Spanish Political Remapping 2

Outline
I. Political Remapping
II. Economic Remapping
III. Friar Power
IV. Cultural Changes: The old and the new
A. Social Hierarchy
B. Ownership
C. Spiritual Leadership
D. Filipino Life under Spain
V. Filipino Response to Spanish Colonization
VI. 18th-19th Century Changes
I. Political Remapping
A. Reduccion
B. Political Administration
Reduccion
Governor General
▪ Functioned as:
 Executive
 Judiciary
 Military General
▪ Term was for 8 years

 Can be extended to 1 – 2 years
 Was not usually the case (can be changed in a matter
of months)
▪ Selected from a list of officials from the Council

of Indies
Judiciary
THE ROYAL AUDENCIA
THE RESIDENCIA THE VISITA

THE RESIDENCIA
This was a special judicial court that investigates the

performance of a Governor General who was about to
be replaced.
The Residencia, of which the

incoming Governor General
was usually a member,
submitted a report of its
findings to the King.
THE VISITA
The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government

official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe
conditions in the colony.
The Visita General

reported his findings
directly to the King.
The highest court in
THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA
the land
➢Served as an advisory body to the Governor General
➢Had the power to check and report on his abuses
➢The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the

colonial government
➢Sent a yearly report to Spain
➢The Archbishop and other government officials

could also report the abuses of the colonial
government.
Administrative Reasons for the
Political Remapping of the Philippines
1. The pressing need to mobilize labor and collect
tributes, a major source of revenue for the early
colonial state
 Philippine residents paid for their own colonization
2. Shortage of civilian officials in this far-flung

outpost empire
 The importance of Friars
 Incentives were then given for Spaniards to go East
Problems in the Political
Remapping of the Philippines
1. Military resources were focused on the

defense of Manila, coastal areas and the
galleon trade
2. Upland retreat from colonial intrusion
3. Rival state building in the South
II. Economic Remapping
A. Regalian Doctrine vs. Native Land

Ownership
B. Encomienda
C. Haciendas
D. Galleon Trade
E. Slavery
B. Encomiendas
▪ Encomienda: Entrust
A. King’s Encomienda – nearest Manila and populous pueblos in stable
provinces with fertile soil (36 in 1591)
B. Private Encomienda – rest of the archipelago (236 in 1591)
▪ Private Encomiendas
 Lasted for 3 lifetimes – encomendero, his children, and grandchildren.
 No longer renewed and were abolished by 1718 on the account of the
oppression of natives under private encomiendas.
 1580 – 241 private encomiendas; 1780 – 11 were left
▪ Purpose:
 Reward faithful service of conquistadores
 Supposed to produce food and other resources for the king, the church,
and private individuals/entities.
Extraction of resource via
Encomienda
1. Tributos
 8 reales or 1 peso Mexican; increased to 10 reales in 1589
 In kind payment was accepted
 All were to pay except for:
 Principalia
 Government Workers
 Soldiers
▪ Crown Encomiendas – tributes were collected by the

gobernadorcillo and the cabeza de barangay
▪ Private Encomiendas – collected by soldiers;

2. Real Compra de Vandala
 Compra – purchase
 Natives were imposed quotas of produce and
other goods to be delivered to the encomendero;
this was in addition to the tribute
 Goods demanded were oftentimes those of short
supply.
 To meet quotas, natives bought compras goods
from the encomendero, which the encomendero
were to then buy back at his prices.
 “Most onerous colonial exaction” (Dery, 2006)
3. Polos y Servicios
 Servicios - Domestic Service in the encomendero’s household, or
in parishes and convents
 Polos - Build Infrastructure and Roads, felling of trees, or building
of galleons and other vessels; rowers or fighting men in
expedition against Muslims
 Polo service was supposedly maxed only to 40 days/year was not
observed; sometimes lasted until 8 months.
▪ Polistas received 8 rials/reales a month

 But to stay alive, they should receive ideally 40 rials/reales
 The Vandala was therefore also used to pay back the polistas
▪ Exemptions: extended to pueblo and barangay heads

C. Hacienda
▪ Land grants by the King
▪ Has three meanings:

A. A farm, whether small or large
B. Finance, as in a government department of finance
C. A person’s estate, his assets and properties; a real hacienda
therefore means a king’s estate; friar haciendas
▪ Purpose of the Hacienda:

▪ All the revenues, etc., in Filipinas were collected or raised and
spent on the account of the real hacienda – in other words,
from the king’s treasury.
▪ While the real hacienda lasted, there were no public revenues
and no public accounting system in Filipinas.
C. Hacienda
▪ With the abolishment of private encomiendas in
1718, a surge of tributes had to be addressed by real
encomiendas; by 1760s, tributes were now paid half
in coins and half in kind;
▪ Coins have circulated in the provinces by 1760s –
made possible by the Chinese traders;
▪ Population of pueblos grew as well during this time;
▪ Land therefore increased in value, resulting to
usurious moneylending practices in exchange for
rights to land of natives or their produce:
 Sanlangbili
 Compra y venta con pacto de retrovendendi
C. Hacienda
▪ Usurious moneylending was mostly practiced by

