan”
captured Pak paten and Deepalpur, apart from other areas to help make way
for Taimur and then Ameer Taimur crossed the Indus River and conquered
Multan. After that he invaded “Sarsah” and held about one Lakh people as
prisoners. Then he invaded Delhi. The army of Delhi fought bravely but was
defeated. He kept on committing massacre in Delhi for three days. Due to
this massacre, many prominent saints, sufies and religious scholars lost
their lives. Beautiful buildings were destroyed. After staying for three days
in Delhi, Ameer Taimur returned with huge quantity of war spoils. After the
departure of Ameer Taimur , thousands of people died due to the outbreak of
plague. Economic crisis added miseries to the life of the people.
4.3 Syed Dynasty

While returning, Ameer Taimur appointed “Syed Khizer Khan” as
his deputy at Multan and Deepalpur. Syed Khizer Khan was an advisor to
Ameer Taimur in all the military expeditions. Syed Khizer Khan founded
Syed Dynasty in the Subcontinent. His reign lasted from 1414-1421 AD.
After him, Syed Mubarak Shah ruled from 1421- 1434 AD, Syed
Muhammad Shah from 1434-1445 AD, and Syed Alam Shah ruled from
1445-1451 AD. Taking advantage of the rift between Alam Shah and his
minister, Behlol Lodhi dethroned him and founded Lodhi Dynasty.
4.4 Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)

After the downfall of Saddat Dynasty, Lodhi Dynasty came into
power. This family was settled in the northern areas of Hindustan
(Subcontinent). They were basically merchants but took services in the
Subcontinent's army as well. Behlol Lodhi was the founder of this dynasty.
4.4.1 Sultan Behlol Lodhi:

As Behlol Lodhi ascended the throne, he strengthened his rule by
defeating Mahmud Shah, the ruler of Jounpur. He subdued Rajpoots and
Maywaties, while the Raja of Maywar was forced to pay Khiraj. He
remained so much occupied in wars that he could not pay proper attention to
administrative matters. Behlol Lodhi was a good man by nature.
56
He had great interest in arts and literature. He died in 1489 AD.
4.4.2 Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517 AD)

Sikandar Lodhi ascended the throne in 1489 AD. Due to his administrative
acumen he held a distinct position in Lodhi Dynasty. He expanded the
boundaries of his sultanat and kept his rivals under control. He shifted the
capital from Delhi to Agra and took steps for the well being and welfare of
the people.
As Sikandar Lodhi ascended the throne, his brother, Alam Khan

Lodhi, who was the ruler of Rapri, revolted. Sikandar Lodhi defeated him
and thus crushed the rebellion. After him, Barbuk of Jounpur rebelled,
whom he defeated and arrested. Later he was forgiven and reinstated as a
governor. After accomplishing military expeditions, he suppressed the
rebellions of the nobles and expanded his Sultanat. He then shifted his
capital to Agra, in order to keep control on the governors of the states.
In order to restore the dignity of the institution of kingship, and to

dispense justice, Sikandar Lodhi implemented various rules and
regulations. He established espionage system. He also enforced religious
policy. In 1505 AD, an earth quake destroyed many buildings in Agra.
Sikandar Lodhi initiated the work of reconstructing those buildings. Hence;
the city turned into a beautiful capital. Sultan Sikandar Lodhi died in 1517 AD.
4.4.3 Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526 AD)

After the death of Sikandar Lodhi, his son
Ibrahim Lodhi ascended the throne. Due to
harshness and haste in his temperament, he could
not control the nobles. He imposed strict
restrictions on feudal lords and imprisoned many
influential nobels. His elder son Islam Khan
revolted in “Karrah.” A rebellion was also raised
in Bihar, though it was curbed, nobles kept on
secretly hatching conspiracies against him.
War with Ranasanga lasted for a long
period and eventually both of them reconciled.
Ibrahim Lodhi
57
Due to his autocratic policies, the governor of Bihar declared
independence, the Punjab governor, Daulat Khan Lodhi, invited Babar to
invade Hisdustan. Thereupon, Zaheer-u-din Babar invaded Punjab in 1524
AD and occupied Lahore. In 1526, Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at Paniput
and laid the foundation of Mughal Empire, and thus the rule of Salateen-e-
Delhi came to an end.
4.5 Causes of the downfall of Salateen-e-Delhi

