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8 3a ChemistryOnEarth Booklet Mar21
8 3a ChemistryOnEarth Booklet Mar21
___________
This topic…
This topic brings together many strands of chemical reactions around us and helps
you to see how they all have similarities. It starts by going back over the
fundamentals of chemistry supporting you in remembering the structure of atoms,
compounds and balanced symbol equations.
The topic then looks at some common chemistry found in living things before
looking in more detail at fuels we use to generate electrical current.
Next, you will consider how some elements are more reactive than others, how the
Periodic Table can show this and how we might use this knowledge in our lives.
Finally, the topic gives you the chance to see how and why the atmosphere of the
Earth has changed over billions of years. It also looks at how recent actions by
humans might be changing our atmosphere even more.
Throughout the topic, scientific investigation skills will be taught, used and practiced
to support your understanding of the concepts in greater depth and help you ask and
answer important questions.
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Contents
Contents..............................................................................................................................................................2
Multichoice questions. Can be found at https://bit.ly/3iHyrsS...................................................................3
The fundamentals of chemical reactions............................................................................................................4
Elements and compounds; atoms and molecules............................................................................................4
Word equations and symbol equations...........................................................................................................6
How to name most simple chemicals made from two elements.................................................................6
Atoms need stable electron shells (2,8,8).......................................................................................................7
Symbol equations and mass..........................................................................................................................10
How to balance an equation......................................................................................................................13
‘Bioenergetics [‘bio’ living + ‘energetics’ energy transfers]..........................................................................16
Photosynthesis [‘photo’ light + ‘synthesis’ puts together]..........................................................................16
Respiration....................................................................................................................................................17
Aerobic Respiration..................................................................................................................................18
Anaerobic respiration................................................................................................................................18
Neutralisation in the stomach...........................................................................................................................20
Fuels for power.................................................................................................................................................23
Types of fuels as power sources...................................................................................................................24
Fossil fuels................................................................................................................................................24
Biofuels.....................................................................................................................................................26
How we gain agreement that an idea is correct in science...............................................................................30
Reactivity..........................................................................................................................................................31
Reactivity and displacement series of metals...............................................................................................33
Finding reactive and unreactive substances..................................................................................................37
Other uses of displacement reactions...........................................................................................................38
Using displacement reactions to relieve acid indigestion.........................................................................38
Using displacement reactions to weld metals...........................................................................................39
Other materials: Polymer, ceramics and laminates.........................................................................................39
Chemistry of the atmosphere............................................................................................................................40
Earth’s early atmosphere..............................................................................................................................40
Earth’s present atmosphere...........................................................................................................................41
Where did all the carbon go?....................................................................................................................42
Carbon cycle.............................................................................................................................................43
Greenhouse effect.....................................................................................................................................44
Sustainability....................................................................................................................................................46
Knowledge Organiser Questions......................................................................................................................47
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Multichoice questions. Can be found at https://bit.ly/3iHyrsS
1. The mass of the products must equal the mass of the reactants is known as the Law of Conservation of…
a) Particles b) Atoms c) Molecules d) Products e) Mass
2. The product of the reaction between fluorine and sodium?
a) Sodium b) Sodium c) No reaction d) Fluorine e) Fluorine
fluoride fluorate sodide sodate
3. The last part of the name of many alkalis?
a) Oxide b) Hydroxide c) Carbonate d) Nitrate e) Nitride
4. pH of a strong base?
a) pH 14 b) turns purple c) pH 7 d) turns red e) pH 1
5. One or more different types of element bonded together?
a) Atom b) Compound c) Element d) Molecule e) Product
6. Total mass of a molecule?
a) Relative b) Relative c) Compound d) Molecular e) Atomic
formula mass atomic mass mass weight number
7. Reaction that takes in energy?
a) Exothermic b) Neutralisation c) Combustion d) Respiration e) Photosynthesis
8. Reaction when a hydrocarbon burns?
a) Displacement b) Neutralisation c) Combustion d) Respiration e) Photosynthesis
9. When a more reactive metal takes the place of a less reactive one in a compound?
f) Displacement g) Neutralisation h) Combustion i) Respiration j) Photosynthesis
10. For the element 40
18 Ar what does the number 18 represent?
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What were you pleased with? What were you pleased with?
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The fundamentals of chemical reactions
Elements and compounds; atoms and molecules
Chemical equations describe chemical reactions where one or more substances, are
changed into one or more different substances. When this happens, atoms rearrange
how they are chemically bonded.
The bonds holding atoms together in molecules are called chemical bonds and they
are strong forces of attraction (caused by electrostatic forces). Remember that forces
are measured in Newtons (N).
