Notes

1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India from South Africa

1916: Gandhi inspired peasants to struggle against oppressive Indigo

plantation system in Champaran, Bihar

1917: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha Movement in Kheda

District (Gujarat).

1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha Movement in Ahmedabad.

1919: Rowlatt Act was Passed.

10th April, 1919: The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful

procession. Martial law was imposed.

13th April, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place.

March, 1919: Khilafat Committee founded in Bombay.

September, 1920: Congress Session in Calcutta decided to start a Non-

Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

December, 1920: Congress Session at Nagpur—a compromise was

worked out and the non-cooperation programme was adopted.

January 1921: The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement begins

1921-1922: The Import of foreign cloth halved.

1921: Famines and the epidemic.

October 1920: Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up

1921: A militant guerrilla movement spread in the Gudem Hills of Andhra

Pradesh. Movement started by Alluri Sitarama Raju.

1924: Alluri Sitarama Raju was captured and executed

1859: Inland Emigration Act of 1859

February, 1922: Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw Non-Cooperation
Movement due to Chauri Chaura incident. Establishment of Swaraj Party
by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das.

1928: Foundation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA).

1928: Simon Commission arrived in India.

October, 1929: A vague offer of ‘dominion status‘ for India offered by

Lord Irwin.

December, 1929: Lahore Session of the Congress- Demand for Purna

Swaraj.

January 26,1930: Celebrated as the Independence Day.

January 31,1930: Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11

demands. If not fulfilled by 11th March, Congress would launch a civil
disobedience campaign

April 6, 1930: The salt march reached Dandi, Gandhiji violated the Salt
Law.

April, 1930: Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested.

March 5, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed.

December, 1931: Gandhiji went for Second Round Table Conference in

London

1920: The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was formed

1927: The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries

(FICCI) was formed to organise business interest.

1932: Civil Disobedience re-launched

September, 1932: Poona Pact between Gandhiji and Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar.

1934: Civil Disobedience Movement lost its momentum.

1921: Mahatma Gandhi designed the Swaraj flag

1930: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar established Depressed Classes Association.

1939: Outbreak of the Second World War.

IMPORTANT
PERSONALITIES

1. Mahatma Gandhi – The most prominent figure of Indian freedom

struggle.
2. Pandit Motilal Nehru – A very famous layer of India who drafted
the constitution of India in 1928 which was known as Nehru
Report. He also played an important role in the formation of
Swaraj Party in 1922.
3. Rabindra Nath Tagore – He wrote the national anthem of India
(Jan – Gan – Man) and collected the folklores, myths and
ballads of India to revive Indian Culture.
4. Natesa Sastri – In Madras he published a four-volume
collection of Tamil Folk Tales, “The Folklore of Southern
India.”
5. Baba Ramchandra – He was the leader of the peasant movement in
Owadh.
6. G D Birla – An eminent industrialist who founded FICCI.
7. Purushottam Das Thakurdas – An industrialist who along with
G D Birla founded FICCI.
8. Avanindra Nath Tagore – One of the greatest painters of India
who painted Bharat Mata for the first time.
9. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – The author of Anandamath
who wrote Vande Mataram and used the word Bharat Mata for
the first time.
10. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar – The founder of Distressed Class
Association, a prominent lawyer who later on drafted Indian
Constitution.
11. Alluri Sitaram Raju – A tribal leader who led the militant
guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
12. Abdul Gaffar Khan – Popularly known as Frontier Gandhi and a
great companion of Mahatma Gandhi in the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Questions
Q. Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti-colonial movements?
The growth of modern nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements
because people discovered their unity in the process of their struggle against colonialism. The
sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different
groups together. For example, India's struggle against British colonialism.