The major causes of the decline of Salateen-e-Delhi were as under:
i. The failed projects of Muhammad Bin Tughluq caused economic
crisis in Delhi Sultanate.
ii. Feroze Shah avoided bloodshed because of his lenient policy. This
removed the fear of power of the government and the tendency of separation
from the centre developed.
iii. Feroze Shah Tughluq distributed state lands among the military
officers and allowed them to raise their own forces, which strengthened
these landlords enabling them to exert their influence in the selection of
rulers.
iv. The military expeditions of Muhammad Bin Tughluq failed. Feroze
Shah's decision of making military posts inheritable badly affected the
military discipline.
v. Administrative and military institutions grew weaker. Bribery
became a common practice and this situation reached to the extreme during
the reign of Ibrahim Lodhi.
vi. The rulers of Tughluq and Saddat Dynasties were quite weak and
incompetent. They led their ruling dynasties to its decline.
vii. Feroze Shah gave incentives to slaves and thus a huge army of slaves
was raised. These slaves proved to be a burden on treasury. They also took
part in the wars as a party for the throne.
viii. During the rule of Tughluq’s regime, the boundaries of Delhi sultanat
expanded. It was a difficult task to administer and control such a vast
Empire due to which rebellions started.
58
ix. During the rule of Tughluqs, the treasury depleted because of the
frequent invasions of Mongols. The plundering of foreign invaders also
brought miseries to the people.
x. In 1398 AD, Ameer Taimur's invasion caused the disintegration of
unity of Hindustan.
xi. Behlol Lodhi tried his best to unite the rebellious Afghan nobles, but
they were not ready to surrender to an authoritative Sultan. After the death
of Sikandar Lodhi, these Afghans speeded up their efforts to secede from the
Sultanat.
4.6 Establishment of independent principalities:

The establishment of independent principalities in 15th and 16th
century are mentioned below:
i. During the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, Bengal declared its
independence. Different dynasties ruled over this state.
ii. During the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi, the ruler of Junpur, Darya
Khan Jahan established an independent state there.
iii. The governor of Gujarat, Muzaffar Khan declared the independence
of Gujarat province in 1396 AD.
iv. “Khandaish” was a small state. During Babar's invasion on the
Subcontinent, Meera Muhammad was the ruler of this state,.
v. Dilawar Khan decalred Malwah's independence. After him
Mahmood Khilji became the ruler of this state. Babar annexed this state to
his Kingdom.
vi. During the reign of Salateen-e-Delhi, Ahmed Nagr, Baijapur, Barar,
Baider, Golkanda, Orissa, Wijiya Nagr, Amber, Gawalyar, Ajmair and
Kalpi, became independent states. Later these states were annexed to
Mughal Empire.
59
Exercise
4.1 Following are the four answers of each question.
Tick the correct one.
i) Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji ascended the throne in:
a) 1270 AD b) 1290 AD
c) 1320 AD d) 1390 AD
ii) The real name of Ghiasuddin Tughluq was:
a) Khusroo Khan b) Alagh Khan
c) Ghazi Malik d) Bulbun
iii) Ameer Taimur belonged to a Turk family known as:
a) Berlas b) Mughal
c) Tughluq d) Khilji
iv) In the Subcontinent, Syed Dynasty was founded by:
a) Ameer Taimur b) Muhammad Shah
c) Alam Shah d) Khizer Khan
v) The occupation of Lodhi Dynasty was:
a) Trading b) Employment/jobs
c) Mining d) Fishing
i. Sultan Allaudin Khilji all the lands held in
trust.
ii. Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq ascended the throne in
AD.
iii. In 1369 AD, after the death of his father became
the chief of the tribe.
iv. After the downfall of Sada’at Dynasty Dynasty
gained power.
v. In 1396 AD, the governor of Gujarat ,declared
the independence of Gujarat province.
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4.3 Tick the true statement and cross the false ones.
i. Allauddin Khilji enforced the system of “price fixing,” by

enforcing economic reforms.
ii. Ghiasuddin Tughlaq was the slave of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
iii. There had been peace and prosperity during the last
seventeen years of Feroze Shah's reign.
iv. While returning, Ameer Taimur handed over the
government to Mahmud Tughluq.
v. Due to the failed projects of Muhammad Bin Tughluq,
Delhi Sultanat faced economic crisis.
Column A Column B
Behlol Lodhi died in 1517 AD
Sikandar Lodhi died in 1489 AD
Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji disintegrated the unity of Hindustan
Syed Dynasty ruled took over the kingship: in 1290 AD
In 1398 AD, Ameer Taimur lasted up to 1451 AD

i. Who was the founder of Lodhi dynasty? Give a short introduction
to
this dynasty.
ii. Describe the reforms introduced during the reign of Sultan
Ghiasuddin Tughluq.
iii. What were the causes of the miseries of the people during Feroze
61
Shah Tughluq's reign?

iv. What kind of economic system was introduced by Allaudin Khilji?
v. Write three causes of the decline of Delhi Sultanate.
i. Discuss the economic system of Khilji's government.
ii. Describe the rise of Tughluq's dynasty and the expansion of Delhi
Sultanate.
iii. Explain the causes of Ameer Taimur's invasions and their impacts.
iv. Highlight the rise of Lodhi dynasty and its role in consolidating
Sultanat-e-Delhi.
v. What do you know about Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji?
Activity
 Paste the pictures of Salateen-e-Delhi mentioning their great
achievements on a chart and hang it on the wall in the class room.
62
Chapter
Socio-Cultural
5 Developments
(711-1526)
1. Identify the major Sufi orders/ Saints and their contribution in the
spread of Islam - Ali Bin Usman Hujveri, Moinuddin Chisti,
Baba Farid Shakar Ganj, Bahauddin Zakariyya, Lal Shahbaz
Qalandar and Nizamuddin Aulia.
2. Identify the benchmarks in the evolution of Indo-Muslim culture,

with particular reference to their contribution reference to
their contribution in the arts, the sciences, and the architecture.
3. Describe the contribution of Dehli Sultans in the promotion of

education.
4. Critically examine the central structure of administration under the

Dehli Sultans.
5. Critically examine the provincial administrative structure of the

Dehli Sultanate.
63
Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
5.1. Sufism and its impacts
Sufism (Tasuwuf) is originated from an Arabic word, “Saffa,” which
means purity. In broarder sense it means a mode of life which a Sufi adopts.
The thoughts of Sufiya-e-Karram inspired and impressed the people to the
extent that they started embracing Islam. The people were already fed up
with the caste system, the concept of untouchables and the tradition of
“Sutti” which was in common practice in Hindu religion. Contrary to it,
Sufiya-e-karam introduced a simple and refined civilization and culture
based on the teachings of Islam. Other religions could not resist the
simplicity and grace of this civilization.
In the Subcontinent, Sufiya-e-Karram established their centres for

the propagation of Islam and started spreading Islam at individual and
collective levels. Sufiya-e-Karram started preaching the teachings of
“Islam” to people and also taught them about the deeds that can please
Allah. Sufiya-e-Karrams constructed masjids in which they started teaching
and learning process. Four influential and popular orders of Saints in the
subcontinent are mentioned below.
a. The Chishtia Order

Abu Ishaque Shami was the founder of this order, while, Hazrat
Moin-u-din Chishti was the greatest Saint of this order in the Subcontinent.
Hazrat Farid-u-din Gunj Shakar( ), Hazrat Bakhtiyar Kaki ( )
and Hazrat Nizamu-din Auliya ( ) are the prominent Saints of this
order.
b. The Saharwardia Order

Hazrat Shahbudin Saharwardi was the founder of this order.
Hazrat Bahau-din Zakaria was the greatest Saint of this order.
64
c. Naqshbandia Order/Succession:
Hazrat Ba-yazeed Bastami was the greatest Saint of this
order. Hazrat Khawaja Baki Billah introduced this order in the
Subcontinent.
d. Qadria Order/Succession
Hazrat Abdul Qadir Jailani ( ) was the greatest Saint of this
order. Abdul Qadir Saani ( ) introduced this order in the Subcontinent.
There has been an important role of Sufiya-e-Karram in the
promotion and propagation of Islam. Some of the Sufiya-e-Kararam are
mentioned below:
5.1.1 Hazrat Ali Bin Usman Hajvari

