CRYSTAL PALACE

Originally constructed in Hyde Park, London, the Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass
building that served as the venue for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Great Exhibition of 1851,
which was the first international trade fair, was held at the Crystal Palace, which was initially built in
1850–1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from all over the world assembled in the 990,000 square
foot (92,000 m2) exhibit space of the show, which took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, to
display examples of technology created during the Industrial Revolution.

The Great Exhibition Hall, which was created by Joseph Paxton, was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, 128 feet
(39 m) tall inside, and three times the size of St. Paul's Cathedral. Joseph Paxton before he created
the sizable but temporary exhibition hall has mastered the use of iron and glass in the construction
of huge greenhouses. In its well planned construction process, which featured prefabricated
standard elements, it previewed industrialized architecture and the widespread use of cast iron and
steel—it displayed an unheard-of form of spatial beauty.

EIFFEL TOWER
The Eiffel Tower, designed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel and constructed for the Paris Exhibition in
1889, is notable for its inventive use of metal and serves as a striking example of how the French
have mastered this new construction technology.

It was constructed to commemorate the French Revolution's 100th anniversary. The 1889 Exposition
Universelle organizers held an open competition to create a magnificent centerpiece for their
world's fair, which was held to mark the 100th anniversary of the fall of the Bastille and the
beginning of the French Revolution. The idea to construct a tower 300 meters high came about as
part of the planning for the 1889 World's Fair. Studying the feasibility of building a 300-meter-tall,
square-shaped iron structure on the Champ-de-Mars was the wager. A total of 107 proposals were
considered, and only those by the businessman Gustave Eiffel, the engineers Maurice Koechlin and
Emile Nouguier, and the architect Stephen Sauvestre were chosen.

One of the most iconic structures in the entire world is the Eiffel Tower, or La Tour Eiffel as the
French refer to it. The tower was created as the focal point of the Paris Globe's Fair in 1889 with the
intention of celebrating the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution and showcasing France's
cutting-edge mechanical capabilities to the rest of the world.

THE IRON RAILROAD STATION

The station stood south-west of the village of Iron Acton and served as the village’s main station.
There was only one platform face, and the station building was a sizable wooden structure. The
station connected to a freight-only branch that served an iron mine near Frampton Cotterell. This
was abandoned in 1872, and a short stretch of the road was used as a coal depot until it was closed
on June 10, 1963.

In the 1960s, the station was demolished. The platform's partial remnants are still there, as is the
crossing-cottage keeper's to the station's south. Due to the mothballing of the quarry at
Tytherington, the line beyond Yate Middle Jn was declared "Out of Use" in the middle of 2013.
However, after quarry activity resumed, the line has been reopened.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE
The Brooklyn Bridge, which connects the cities of Manhattan and Brooklyn across the East River in
New York City, is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge. The Brooklyn Bridge, which first fixedly
crossed the East River on May 24, 1883, was built. At the time of its opening, it was also the longest
suspension bridge in the world, measuring 1,595.5 feet (486.3 meters) in length with a deck that was
127 feet (38.7 meters) above mean high water. The Brooklyn Bridge was formally renamed in 1915
from its previous names of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge.

The Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and the Queensboro Bridge are the three toll-free
vehicular bridges to the north of the Brooklyn Bridge, which connects Manhattan Island and Long
Island. Only passenger cars, bicycles, and pedestrian traffic are allowed. The Brooklyn Bridge has
been a popular tourist destination since it first opened and has come to represent New York City.
The bridge has been the scene of numerous crimes and assaults throughout the years in addition to
numerous stunts and performances. In addition to being a New York City monument, the Brooklyn
Bridge is also a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Four major cables that support the Brooklyn Bridge's deck descend from the summits of its
suspension towers. Galvanized steel wires coiled tightly together in a cylinder shape; two are
positioned outside the bridge's lanes, and two are in the middle of the highways. These wires are
strung together in 19 separate strands, 278 wires per strand. This was a suspension bridge's first
application of bundling. In addition, 400 cable stays extend diagonally from the towers, and 1,520
galvanized steel wire suspender cables hang downward from the main cables. The truss framework
surrounding the bridge deck is supported by these wires.

The two suspension towers on the bridge are 278 feet tall, having a high water line footprint of 140
by 59 feet. They are made of Rosendale cement, limestone, and granite. The limestone was
extracted from a quarry in Essex County, New York, at the Clark Quarry. Under a contract with the
Bodwell Granite Company, the granite blocks were mined, shaped, and sent from Vinalhaven Island
in Maine to New York via schooner. While the Brooklyn tower has 38,214 cubic yards of masonry,
the Manhattan tower has 46,945 cubic yards.

.[42][50] The tops of the towers are located 159 feet (48 m) above the floor of each arch
opening, while the floors of the openings are 119.25 feet (36.35 m) above mean water level, giving
the towers a total height of 278.25 feet (84.81 m) above mean high water.

TOWER BRIDGE
Built in London between 1886 and 1894, the combination bascule and suspension Tower Bridge was
planned by Horace Jones and engineered by John Wolfe Barry with assistance from Henry Marc
Brunel. It is a Grade I listed structure. It is one of five London bridges owned and managed by the
Bridge House Estates, a charity trust established in 1282, and spans the River Thames near to the
Tower of London. The bridge was built to improve access to London's East End, which had increased
its commercial potential in the previous century. In 1894, Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra,
Princess of Wales inaugurated the bridge.

The bridge has a length of 800 feet (240 m), is made up of two 213-foot (65 m) bridge towers that
are joined at their higher levels by two horizontal walkways, and has a pair of bascules in the middle
that can be opened to let ships pass. The operating mechanism was originally hydraulically driven
but was changed to an electro-hydraulic system in 1972. The bridge, which is a component of the
London Inner Ring Road and serves as the perimeter of the city's congestion charge zone, continues
to be a major thoroughfare with 40,000 daily crossings. While the Victorian engine rooms, high-level
walkways, and bridge's twin towers are all included in the Tower Bridge Exhibition, only vehicles and
pedestrians are permitted on the bridge's deck.

Tower Bridge is now recognizable as a landmark in London. Due to frequent confusion with London
Bridge, which is located approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) upstream, there is a persistent urban
legend that an American bought the incorrect bridge.

The Prince of Wales lay the cornerstone on June 21, 1886, and construction on it started. It took
eight years to complete. There were 432 people working on the site, and major contractors included
Sir John Jackson for the foundations, Armstrong, Mitchell and Company for the hydraulics, William
Webster, and Sir William Arrol & Co.

Jones died in 1887, and George D. Stevenson took over the project.[16] Stevenson replaced Jones's
original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which made the bridge a distinctive
landmark, and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London.[13][16] The
total cost of construction was £1,184,000