Elements have only one type of atom. They are listed in the ‘Periodic Table’ in order
of atomic number (number of protons). Most of the elements are metals. This means
that they have delocalised electrons.
Compounds have more than one type of element chemically bonded. All compounds
are molecules.
Molecules have more than one atom chemically bonded. Elements can be molecules
or individual atoms.
Atomic structure
Chemical reactions involve the electrons in the outer shell of an atom. The periodic
table gives us information on the structure of each type of atom.
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Here is an atom of Boron ( 5B ).
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16. Complete this table looking at the periodic table. The first row has been completed for you.
Element Lithium Fluorine Potassium Sodium Magnesium Carbon
Symbol 7
3 Li
Number of protons 3
Relative atomic mass 7
Group 1
Period 2
Electrons in outer shell 1
Electron shells 2
17. Consider the aerobic respiration reaction which all living things do. Oxygen and glucose are changed
into carbon dioxide and water within the mitochondria of a cell.
a) What are the reactants in respiration?
b) Write a word equation for respiration
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Word equations and symbol equations
Word equations can only contain words. No symbols or formulae are allowed.
Some common chemicals are not known by their chemical name. Such as water
(H2O), hydrochloric acid (HCl), glucose (C6H12O6), table salt (NaCl).
18. Water and carbon dioxide are made when methane reacts with oxygen.
a) What are the reactants in the reaction above?
b) What are the products in the reaction above?
19. Match the reactants to the correct products. Careful, three of the products do not match any reactants.
Lithium chloride
Oxygen + iron Iron oxygen
Carbon + oxygen Lithium chlorate
Iron oxide
Chlorine + lithium
Nitrogen aluminide
Sulfur + potassium
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen + aluminium Potassium sulfide
Aluminium nitride
20. Do metals or non-metals have delocalised electrons?
21. Complete these word equations
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a) Copper + sulfur à _____________________________________
b) Iron + nitrogen à _____________________________________
c) Chlorine + carbon à _____________________________________
d) Calcium + fluorine à _____________________________________
e) Nickel + oxygen à _____________________________________
22. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.1a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/37NywGv.
Lithium (73 Li) is in Group 3 and Period 2 of the Periodic Table. This means it has 3
electrons in its outer shell and 2 shells in total. Here is an atom of Lithium.
Rather than drawing the whole atom, we often simplify in one of these ways.
23. Why does the nucleus of an atom always have a +’ve charge?
24. Complete the outer electron shells of the following atoms.
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a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
Nitrogen is in Group 5 so has 5 electrons in its outer shell. The number 5 is closer to
8 than 0 so nitrogen will gain 3 electrons to get a full outer shell.
Aluminium is in Group 3 so has 3 electrons in its outer shell. The number 3 is closer
to 0 than to 8 so an aluminium atom will lose 3 electrons to get an empty shell.
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Metals tend to be in Groups 1 to 3 so will lose electrons.
Group 4 atoms can behave like metals or non-metals as they will either gain or
lose 4 electrons. Hydrogen (has 1 shell) will either gain or lose an electron.
Group 0 (also known as Group 8) atoms have full outer shells. This makes them
very unreactive. These non-metals are known as the Noble Gases.
27. Use a period table to complete the following table for these atoms:
7 19 27 39 88 40 24
3 Li a) 9 F b) 13 Al c) 19 K d) 38 Sr e) 18 Ar f) 12 Mg
Group 1
Electrons in outer
1
shell = Group
Wants to lose or
Lose 1
gain electrons?
28. Do we find metals on the left-hand or right-hand side of the periodic table?
29. Do metals or non-metals have delocalised electrons?
30. Why are protons generally far harder to move than electrons?
31. What do we call the type of chemical bonding involving metals and non-metals?
32. Which electrons in an atom are involved in chemical reactions?
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33. Match the chemical bonds to the correct descriptions
Ionic bonds Metal atoms only Electrons are free to move around
37. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.1b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/37S7jm8
38. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/2OfDnHe.
Symbol equations and mass
Symbol equations are only allowed to contain symbols and formulae of chemicals.
Each element must have only one capital letter at the start.
Subscript numbers (small and low-down) following a chemical tell us how many of that atom
there are in a certain molecule. We do not need to write 1 to show there is only one
atom in something Eg:
Magnesium oxide, MgO – has 1 magnesium atom and 1 oxygen atom
Methane, CH4 – has 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
Glucose, C6H12O6 – has 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 Oxygen atoms.
Misconception 1: Students often forget to write subscript numbers. The two most
common mistakes are: CO2 or CO2 both of which are incorrect versions of CO2.
Misconception 2: Students sometimes change the subscript numbers when they are
balancing equations. This is not allowed and is incorrect.
45. Describe the types of bonds formed when these reactants react together? The first is done for you.
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Relative formula mass (Mr)
The periodic table tells us the mass of an atom. It is called the relative atomic mass.
We can use these to calculate the total mass of a molecule. This called the relative
formula mass or Mr.
Here is how we would find the relative formula mass for lithium sulfide (Li2S).
The Li2S molecule contains 2 lithium atoms and 1 sulfur atom.
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Lithium (3 Li) has a relative atomic mass of 7
32
Sulfur (16 S ) has a relative atomic mass of 32
The relative formula mass of Li2S is the mass of all the atoms in it combined.
Relative formula mass (Mr) of Li2S = 7 + 7 + 32
= 46
47. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has an Mr of 44. What does this mean?
48. Use the periodic table to find the relative formula mass of each molecule.
Sulfuric acid a) Ammonia b) Aluminium c) Glucose
(H2SO4) (NH3) oxide (Al2O3) (C6H12O6)
List different H:
elements S:
O:
Number of each H: 2
element S: 1
O: 4
Relative atomic H: 2 X 1
mass of each S: 1 X 32
element from
periodic table O: 4 X 16
Total mass of H: 2 X 1 = 2
each element in S: 1 X 32 = 32
molecule
O: 4 X 16 = 64
Relative formula
mass of molecule
2 + 32 + 64 = 98
= Total mass of
elements
d) Relative formula mass of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)?
e) Relative formula mass of Water (Dihydrogen monoxide) (H2O)?
Conservation of mass and balancing equations
In all chemical reaction atoms rearrange themselves in different ways.
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Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in something. We measure mass in kg.
Law of conservation of mass: The mass of the products must equal the mass of
the reactants.
When we write symbol equations we need to ensure that both sides have the same
number of atoms of each element. We call his balancing equations.
When we do this, we can never change how a molecule is arranged.
Never change subscript numbers after an element. E.g. H2O or CO2
Only change the big number at start of each molecule. E.g.
3H2O - means 3 molecules of H2O. (6 H and 3 O atoms in total)
4H2O – means 4 molecules of H2O. (8 H and 4 O atoms in total)
52. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.2a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/3fPKEcW.
53. Which of these reactions are balanced? The first is done for you.
Reaction 2H2 + O2 2H2O a)CH4 + O2 H2O b) Mg + O2 c) Li + N2 Li3N
+CO2 MgO
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Elements? H and O:
H:2x2=
Atoms on H: 2x2=4 4
both sides O: 2 O:2x1=
2
Balanced? Yes
54. Use these atomic masses to calculate the relative formula masses of the chemicals below.
Hydrogen mass = 1; Carbon mass = 12; Oxygen mass = 16; Magnesium mass = 24
a) CO2 b) H2 c) H2O d) CH4 e) MgO f) C2H4
55. Has the student correctly balanced this reaction using the method earlier?
56. This student has made a mistake when balancing an equation. Identify and correct.
Original with mistakes Corrected
Unbalanced: O2 + Ca à CaO
Balanced: O2 + Ca = CaO2
57. Use the method shown to balance these symbol equations.
a) Na + Cl2 NaCl b) C3H6 + O2 CO2 + c) Al + Fe3N2 AlN +
H2O Fe
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59. Balance these equations. Add the correct number of molecules below.
a) ….KOH + ….H3PO4 ….K3PO4 + ….H2O
b) ….SnO2 + ….H2 ….Sn + ….H2O
c) ….NH3 + ….O2 ….NO + ….H2O
d) ….KNO3 + ….H2CO3 ….K2CO3 + ….HNO3
e) ….B2Br6 + ….HNO3 ….B(NO3)3 + ….HBr HINT: [B(NO3)3] is [B(NOOO) (NOOO)
(NOOO)]
f) ….BF3 + ….Li2SO3 ….B2(SO3)3 + ….LiF
60. Complete the word equation for the combustion of iron
iron + ________________________ ________________________ ________________________
61. Draw and label an atom of helium (42He ). Add as much information as you can.
62. Which of these equations for the combustion of carbon are correct?
a) Carbon + oxygen à CO2 b) Carbon + oxygen à CO2 c) C + O2 à CO2
d) C + O2 à CO2 e) C + O2 à CO2 f) Carbon + oxygen à CO2
63. This student has made some mistakes. Identify and correct them
Original with mistakes Corrected
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‘Bioenergetics [‘bio’ living + ‘energetics’ energy transfers]
Photosynthesis [‘photo’ light + ‘synthesis’ puts together]
Producers are able to make glucose using the photosynthesis reaction. It is an
endothermic reaction. It takes energy in via the radiation pathway (light).
Photosynthesis reaction: Carbon dioxide + water à oxygen +
glucose
Plants and green algae are producers. All organisms within an ecosystem rely on
producers to make glucose. Consumers cannot make their own glucose so must eat.
Producers also remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and add oxygen.
Food chains show us how the chemical energy store is passed through an ecosystem.
Producer à Primary Consumer à Secondary Consumer à Tertiary consumer
Tropical rainforests are often called the lungs of the planet. Forests still
cover about 30 percent of the Earth’s land area, but they are disappearing at an
alarming rate. According to the World Bank the world lost 1.3 million square
kilometres of forest between 1990 and 2016—an area larger than South Africa.
Since humans started cutting down forests, 46 percent of trees have been felled,
according to a 2015 study in the journal Nature. About 17 percent of the Amazonian
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rainforest has been destroyed over the past 50 years, and losses recently have been
on the rise.
73. What three things has a plant cell got that an animal cell does not?
74. This image has been used by the WWF to raise awareness of the impact of
deforestation. What message are they trying to convey?
75. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
76. For each of the following say if they use respiration or not:
a) Stone b) Tree c) Bacteria d) Flower
e) Fungus f) Human g) Grass h) Fire
i) Bread j) Fly k) Jellyfish l) Virus
77. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.2b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2YpbeDH.
78. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/2OfDnHe.
79. What sub-atomic particle do we think of when we hear the word electricity?
Respiration
All living things respire. It is one of the 7 life processes described by MRS GREN.
Misconception: Many students confuse respiration and breathing which is incorrect.
Breathing is the process of taking air into and out of the lungs.
Respiration is an exothermic chemical reaction. It transfers energy from the chemical
store of oxygen and glucose.
In cells, it is the mitochondria that perform respiration.
Animal cell Plant cell
Cells respire in one of two ways depending upon the amount of oxygen available.
80. Label this muscle cell using the key words and description
Where all the chemical reactions
Nucleus □
happen
Controls what goes into and out
Cytoplasm □
of the cell
Mitochondria □ Makes new proteins
Cell membrane □ Controls the cell
Ribosomes □ Performs respiration
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration is often referred to simply as ‘respiration’. ‘Aerobic’ means ‘air
to live’. It is the oxygen in the air that is essential for aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration reaction: Oxygen + glucose à carbon dioxide + water
When animals exercise, their cells need to perform aerobic respiration more quickly:
Cells need more oxygen so breathing rate goes up
Cells need more glucose so we get hungry or our bodies use their fat stores.
Cells need more oxygen and glucose to be delivered. Heart rate and pulse go up.
Respiration is exothermic so thermal store of body goes up. Animal gets hotter.
Much of our bodies design is about supporting our cells in aerobic respiration.
81. What does aerobic mean? Why is this a good term to use?
82. How do our bodies get the oxygen they need for aerobic respiration?
83. How are the reactants for aerobic respiration carried to all the cells in our bodies?
84. Is respiration exothermic or endothermic? How can we tell during exercise?
85. If 12g of carbon is reacted during respiration, what mass of carbon is released in carbon dioxide?
86. Do metals or non-metals have electrons that can move easily?
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.
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Some microorganisms only use anaerobic respiration. Animals (including humans)
use anaerobic respiration when they are exercising and cannot get oxygen to their
mitochondria quickly enough.
In animals: In yeast (fungus):
Glucose à lactic acid Glucose à alcohol + carbon dioxide
C6H1206 à 2C3H603 C6H1206 à 2C2H5OH + 2C02
In humans we feel lactic acid build up as muscle fatigue, muscle pain and cramps.
Neutron
Proton
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Electron
93. What type of chemical has electrons that are free (delocalised) and can move easily?
94. What sub-atomic particles move as part of the current in mains electricity?
95. Which of these particles attract and which repel due to electrostatic force?
a) Two electrons b) A proton and an electron c) An electron and the nucleus of an atom
Neutralisation in the stomach
The stomach is part of the digestive system. It contains hydrochloric acid to kill
microbes, support its enzymes and to make digestion easier. It has a pH of around 2
which means it is strongly acidic.
Digestion is the process of breaking long molecules in our food into smaller ones
that can be diffused into our blood and carried around the body.
Most digestion actually happens in the small intestines. The small intestines are
weakly acidic or neutral.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means that they help reactions happen but are
not used up themselves. The lock-and-key model describes how specific molecules
fit perfectly into specific enzymes like a key into a lock.
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a) Bubbles b) Colour change c) Melting d) Dissolving
e) Heat released f) Light releases g) New smell h) Falling
Acids and bases are compounds. Compounds contain more than one element
chemically bonded together. [‘Com’ together or with + ‘pound’ to place]
The average human has over 400 different species of bacteria in their large
intestine. It takes around seven seconds for food to travel through the oesophagus
and reach the stomach via a process of muscles squeezing called peristalsis.