Hazrat Ali Bin Hajvari was born in Ghazni in “Muhalla
Hajvair” Afghanistan in 1009 AD. He become famous by the title of “Hazrat
Data Ganj Bukhsh.” He came to
Lahore during the last period of
Masood Ghaznavi's reign, who was
the son of Sultan Mahmood
Ghaznavi. He constructed a masjid
and started provided knowledge and
education in it. Inspired by his
teachings, many people embraced
Islam. A Hindu ruler of Lahore was
also amongst the converts. He wrote
Tomb of Hazrat Ali Bin Usman Hajvari
a book on Suffism by the name of
“Kashaf-ul-Mahjoob.” He died at Lahore in 1072 AD. Ibrahim Ghaznavi
got his tomb constructed. Apart from Muslims, the followers of all other
religions were greatly impressed by his good manners and teachings.
65
5.1.2 Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti
Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti was a great Sufi Saint of
Hindustan. He was born at
“Seestan” in 1142 AD. When he
was 15, his father died. He was in
the habit of meditating from his
early childhood. He sold all the
property that he had inherited and
came to Samarkand. Here, he got
education. After that he travelled
Tomb of Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti 
across the Islamic countries and met
many great Sufis and religious scholars of that time. Later, he came to
Lahore and stayed at the tomb of Hazrat Data Ganj Bukhsh. From here he
went to Multan and learnt the local language. Then he shifted to Dehli. After
a short stay at Delhi he went to Ajmer Sharif. He introduced Islamic
teachings to the local people and practically proved that Islam is the only
religion which propounds the ideas of equality and respect for all the human
beings. Inspired by his teachings, thousands of people embraced Islam. He
died in 1236 AD.
5.1.3 Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj
The ancestors of Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj had migrated
from Kabul to Hindustan. He was
born at Khotwal (District Multan) in
1173 A.D. His real name was
Masood. After getting preliminary
education, he went to Multan. Later
he moved to Kabul to acquire
education in contemporary subjects.
Later, he came to Lahore and then
moved to Ajodhan (Pak Paten) and
settled there permanently. He died Tomb of Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj ( )
there in 1265 A.D.

66
Thousands of people embraced Islam because of his teachings. He
hated the kings' courts and their customs. He often went to Jungle, wore
simple clothes and lived on wild fruit, He kept fast most of the time. His
disciples, under the influence of his training, spread the message of Islam
far and wide.
5.1.4 Hazrat Bahau-din Zakaria

Bahau-din Zakaria was
born in 1182 A.D. He came from
“Khurrasan.” After getting
knowledge, he came to Hindustan
and settled in Multan permanently.
Here a large number of hindus
embraced Islam because of his
teachings. At that time, Nasir-u-din
Qabacha was the ruler of this region,
where as Iltutmush ruled over Delhi.
Hazrat Bahau-din Zakaria ( )
Tomb of Hazrat Bahaud-din Zakaria
considered Iltutmush a better ruler
than Qabacha. Therefore he helped Iltutmush against Qabacha. It helped the
former capture Multan. He also helped prevent Mongols from invading
Multan. He died at Multan in 1264 A.D.
5.1.5 Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander

The real name of Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander was “Sheikh
Usman.” He was born in a village
near Tabriz in 1177 A.D. After
getting education, he came to
Hindustan and started preaching
Islam in Sindh.
He settled in Saivestan (Sehwan).
Here, he gained great popularity
among all types of people. His
Murshad gave him the title of
“Shahbaz.” As he used to wear red
dress, he is called “Lal Shahbaz.” He Tomb of Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
died in 1274 A.D.
67
5.1.6 Hazrat Sheikh Nizam-u-din Auliya
Hazrat Shaikh Nizam-u-din Auliya was the Khalifa of Baba
Farid Shakar Gunj . His
grandfather had left his homeland
“Bukhara”, due to the destruction
caused by the invading Mongols and
came to Lahore. He was born in
“Badayoon” (India) in 1238 A.D.
His name was Syed Muhammad.
When he was five years old his father
died. His mother trained and
Tomb of Hazrat Shaikh Nizamud-din Auliya
educated him. After coming to Delhi,
he started preaching Islam. Nobles of the Sultanate, princes and common
people became his disciples. Zia-u-din Berne and Ameer Khusru were also
his disciples.
Sheikh Nizam-u-din Auliya disliked the kings and their
policies. Once Allauddin Khilji requested to meet him, but he refused.
When Khilji insisted, he said “I have no interest in the politics of kings.” He
transformed the task of preaching into a “system.” In this way, his disciples
introduced the teachings of Islam to thousands of people. He died in 1325
A.D at Delhi.
5.2 Muslim Culture