Chinese mestizos due to their access to silver coins
from situado
▪ Spanish friars acquire lands illegally through land
grabbing activities (e.g., false survey of pueblo lands
to increase their holdings)
 Dominican Haciendas: Lolomboy, Panay, Navotas,
Malabon, Binan
 Augustinian Haciendas: Malinta, Pasay
 Recollect Haciendas: Imus, San Pedro Tunasan, San Nicolas
Tunasancillo
 Jesuit Haciendas: Maysilo, Nagtahan, Nagsubig,
Mayhaligue, Mariquina, Indang, Silang, Marigondon,
Payatas, San Pedro Makati.
D. Galleon Trade
Galleon Trade
▪ Trade between Manila – Acapulco – Spain
▪ Made possible by Fray Andres de Urdaneta (October 8,

1565) with the discovery of a new route
▪ Made the Philippines a mere “way-station between China

and Mexico”
▪ Largely dependent upon the arrival of Chinese junk traders
▪ Meant to provide a means of livelihood for the Spanish

colonists in the Philippines
Galleon Trade
▪ Contents of Philippine Galleon (To Mexico)

 Silver, damask, and Chinese porcelain (90%)
 Gold, pearls, and plants (10%)
▪ Contents from Mexican Galleon (To Philippines)

 Situado
 Sales from the fair
 Subsidy of the Spanish government
▪ A resale of 300% from the products’ original

price was usually gained
E. Slavery
Slavery
▪ Practiced during the
pre-conquest period
▪ Legal and Papal
prohibitions were
exacted against it
▪ Not followed through

for the reasons:
 Those who had sold
themselves or were
sold by their parents
 Captives of war
 Those condemned by
judicial sentence
What’s the difference
between Polos y Servicios
and Slavery?
Slavery
▪ Although slavery was still practiced, the use
of such started to reduce
 People started to get paid for labor too
III. Friar Power
▪ Regular Clergy
(Friars) vs. Secular
Clergy
▪ Regular Clergy
 Augustinians
 Dominicans
 Franciscans
 Recollects
 Jesuits
Roots of Friar Power
A. Sway in the State

 Spanish Endeavor:
 Conquista
 Conquista Spiritual
B. Influence on the People

 Similarity between local
animism and Catholicism
 Friars
▪ Augustinians were the first
order
 Fray Urdaneta
▪ Regular Clergy was sent for

missionary work
▪ Secular Clergy shall then

replace them after
▪ Church vs. State
▪ Heroic Age – 1700
▪ Contempt for the natives

began at 1800s
▪ The Friars were the state
▪ Spanish officials were strictly monitored

 Cannot freely travel the country
 The Friars were able to do so
▪ Friars were the only Spaniards the villagers

would usually see
▪ Friars stayed longer in the Philippines than

the officials
IV. Cultural Changes
A. Social Hierarchy
B. Spiritual Leadership
C. Filipino Lifestyle
A. Social Hierarchy
▪ Datus became
Cabezas de Barangay
and Gobernadorcillos
▪ Gained much land

through the
Haciendas
▪ They were stripped of

their spiritual powers
▪ Mere tribute gatherer

Social Classification
▪ Five Principal ▪ Class Media

Classes  Spanish Mestizos
 Peninsulares  Principalia
 Insulares  Gobernadorcillo
 Class Media  Cabeza de Barangay
 Chinese  Chinese Mestizos/
 Indio
Mestizos de Sangley
A. Social Hierarchy
B. Spiritual Leadership
Babaylan
▪ Introduction of male Spanish priests brought a

more catastrophic loss of power and status
▪ “Holy Confrontation”
▪ Babaylans tried to infuse Catholic prayers and

images into their rituals
▪ Others became church hermanas and nuns while

others retreated back to the mountains to join
revolts against Spanish rule
Animism vs. Catholicism
▪ Curiosity to the
crucified man
▪ Focused on Children
▪ Destruction of Anitos
 Dragged through the
village, broken, burned,
defecated upon
 Depowering,
dishonoring and
defiling the religion of
the ancestors
▪ Baptism
▪ Prayers
 Our Father
 Hail Mary
 Act of Contrition
 Ten Commandments
 Apostle’s Creed
▪ Communion
▪ Monogamy!!
C. Filipino Life
▪ Siphoning of Philippine wealth
 Bikol datus had as much as 4 quintal gold dust (one quintal = 101
lbs.)
 Acquisition of 4,800 taels of gold (one tale = 39 gms.)
▪ Change in Concept of Time
▪ Change in Diet:
 Field mouse, locust, dalag and hito, cricket, salagubang, saluyot.
▪ Diseases:
 Smallpox
 The White Plague
Education
▪ Three aims in the colonization of the