The two acids we use most often in science are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
Bases and acids react together and neutralise each other (make each other neutral).
The bases we use most often in science are metal oxides and metal hydroxides. Metal
hydroxides are dissolved in water so are also called alkalis.
Neutralisation: When acids and bases react, they neutralise each other. This means
they make each other weaker.
Acid + base à salt + water
A salt is a compound formed during a neutralisation reaction. It has the hydrogen in
the acid replaced by the metal from the base.
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c) Lithium hydroxide + sulfuric acid à _____________ + _____________ _____________
d) Sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide à _____________ + _____________ _____________
e) Sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxideà _____________ + _____________ _____________
f) _____________ _____________ + _____________ _____________ à Tin chloride + water
g) _____________ _____________ + _____________ _____________ à Water + nickel sulfate
h) _____________ _____________ + _____________ _____________ à Zinc sulfate + water
i) _____________ _____________ + _____________ _____________ à Water + iron chloride
When would we use neutralisation in the stomach
Too much acid in our stomachs is normally caused by bad diet habits but can also be
a symptom of other issues such as stress. Symptoms can include:
Vomiting, indigestion, flatulence, belching or burping
Acid reflux (known as heart-burn) – acid moves up into your throat
When we neutralise stomach acid we must add a base. Medicines used to neutralise
stomach acid are often called antacids. Many antacid remedies include hydrogen
carbonates meaning they contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms.
The prefix ‘ant’ is short for ‘anti’ which comes from the Greek for ‘against’ or
‘opposite to’. An ‘antacid’ is ‘opposite to acid’ which is what we now call a ‘base’.
112. Label this atom of Hydrogen (11 H )with as much information as you can.
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Fuels for power
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It is only moved from one store to another.
When we talk about generating electrical power we are really talking about how we
transfer energy from one store into electrical work done (current).
Reminder:8 Energy Stores and 4 Energy Pathways
There are only 8 ways that energy can be stored.
Energy can move between the 8 energy stores using pathways. There are only 4
energy pathways. Energy cannot be stored in pathways.
118. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.3a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2YWwJLh.
Coal (and charcoal) is made from the remains of prehistoric trees – you can still see
the wood grain in lumps of coal.
Crude oil (sometimes just called oil) and natural gas (sometimes just called gas) are
made from remains of prehistoric animals, plankton and algae.
The fossil fuels are made from compounds known as hydrocarbons such as methane
(CH4) and ethane (C2H6). These molecules only contain hydrogen and carbon.
121. Here are four ways we model a methane molecule?
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a) In what ways are they similar?
b) In what ways are they different?
c) Which of these is the correct chemical formula for methane?
CH4 C4H CH4 C4H C4H C4H
122. What are the mnemonics we use to remember the different energy stores and energy pathways?
123. What are the different energy stores?
124. What are the different energy pathways?
Burning fossil fuels
The correct term for burning is combustion. Combustion is an exothermic reaction
with oxygen.
The fossil fuels all act as a chemical energy store. It is relatively easy to transfer this
energy into electrical work done by burning them and using this energy to boil water.
As the boiled water (steam) expands it pushes a turbine around which drives a
generator. Remember UK mains electricity is AC with a potential difference of 230V
and frequency of 50Hz.
When we burn hydro-carbons we release carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming.
Methane + oxygen à carbon dioxide + water
CH4 + O2 à CO2 + H2O Not balanced
Other hydrocarbon molecules inside fossil fuels include:
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8) – propellers have three blades
Butane (C4H10)
Pentane (C5H12) – from the Greek ‘pent’ meaning ‘five’ as in pentagon.
Biofuels
Biofuels are a renewable source. They are replaced more quickly than they are used.
‘Bio’ means life or living. Biofuels are fuels that have been grown or produced from
living organisms. There are lots of different types of biofuels:
Wood
Food waste
Ethanol from plants and cereals
Methane from bacteria
We burn biofuels in a similar way to fossil fuels. They also release carbon dioxide.
134. What are the two products of combustion reactions?
135. This student has made some mistakes. Identify and correct them.
Original with mistakes Correct version
Biofuels can be burned over and over
again which is also really good.
Another advantage is that they do not
release greenhouse gases.
136. Name four examples of biofuels.
137. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read,
Cover, Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another
5 minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/2OfDnHe.
138. What sub-atomic particle do we think of when we hear the word electricity?
Wood as a biofuel
Wood is often considered carbon neutral. This is because the amount of carbon
dioxide absorbed as a tree grows is equal to the carbon dioxide given off when it is
burnt. This often ignores the effects of planting, harvesting, processing and
transporting all of which can lead to more carbon dioxide being released.
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139. What other word do we use that means combustion?
140. What does the prefix ‘bio’ in ‘biofuel’ mean?
Fermenting biofuels
Many microorganisms respire anaerobically. We can use products of this reaction.
Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms: Glucose à alcohol + carbon dioxide
Yeast is a fungus which will respire anaerobically. It makes carbon dioxide and
ethanol as a product. Ethanol is a very flammable liquid and is a type of alcohol.
Many power stations, homes and cars today burn ethanol.
We also use this reaction in brewing and making alcoholic drinks. We call this
anaerobic respiration reaction fermentation.
Yeast is used in bread-making. Cooking evaporates the alcohol and kills the
yeast.
Investigating yeast fermentation
Your teacher may demonstrate this experiment or you might watch it on https://tinyurl.com/mrs7rr5
141. In the reaction above, the yeast does not use oxygen when it respires. What type of respiration occurs
without oxygen?
142. What are the two products of the yeast fermentation reaction?
143. In the yeast investigation, why would the mass go down if one of the balloons had a hole?
144. This student is correct so far but did not balance this equation. Complete it for them.
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145. Sketch diagrams of two atoms below. The first has been started for you.
Add as much further information to your diagrams as you can.
Cytoplasm Vacuole
Mitochondria Ribosome
147. What type of chemical has electrons that are free (delocalised) and can move easily?
148. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.3b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2Yofmnq.
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Investigating effectiveness of fuels
Use the structure strip below to write a method for this investigation and to assess the hypothesis.
149. Hypothesis being Different fuels have different chemical energy stores
tested? (simple statement
stating a relationship)
150. Independent
variable (you change)
151. Dependent variable
(you will measure)
152. 3 control variables 1)
(ensures only the IV
affects the DV –
makes it fair) 2)
Do not pick same
measuring device
(ruler)
3)
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3)
4)
5)
6)
3)
Paper
Crisps
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178. If other people in your class got the same results as you using a different technique (e.g. different
way of measuring energy transferred) would that make your results repeatable or reproducible?
179. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than
once.
From 2021 the burning of wet wood and coal in 1 Point:
UK homes is being phased out. They release Carbon dioxide
harmful substances when burned. By 2023 people Breathing issues
2 Points:
will only be able to use dry wood or
Exothermic
manufactured solid fuels. These produce less
Oxygen
smoke and are more efficient to burn. 3 Points:
This will have no impact on carbon dioxide levels Waste less energy
Why has the government done this? Combustion engines
180. Add as much information as you can to this diagram to explain how fossil fuels are created.
182. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.1a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2zT5ecZ.
Reactivity
Reactivity is a measure of how easily chemicals react. It is related to two things:
the number of electrons in their outer shell (Group 2 in the Periodic Table)
the number of electron shells they have in total (Period 1 in the Periodic Table)
Elements in the same group react in similar ways. Their period number gives us
information about how strongly each reacts.
Group 1 elements (known as the alkali metals) are very reactive
Group 7 elements (known as halogens) are all very reactive
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Demonstration of group 1 reactivity
A group 1 element reaction: lithium + water à lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
2Li + 2H2O à 2LiOH + H2
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is an alkali (soluble base)
Lithium
7
3 Li
Sodium
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11 Na
Potassium
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19 K
The reactivity of the Group 1 elements is related to how easily the outer electron can
be removed. The more electron shells, then further it is from the +’ve nucleus and the
more –‘ve electrons are pushing it from beneath.
Group 1 elements properties clip: https://tinyurl.com/s9fw5ar
A longer clip of the Group 1 elements reactions: https://tinyurl.com/zwrvoey
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187. Which of these properties have all the group 1 elements got in common?
a) Shiny when b) Soft – can cut c) Reactive d) Conduct e) Form an alkali when
cut with knife electricity they react with water
188. The group 1 elements are sometimes known as the alkali metals. Why is this a good name for them?
189. Which is the least reactive group 1 element?
190. What happens to the reactivity of the group 1 elements as they get bigger (more electron shells)?
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Example 1: Potassium + sodium oxide à ?
Investigating reactivity
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Use the structure strip below to write a method for this investigation and how it helped you decide.
3)
4)
5)
6)
218. For each reaction, indicate if there has been a reaction or not.
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Metals
Mg Zn Fe Cu
MgSO4
Metal salt
solutions
ZnSO4
FeSO4
Potassium is more reactive than copper so will displace it from its compound (take its bone).
219. Why will copper not displace potassium from potassium sulfate?
220. Write a word equation for potassium + copper chloride à
221. Look at the table below.
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e) Lead iodide + gold à
f) Hydrogen fluoride + tin à
223. 10g of iron burns in air. The mass of iron oxide measured is 14g. How has the mass increased?
224. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.1b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2W0XFIO.
How a blast furnace works. This used to be taught up to GCSE but with the
closure of most of the UK blast furnaces it is no longer in the syllabus.
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56 16 12
228. What is the relative molecular mass of the following information ( 26 Fe 8 O 6C )
a) CO b) O2 c) CO2 d) Fe2O3
229. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than
once.
Why gold and not iron? 1 Point:
Reactivity
Iron is the most common element in
Oxygen
the Earth making up around 36% of 2 Points:
the Earths mass. It is stronger and Oxide
harder than gold. Pure
3 Points:
So why do we not use iron for
Displace
jewellery but we do use gold? Ore
Some of the UK Crown Jewels
Other uses of displacement reactions
Using displacement reactions to relieve acid indigestion
Neutralisation reactions between acids and bases are examples of displacement
reactions. When we drink an antacid medicine for indigestion it is actually an alkali.
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydrogen carbonate à sodium chloride + carbonic acid
HCl + NaHCO3 à NaCl +
H2CO3
Sodium is more reactive than hydrogen so displaces it from the chlorine in the acid.
230. What happens to the pH of an acid when you react it with a base?
231. Name the elements described in the mnemonic for the reactivity series:
Please Instead
Stop Try
Calling Learning
Me How
A Copper
Helpless Saves
Zebra Gold
232. Consider the reaction of hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide
a) What salt would be produced?
b) What does the arrow represent?
c) What non-metal element was displaced by sodium in this reaction?
d) Are there more metal or non-metal elements in the periodic table?
e) What type of reaction do we call an acid + base? N___________________
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Using displacement reactions to weld metals
Your teacher may show you this displacement reaction between iron oxide and
aluminium called the thermite reaction. This reaction is often used to weld railway
tracks together.
Teachers must follow strict safety protocols and practice this experiment with an
experienced member of staff beforehand. Instructions and video of the practical are
here: https://tinyurl.com/wxu5g74. The reaction is from 1:50 – 2:33 if replaying.
Ceramics
Ceramics are non-metal, inorganic solids.
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‘Inorganic’ comes from the prefix ‘in…’ meaning ‘not…’ and the term
‘organism’ which means ‘living’. Inorganic substances have not come from living
things. Ceramics can be pure like diamond or a mixture of elements like clay.
Ceramics have been used by humans for thousands of years. Pottery, glass,
and brick are all ceramics and are among the oldest human-invented materials. We
are still designing brand new ceramic materials today—things like catalytic
converters for today's cars and high-temperature superconductors for tomorrow's
computers.
Laminates ≡
The term ‘laminate’ comes from the Greek ‘lamina’ meaning ‘thin slice’ or
‘layer’.
235. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.2a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/3ebuDN8.
There are lots of spheres around the Earth. The lithosphere is the rock part
(‘litho’ is Greek for ‘rock’). The hydrosphere is the liquid water part.
Magnetosphere is the magnetic field around the Earth.
Earth is around 4.5 billion (4 500 000 000) years old. Scientists have estimated this
age using radioactive rocks. These rock samples also give us clues as to what the
atmosphere was like when the Earth was very young.
Millions of years ago the atmosphere was very different. There was no life of any
sort on Earth. There was very little oxygen. It was too hot for liquid water to exist in
liquid form (over 200oC). There were lots of volcanos releasing carbon dioxide.
239. What organisms started removing carbon dioxide from Earth’s early atmosphere?
240. At what temperature does water boil into steam?
241. At what temperature does pure water freeze and melt?
242. Match the descriptions to the correct state of matter of water.
Particles vibrate
Liquid Weak forces of attraction
around fixed
water between particles
point
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Where did all the carbon go?
Not all of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was absorbed by plants. Much was
dissolved in the oceans.
Over time, this carbon was removed from the atmosphere and became part of rocks
or fossil fuels. Scientists often say that the carbon was “locked up”.
245. What organisms were responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere before it was
locked in rocks, coal, oil and gas?
246. Name the three fossil fuels?
247. How did the ocean remove some carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
248. How can you tell if a reaction is endothermic?
249. Which of the following are elements, which are compounds?
a) Nitrogen b) Hydrogen c) Table salt d) Glucose e) Hydrochloric
molecule (N2) (H2) (NaCl) (C6H12O6) acid (HCl)
f) Oxygen g) Adrenaline h) Aluminium i) Ozone j) Fluorine atom
molecule (O2) (C9H13NO3) oxide (Al2O3) (O3) (F)
250. What type of chemical bonds form between two non-metals sharing electrons?
251. What types of chemical bonds involve metals and non-metal creating ions?
252. What two chemicals are the reactants in a neutralisation reaction?
253. What two chemicals are the products of a neutralisation reaction?
254. How many electrons can atoms have in full 1st, 2nd and 3rd electron shells?
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Carbon cycle
Carbon is an element from Group 4 of the periodic table. It is a non-metal but
sometimes behaves like a metal – for instance graphite (a form of carbon) conducts
electricity.
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Greenhouse effect
Global warming is a term for the Earth getting hotter over time. We measure average
annual temperatures and compare against previous years.
The greenhouse effect is the most agreed on theory for what is causing global
warming. It suggests that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are creating an
insulating layer around Earth which prevent it from cooling as it should. Be careful
not to confuse it with the ozone layer which is very different.
Climate change describes the changing weather patterns which are happening due to
global warming.
262. What two things do we think global warming may lead to?
263. What is global warming?
264. Name one greenhouse gas?
The planet Venus is similar in size to Earth and NASA scientists believe it
may once have had shallow liquid-water oceans and a habitable surface.
Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth so was not able to cool down. As a
consequence, the water boiled into steam and carbon dioxide levels built up. This led
to a runaway greenhouse effect which now sees temperatures in excess of 460oC at
its surface.
265. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.2b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2ZP7r28.
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Evidence for global warming
Scientists have been collecting temperature information for a long time.
Most people now agree that the Earth is warming up although some people disagree
with the evidence as we cannot be sure how reliably information was collected in the
1800s.
There is also lots of evidence showing that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
are increasing. Most scientists agree that the increasing levels of carbon dioxide is
contributing to global warming because of the greenhouse effect.
266. What is the general trend in the average temperature across the world? Use this conclusion prompt:
{ }
increases
As ‘the years from 1850’ increase, the’ change in average temperature’ decreases .
stays the same
{ } { }
increases increases
The steepness of the graph decreases so the rate of change also decreases .
stays the same stays the same
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267. What is the general trend in atmospheric CO2 levels across the World? Use this conclusion prompt:
{ }
increases
As ‘the years from 1750’ increase, the atmospheric CO2 levels decreases .
stays the same
{ } { }
increases increases
The steepness of the graph decreases so the rate of change also decreases .
stays the same stays the same
268. This student has made some mistakes. Identify and correct them.
Original version with mistakes Corrected version
CO2 is a greenhouse gas and causes a hole in
the ozone layer.
One thing we can do is use energy efficient light
bulbs as they are more effective.
Sustainability
Sustainability considers the impact of decisions on future generations.
If a product or activity is sustainable then it will not run out or cause significant
problems in the future.
When considering sustainability, we must think about the whole life of the item.
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Knowledge Organiser Questions
KQ.1. A symbol meaning ‘turns into’ in a reaction à
KQ.4. Substances which have free electrons and form +’ve ions Metals
KQ.5. Substances which do not have free electrons. Form -’ve ions? Non-metals
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KQ.11. Number of hydrogen atoms in the glucose molecule (C6H12O6)?
15
KQ.12. Number of protons in phosphorus (31
15 P)?
16
KQ.13. Number of neutrons in phosphorus (31
15 P)?
31 15
KQ.14. Number of electrons in phosphorus (15 P)?
KQ.16. Part of the cell responsible for photosynthesis? Chloroplasts (or chlorophyll)
KQ.24. How long has it taken to form fossil fuels? Millions of years
KQ.26. Fuels that have been made or grown from living things? Biofuels
KQ.27. Why are some fuels called non-renewable? Will run out
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KQ.28. Why are some fuels called renewable? Will not run out
KQ.29. How the periodic table tell us the number of electron shells? Period
KQ.30. How the periodic table tell us the number of electrons in outer Group number
shell?
KQ.37. Reaction where a more reactive metal takes the place of a less Displacement
reaction one in a compound?
KQ.41. A process of removing carbon dioxide from Earth’s early Dissolved in oceans
atmosphere that did not rely on photosynthesis?
KQ.43. Process by which all living things release carbon dioxide? Respiration
KQ.44. Process by which producers absorb carbon dioxide from air? Photosynthesis
KQ.45. Describes the way that carbon is continuously moved around Carbon cycle
Earth’s ecosystem
KQ.46. Polluting gases creating an insulating layer around the Earth? Greenhouse effect
KQ.47. Impact on the oceans if the ice caps melt? Rising sea levels
KQ.49. Term used to describe the increasing temperatures on Earth? Global warming
KQ.50. Something that will not run out or cause significant problems in Sustainable
the future?
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