Most of the Muslim rulers who ruled over Hindustan belonged to
Central Asia (Turkistan.) During that period, Iranian social norms and
values were considered to be the best standard of culture and civilization in
that region. The adoption of the Iranian literature, language, dress and life
style were considered by the people, as the proof of their being civilized. In
other words, the style of Iranian culture and civilization was greatly liked by
the ruling class, majority of which had come from Central Asia.
The rulers who had come from Central Asia, to rule over Hindustan,
68
influenced the local culture. The influence of Iranian and Turkish style is
quite visible in those fine arts which these rulers patronized. In addition to
their influence on the art and craft, it is also noticiable in people’s life.
i. Arts
Because of the unique nature of Islamc civilization, tremendous
progress was made in the field of arts during the Muslim rule. During that
period, the nobles, rulers and a major part of the society took interest in
Calligraphy. The hand written script of the Holy Quran by Sultan Nasir-u-
din remained intact for a long period. While considering the importance of
painting and calligraphy, different Salateen, during their reigns allotted
specific places by the name of “Art Gallery,”. Following the teachings of
Sharia, some of the Delhi-Salateen declared ban on images of living
creatures. Muslims had brought the art of calligraphy from Iran and they
polished it further. With the arrival of Muslim rulers to Hindustan, the
tradition of central Asian and Iranian music also came to Hindustan. The
elite class, Rajas and Kings used to arrange music programmes in their
courts.
Among the Salateen-e-Dehli, Bulban, Khilji and Muhammad

Tughluq had great interest in music. Ameer Khusru amalgamated Iranian,
Hindustani religious and local music and thus created a new style of music.
He invented different tunes (Raag) of music. The art of music made
progress, particularly during the reign of Sikandar Lodhi.
ii. Science and Medicine

The establishment of Muslim rule in the Subcontinent caused to
flourish different arts and education in this area. The Muslim conquerors
introduced the research work of “Razi” and “Bu Ali Siena” to this land and
tremendous progress was made in the field of medicine. During Muslim
rule, various books, particularly written on “Science and medicines” in
different languages, were translated into Persian. Special attention was paid
69
to science, mathematics, medicines, philosophy, and geography, in
educational institution.
iii. Architecture
Muslim rulers got different buildings constructed in Hindustan,
which are the best models of architecture. Qutub-u-din Aibak got “Masjid
Quwat-ul- Islam” constructed in Delhi and also laid the foundation of
“Qutub Minar” adjacent to “Masjid Quwat-u-Islam, which was later
completed by Iltutmish. There is a Masjid named “Arrahi Din Ka
Johnmpara,” Iltutmish got it built. The tomb of Iltutmish lies to the north
west of Masjid Quwat-ul-Islam. It is made of red stones. Alai Darwaza is the
most magnificent building that was constructed during the reign of Allaudin
Khilji.
Masjid Qowat-ul-Islam Qutab Minar
It was constructed as the entry gate of Masjid Quwat-ul-Islam.

Ghiasuddin Bulban got the “Castle of Tughlaq-Abad” constructed, which is
situated at a distance of few kilometers from Delhi.
Feroze Shah was fond of constructing castles and buildings and

founding new cities. He founded new cities like Fateh-Abad, Jounpur,
Feroze-pur, etc, near Delhi. He also got Feroze Abad castle constructed.
During Mughal rule, architecture reached to its height in terms of
70
perfection. King Akbar got his father's tomb built in Delhi. Shah Jahan got
his Queen's tomb constructed which is known as “Taj Mahal.” Apart from it
Shah Jahan got Jama Masjid Delhi and Lal killa Constructed. Aurangzaib
Alamgir got Badshahi Masjid of Lahore constructed. All these buildings
which were constructed by Muslim rulers clearly reflect Islamic culture and
civilization.
Badshahi Masjid (Lahore) Taj Mehal (Agrah)
iv. Promotion of Education

Muslim rulers inherited a valuable asset of education in the
subcontinent. According to Islamic teachings, education holds the status of
being an important obligation. Different rulers established Maktabs and
Madarasas for primary and higher education respectively. There were
special institutions (Madrasas) for getting education of particular subjects.
These subjects included Medicines, Mathematics, Astronomy etc. These
institutions were patronized by local rulers and nobles as well. These
institutions produced Qazi (judge), Mufti, officials and professionals,
capable of running the affairs of the government. Mahmud Ghaznavi
established a big Madrasa at Ghazni, where people from Iran and other areas
of Central Asia came for getting education. Al Bairuni, Firdosee and other
prominent religious scholars completed their education from this Madrasa.
Muhammad Ghauri gave special attention to the promotion of

education. He established many Madrasas in Ajmer. Iltutmish established a
71
magnificent Madrasa, which later turned into ruins due to carelessness and
negligence of the succeeding rulers. Feroze Shah Tughluq got it re-
constructed. Razia Sultana constructed a grand Madrasa in Delhi which was
known as “Madrasa-a-Moazia.” Apart from Allaudin Khilji, other rulers
established Madrasas for the promotion of education. Feroze Shah paid
special attention to the construction of Madrasas. It is said that 30 Madrasas
were established during his reign. These Madrasas provided both religious
and worldly education. The successful students were also awarded
scholarships.
5.3 Administrative Structure of Salateen-e-Delhi
(i). Central Administrative Structure

(ii). Provincial Administrative Structure
The detail of Central and Provincial structures of Salateen-e-Delhi is

given below:
(i). Central Administrative Structure
(a). Sultan
The Sultan had absolute power and authority in the Sultanate. He
managed and presided all the Judicial, administrative and legislative affairs.
The central and provincial officers and governors, etc were appointed from
the Nobles.
(b). Diwan-e-Wizarat
Next to Sultan, the department of Minister was the most important
department. It was called Diwan-e-Wizarat. Diwan means department. This
department supervised the affairs of treasury but as a matter of fact, its duty
was also to supervise all the other departments of the Sultanat.
(c ). Diwan-e-Risalat
Its duty was to look after the religious affairs. This department
72
awarded scholarships to the learned. The head of this department was called
“Sader-as-Sadoor.”
(d). Diwan-e-Qaza
The department of justice was called Diwan-e-Qaza and the head of
this department was called “Qazi-u-Qazat.” It was responsible for the
management of judicial system at different levels, throughout the Sultanat.
(e). Diwan-e-Insha
The department of “Royal Correspondence” was called Diwan-e-
Insha. The head of the department was called “Dabeer-e-Mamalik or
Dabeer-e-Khas.”
(f ). Diwan-e-Arz
The department which presided the affairs related to Army was called
Diwan-e-Arz. Its head was known as “Aariz-e-Mamalik or Sahib Diwan-e-
Arz.” Taking care of the affairs related to army, the salaries of soldiers, the
provision and making of war weapons, training of soldiers, constructing
castles and supplying the food to the soldiers, were the responsibilities of
this department.
(g). Diwan-e-Bareed
This department was given the task of conveying important
information to every corner of the country. Its duty was to carry the orders
of the king to the people and convey to the king important information from
far flung areas. The head of this department was called “Sahib Bareed-e-
Mamalik.”
(ii). Provincial Administrative Structure

During the reign of Salateen-e-Delhi, the entire Sultanat was divided
into many provinces. Provinces were further divided into different units
according to administrative needs and requirements, which are given
below:
73
(a). Provincial Chief Executive:
Provincial Chief Executive was called “Hakim,” “Waali” or
Governor. Due to long distances, taking instructions from the king took a
long time. Sometimes immediate decisions were required to be taken;
therefore the governors were entrusted with unlimited powers and
authority. Being a provincial head, the governor enjoyed immense powers.
Usually the princes and trustworthy nobles were usually appointed as
governors.
(b). Shaq and Pragnah:

Provinces were divided into “Shaqs.” Its head was called “Shaq-
Dar.” A Shaq consisted of many “Praganas.” “Khot” Muqadam or
Chaudhary was responsible for looking after the financial and
administrative affairs, at Pragana-level.
( c). Diyah:
The smallest administrative unit of the province was called “Diyah”
or village. One pragana consisted of hundred villages. A pargana consisted
of hundred villages. Patwari, Safaid-Posh, and chokidars were appointed to
run its affairs.
74
Exercise
5.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the
correct one.
i. Hazrat Ali Bin Usman Hajviri was born in:
a) Pakistan b) Iran
c) Kazikistan d) Afghanistan
ii. The greatest Saint of Seherwardia order is:
a) Hazrat Bahaudin Zakaria
b) Hazrat Farid-u-din Ganj Shakar
c) Hazrat Bakhtiar Kaki
d) Hazrat Nizamudin Aoliya
iii. Badshahi Masjid of Lahore was constructed by a Muslim
ruler:
a) Akbar b) Aurangzaib Alamgir
c) Qutub-u-din Aibak d) Feroze Shah Tughluq
iv. The department which was related to Army in the Central
administrative structure of Delhi Sultanate was called:
a) Diwan-e-Bareed b) Diwan-e-Qaza
c) Diwan-e-Arz d) Diwan-e-Wizarat
v. During the reign of Salateen-e-Delhi, the provincial chief
executive was called:
a) Sultan b) Diwan-e-Insha
c) Diwan-e-Khas d) Waali or Governor
I. The real name of Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander was .
ii. Muslims brought the art of from Iran.
iii. Razia Sultana got a grand Madrasa constructed in .
iv. The responsibility of Diwan-e-Risalat was to look after the affairs
of .
v. The tomb of Hazrat Data Gunj Bukhsh is situated at
city.
75
5.3 Tick the correct answer and cross the false ones.
i. The smallest administrative unit of a province, during the

reign of Salateen-e-Delhi, was called Diyah or village.
ii. The department of Diwan-e-Wazarat had to supervise
the religious affairs.
iii. Amongst the Salateen-e-Delhi, Bulban, Khilji and
Muhammad Tughluq had great interest in music.
iv. Hazrat Bahaudin Zakaria died in Multan.
v. Iltutmish got Masjid Quwat-ul-Islam constructed in Delhi.
5.4 Match the column A with those of column B.

Column A Column B
Diwan-e-Risalat Department related to Army
Diwan-e-Insha Department of treasury

Diwan-e-Qaza Department of religious affairs
Diwan-e-Arz Department of Royal correspondence
Diwan-e-Wizarat Department of Justice
5. 5 Write short answers.

i. What was “Pragana” during the reign of Salateen-eDelhi?
ii. What was the role of Sultan, during the reign of Salateen-e-Delhi?
iii. What was the life style of Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj ?
iv. Give the reference of the Masajids, which were constructed by
Muslim rulers.
v. Highlight the teachings of Hazrat Khawaja Moinudin Chishti .
76
5.6 Write detailed answers of the following questions.
i. Describe the major Sufi chains and their contributions in the
spread of Islam.
ii. Explain the Islamic culture during the reign of Muslim rulers.
iii. Highlight the role of Salateen-e-Delhi in the promotion of
education.
iv. Critically examine the central administrative structure of
Salateen -e- Delhi.
v. Explain the provincial administrative structure of Salateen-e-Delhi.
Activity
 Arrange a quiz programme according to the information given in
this chapter.
 Write down some important features of the life of some of the
Sufiya-e-Karam on a chart and hang it on the wall in the classroom.
77
Glossary
Words Meaning
1. abandon to leave.
2. abolished cancel a rule or law officially.
3. abundance in large quantity.
4. accomplish to complete.
5. acquire to gain something by your own efforts.
6. adjacent situated next to or near something.
7. affinity strong relationship.
8. annex to take control of an area by force.
9. annihilate to destroy something or somebody completely.
10. archaeologist a person who studies archaeology.
11. architecture the art and study of designing buildings.
12. assimilate to go up.
13. astrologist a person who has the knowledge of stars.
14. astronomy the scientific study of the sun moon, stars,
planets etc.
15. calligraphy a beautiful handwriting that you do with special
pen or brush.
16. capital central place of government.
17. carving designing made by cutting into wood or stone.
18. chaos a state of complete confusion and disorder.
19. confiscate to take something from somebody officially
20. confrontation an angry disagreement.
21. contemporary belonging to the same time.
22. devastate follower
23. durable likely to last for a longer period.
24. encompass to include large number of things.
78
Glossary
Words Meaning
25. engrossed involved or interested in something.