Q. How did World War I help in the growth of the nationalist movement in India?
World War I brought about a change in the economic and political situation across India. It
led to a huge increase in defence expenditure, which was financed by war loans. Custom
duties were raised and income tax was introduced. The forced recruitment of the common
people into the armies created an atmosphere of disappointment amongst the rural people in
the country. To add to the problem, an influenza epidemic spread all over the country and
caused the death of millions of people. These factors helped the growth of the nationalist
movement in India.

Q. Why were the Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?

The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1919. Its
features were:
1. The British Government could arrest or detain suspected persons and imprison them
without a trial for two years.
2. No person had the right to appeal or approach a lawyer.
3. It gave the British government enormous autocratic powers, and the power to repress
political activities of the Indians.
These features of the Rowlatt Act outraged the Indians.

Q. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement because of these
reasons:
1. Since foreign cloth was boycotted, Khadi had to be worn. It was more expensive than
foreign cloth. So people could not resist wearing foreign cloth.
2. Though teachers, lawyers, students, etc., boycotted British institutions, the process of
establishing Indian institutions was slow. So these officials/students started joining back their
British institutions.
3. The movement turned violent in many areas, for example, in Chauri Chaura. Mahatma
Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement until the people learned the true
meaning of Satyagraha.

Q. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?

The idea of Satyagraha emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
Mahatma Gandhi insisted on adhering to the truth under all circumstances. For him, if the
cause is true and the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight
the oppressor.

Q. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with image of Germania in
Chapter 1.
There are two images of Bharat Mata - one is by Abanindranath Tagore and the other one by
another artist. In Tagore's image, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She has been
shown as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In the other figure, she has been shown with a
Trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant. The two symbols have different forms. Thus,
in India, Bharat Mata has acquired different forms. On the other hand, in Philip Velt's
painting, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, and bears a sword in her hand, which is a
symbol of heroism. Hence, the similarity between these two images is that both embody
bravery, i.e. power, authority, heroism and assertiveness.

Q. List all the social groups that participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement of
1921.
The social groups that participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were:
1. Middle class - headmasters, teachers, lawyers and students in the cities
2. Poor peasantry in Awadh
3. Tribal peasantry in Andhra Pradesh
4. Plantation workers of Assam

Q. Discuss the Salt March to make it clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance
against colonialism.
Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
It was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it united the nation.
Mahatma Gandhi wanted to identify all the classes, from industrialists to peasants, with their
demands. And one such demand was to abolish salt tax because salt was something
consumed by the rich and the poor alike. It is the most essential ingredient of food. This tax
also revealed the oppressive policy of the British government, and was a very unjust act.
Q. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Explain what the experience meant to your life.
The experience of participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement, i.e. protests, marches,
manufacturing salt, and picketing cloth and liquor shops has a great significance in my life
because whatever I did during the movement was based on Mahatma Gandhi's policy of
Satyagraha and non-violence. Manufacturing salt was a peaceful way of defying the law. I
was truly blessed to have participated in such a movement.

Q. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because they
thought about the interests of their own communities. For example, Dalit leaders believed
that political empowerment would resolve the problem of their social disabilities.
On the other hand, Mahatma Gandhi felt that a separate electorate for the Dalits would slow
down the process of their integration into society.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal, President of the Muslim League, felt that a separate electorate for the
Muslims would safeguard the minority community.

Q. Why did Mahatma Gandhi call off the Rowlatt Satyagraha?

After the Jallianwala Bagh incident, people took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes
and attacks on buildings.
The government followed a policy of repression. They humiliated and terrorised people.
Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground. They were forced to crawl on the
streets and to do Salaam to the Sahibs. People were flogged. Some villages around
Gujranwala in Punjab were bombed. As the violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the
movement.

Q. Write a short note on the Simon Commission.

The Simon Commission was constituted in response to the nationalist movement in India to
look into the functioning of the constitutional system and suggest changes.
It consisted of seven members under Sir John Simon. There was no single Indian member. It
was opposed because there was not even a single Indian member in the commission.
All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, opposed the commission.