Philippines:
 The Christianization of the Masses
 The Hispanization of an elite class to aid in
colonial administration
 Creation of obedient, loyal subjects to Spain
▪ Education as a complement to these colonial

aims
Spanish education
▪ Religion as its core

▪ Rudimentary arithmetic, reading, and writing
skills were eventually taught post 1863
decree, but were inadequate
▪ Lack of educated teachers, funds, and
materials
▪ Teaching was dominated by Spanish friars,

hesitance towards teaching of Spanish
language.
V. Filipino Responses
towards Spanish cruelty
1. Integration
 Cabeza de Barangays
 Sisters of the Church
2. Withdrawal
 Those outside the Bajo de la Campana
 Infieles, cimarrones, monteses, malhechores,
tulisanes, vagamundos, remontados
3. Resistance
3. Resistances
▪ 1588
 Manila
 Don Agustin de Legazpi
 Don Martin Panga
 Magat Salamat – son of Rajah Matanda
 Japanese for arms

 Sought help from the chiefs of Borneo
▪ 1621
 Bohol – Tamblot
 Leyte – Bankaw
 Remontados built a chapel in the mountains for a
diwata
 The diwata would cause the mountains to fall on
the foreigners
▪ 1622
 Remontados refused peace offered by Alcalde of
Cebu
 Sent 50 Spanish troops and 1,000 native auxiliaries
to execute the rebels
▪ 1648s
 Samar – Agustin Sumoroy
 Married
 Village lookout
 Fell in love with a young woman
 Priests sent the girl off to a far town
 Infuriated Sumoroy and rounded up his friends with
grievances against the government (Repartimiento
system)
▪ June 1, 1649
 Killed the Jesuit priest
 Started the uprising
 Government sent soldiers
 Sumoroy was beheaded by one of his followers
▪ 1663
 Tapar of Panay
 Promise of a good life
by going back to their
old prehispanic
practices
 Infusion of Catholic
symbols in the revolt
VI. 18th – 19th Century Changes
▪ 1762-1764 British Occupation of Manila:
 Languishing of the Galleon Trade in the 18th Century due to Canton Trade
 Development of ideas to rival British and Dutch trade:
 Creation of a Spanish Company to monopolize Galleon Trade;
 Create a Tobacco Monopoly to increase real hacienda revenue
▪ Basco De Gama’s General Economic Plan (1778-1818)

 1782: Establishment of the Tobacco Monopoly, ended in 1882.
 First practiced in Mexico successfully in 1765
▪ 1812 Spanish Constitution: Philippines from being a royal

property was now declared to be a province of Spain – collapse of
the real hacienda
 1813, Galleon Trade ended
 Shift to Cash Crop Agriculture as a source of revenue; in addition to
Tobacco, Sugar becomes the country’s major export;
 Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
 Mining exploration was started
 Realengas (royal lands) were now legally sold

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Outline

▪ Term was for 8 years

▪ Selected from a list of officials from the Council

THE ROYAL AUDENCIA

THE RESIDENCIA THE VISITA

This was a special judicial court that investigates the

The Residencia, of which the

The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government

The Visita General

➢Had the power to check and report on his abuses

➢The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the

➢Sent a yearly report to Spain

➢The Archbishop and other government officials

2. Shortage of civilian officials in this far-flung

1. Military resources were focused on the

A. Regalian Doctrine vs. Native Land

▪ Crown Encomiendas – tributes were collected by the

▪ Private Encomiendas – collected by soldiers;

▪ Polistas received 8 rials/reales a month

▪ Exemptions: extended to pueblo and barangay heads

▪ Has three meanings:

▪ Purpose of the Hacienda:

▪ Usurious moneylending was mostly practiced by

▪ Made possible by Fray Andres de Urdaneta (October 8,

▪ Made the Philippines a mere “way-station between China

▪ Largely dependent upon the arrival of Chinese junk traders

▪ Meant to provide a means of livelihood for the Spanish

▪ Contents of Philippine Galleon (To Mexico)

▪ Contents from Mexican Galleon (To Philippines)

▪ A resale of 300% from the products’ original

▪ Not followed through

A. Sway in the State

B. Influence on the People

▪ Regular Clergy was sent for

▪ Secular Clergy shall then

▪ Church vs. State

▪ Heroic Age – 1700

▪ Contempt for the natives

▪ Spanish officials were strictly monitored

▪ Friars were the only Spaniards the villagers

▪ Friars stayed longer in the Philippines than

▪ Gained much land

▪ They were stripped of

▪ Mere tribute gatherer

▪ Five Principal ▪ Class Media

▪ Introduction of male Spanish priests brought a

▪ Babaylans tried to infuse Catholic prayers and

▪ Others became church hermanas and nuns while

▪ Change in Concept of Time

▪ Three aims in the colonization of the

▪ Education as a complement to these colonial

▪ Religion as its core

▪ Teaching was dominated by Spanish friars,

 Japanese for arms

▪ Basco De Gama’s General Economic Plan (1778-1818)

▪ 1812 Spanish Constitution: Philippines from being a royal

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