26. enslave to make somebody slave.
27. excavation digging
28. fertile land or soil in which plants grow well.
29. fertility the state of being fertile.
30. fierce aggressive, terrifying.
31. flourish to develop or promote quickly.
32. flourished developed quickly.
33. gallantly bravely.
34. historian a person who writes or studies about history.
35. hospitality friendly and generous behavior towards guests.
36. hostage a person who is held as prisoner.
37. immense extremely large or great.
38. instability uncertanity.
39. intolerable so bad or difficult that you can't tolerate it.
40. invincible too strong to be defeated.
41. mashed crushed into soft mass.
42. massacre killing of a large number of people.
43. meditation the practice of thinking deeply in silence.
44. miseries great suffering of mind or body.
45. moderate neither very good nor very bad.
46. native connected with the place where you were born.
47. noble a person who comes from a family of high social
rank.
48. offend to make someone angry.
49. plunder to steal things.
50. prevailing existing or most common at a particular time
79
Glossary
Words Meaning
51. reconcile to find a satisfactory solution.

52. reign a period during which a king or queen rules.
53. restrictions a rule or law that limits what you can do.
54. revealed to make something known.
55. rival opponent.
56. ruins remains of something damaged or destroyed.
57. sagacious showing good judgment and understanding.
58. scattered spread over a wide area.
59. shroud a piece of fabric that a dead person's body is
wrapped in.
60. spindle pointed piece of wood used for spinning
wool into thread by hand.
61. stature the body structure of a person.
62. subdued brought under control.
63. suppress to put an end by force.
64. surrender to admit that you have been defeated. (allow
yourself to be caught).
65. unanimous agreed by everyone in group.
66. unbeatable that can't be defeated.
67. vivid very clear.
68. weave to make fabric with thread.
80

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For Class 6

BALOCHISTAN TEXTBOOK BOARD, QUETTA

BALOCHISTAN TEXTBOOK BOARD, QUETTA

Authors: Kaleem Ullah Taran, Editor: Mehrun Nisa Khan

Abdul Majeed Khan Ghazanfar Ali

Miss Munawara Rehman Abdul Ghafoor

Muhammad Asif Abdul Khaliq Bughlani

Mrs. Aosaf Latif

Layout Design: Composing:

Printers: Prepared By:

1 Indus Valley Civilization 1-14 2.8 Gupta’s Reign 26

2 The Aryan Era 15-31 4 Muslims in South Asia-II 48-62

5.1 Sufism and its impacts 64

Tehzeeb (civilization) is an Arabic word which means to propagate

1.2 Indus Valley Civilization

Area of Sindh Valley

The Indus valley civilization in terms of its time scale.

1.2.1 Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization.

iii) Maher Garh

Ruins of Maher Garh

In Maher Garh, in an area of two square Km, the ruins of a village

Indus valley Trade Route

civilizations Areas of Sindh:

The Mesopotamian civilization flourished in present Iraq, Sumerian

1.3 Religious Beliefs

A stoopa: Building Statue of Religious Leader Seal of Mysterious Writing

1.4 Social System

Toys, Utensils, Necklece, Piece of Writing/ Script and Seals etc.

1.5 Economic Activities

Special seals Scale and weights for

1.6 Town planning and Architecture

Bathroom Paved Drains

1.5 Write short answers.

2 The Aryan Era

Student Learning Outcomes

Settlement & Aryans

The Migration of Aryans and their Settlement in the Sub-Continent

Men, like women, wore different kinds of jewellery. Women were

2.3 Economic Activities

2.4 Religious Beliefs

Basic Teachings of Buddhism

2.4.4 The difference between Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

2.5 Gandhara Civilization:

The period of Gandhara civilization is in between 600 BC and 1100 AD.

(Ruins of Gandhara Civilization at Taxila)

2.6. Alexander the Great (356 BC - 323 BC)

Alexander The Great

After the death of Chander Gupt Maurya, his son “Bandosar”

2.7.1 Ashoka, a great king

2.7.2 Kalingha War Ashoka

Ashoka was greatly impressed by the teachings of Buddhism. He

2.8. Gupta's Reign: (320 - 550 AD)

The promotion of literature

2.9. Harsha's Reign: (606 AD- 647 AD)

2.10 Important principalities/states

iii. South India:

vi. Bengal and Bihar:

2.2 Fill in the blanks.