Q. Describe the different stages in the Non-Cooperation Movement. How was public
support for the movement mobilised?
Mahatma Gandhi had planned that the Non-Cooperation Movement would have two stages:
1. In the first stage, there would be a surrender of titles, and a boycott of civil services, army,
police, courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
2. In the second stage, in case of a repressive policy being adopted by the government, a full
civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured India extensively,
mobilising support for the movement. People were told about the movement to get maximum
participation.

Q. List the various activities that took place during the first phase of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
The activities that took place during the first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement
were:
1. Boycott of foreign goods
2. Picketing of liquor shops
3. Refusal by peasants to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes
4. Resignation by village officials
5. Violation of forest laws

Q. Which different social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

The major social groups that participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:
1. Rich peasant communities
2. Poor peasantry
3. Business class
4. Industrial working class in small numbers
5. Women

Q. Describe the policy of the British government during the first phase of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Initially, the British government ignored the movement, but when it intensified, the
government began arresting leaders of the Congress.
The arrest of leaders like Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led to violent clashes in Peshawar. When
Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, there was voilence in Solapur.
The government then followed a more repressive policy. Peaceful Satyagrahis, including
women and children, were attacked and beaten up.

Q. Describe the second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Mahatma Gandhi went to London to attend the Second Round Table Conference as the sole
representative of the Congress. However, the conference failed. Mahatma Gandhi returned
empty-handed. When he came back, he saw the British government following a repressive
policy. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru had been arrested. The Congress
had been declared illegal. The government had taken several steps to prevent meetings,
demonstrations and boycotts.
Mahatma Gandhi launched the movement again on January 1, 1932. It continued for a while,
but soon lost momentum and was withdrawn in 1934.

Q. Describe the Poona Pact of September 1932.

Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the
Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to
be voted in by the general electorate.

Q. Describe in brief how people belonging to different communities, regions and

languages developed a sense of collective belonging in India.
Like the allegories of Europe, in India, the identity of the nation was symbolised with Bharat
Mata. Devotion to this symbol was treated as evidence of one's nationalism.
There was a revival of Indian folklore. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints
and symbols - all played a part in the making of nationalism.
Icons and symbols like the flag also helped in unification.
The interpretation of history with glorious developments in the past also helped in unifying
and inspiring people. This was mainly done by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Q. Define Begar and boycott.

'Begar' was a kind of labour in which people were forced to work without any payment
(wages).
'Boycott' is a form of protest in which people refuse to deal and associate with certain people
or participate in certain activities, or to buy or use certain products.
Q. List the Satyagrahi movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi before 1919 in India.
The Satyagrahi movements that Mahatma Gandhi organised before 1919 in India were: 1916
- Champaran Movement
1917 - Satyagraha in Kheda District of Gujarat
1918 - Satyagraha amongst workers of cotton mills in Ahmedabad

Q. Describe the Inland Emigration Act of 1859.

Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers could leave the tea gardens
with permission. In practice, however, such permission was rarely granted.

Q. Name some prominent industrialists who supported the Civil Disobedience

Movement.
Purshottamdas Thakurdas, G. D. Birla and other industrialists attacked the colonial control
over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was
launched for the first time.

Q. Why was the policy of Non-Cooperation adopted by Mahatma Gandhi and the
Congress?
The policy of Non-Cooperation was adopted by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress because
Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of
the Indians, and if the Indians refused to cooperate, the British rule in India would collapse
within a year and Swaraj would be achieved.

Q. What do you understand by modern nationalism in India?

Generally, the concept of modern nationalism has different meanings in different areas. In
Europe, it was associated with the formation of nation states and a new identity for the
people. In India, it was associated with the anti-colonial movement, as in Vietnam.

Q. How did the ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience
Movement’? Explain.
a. The ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ because on
31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands out
of which some were of general interest and some of were specific demands of different
classes.
b. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united
campaign.
c. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in
food that is consumed by both rich and poor.

Q. Difference between Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience