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Culture Documents
Spanish Political Remapping 2
Spanish Political Remapping 2
I. Political Remapping
II. Economic Remapping
III. Friar Power
IV. Cultural Changes: The old and the new
A. Social Hierarchy
B. Ownership
C. Spiritual Leadership
D. Filipino Life under Spain
V. Filipino Response to Spanish Colonization
VI. 18th-19th Century Changes
I. Political Remapping
A. Reduccion
B. Political Administration
Reduccion
Governor General
▪ Functioned as:
Executive
Judiciary
Military General
▪ Private Encomiendas
Lasted for 3 lifetimes – encomendero, his children, and grandchildren.
No longer renewed and were abolished by 1718 on the account of the
oppression of natives under private encomiendas.
1580 – 241 private encomiendas; 1780 – 11 were left
▪ Purpose:
Reward faithful service of conquistadores
Supposed to produce food and other resources for the king, the church,
and private individuals/entities.
Extraction of resource via
Encomienda
1. Tributos
8 reales or 1 peso Mexican; increased to 10 reales in 1589
In kind payment was accepted
All were to pay except for:
Principalia
Government Workers
Soldiers
▪ Regular Clergy
(Friars) vs. Secular
Clergy
▪ Regular Clergy
Augustinians
Dominicans
Franciscans
Recollects
Jesuits
Roots of Friar Power
▪ “Holy Confrontation”
▪ Focused on Children
▪ Destruction of Anitos
Dragged through the
village, broken, burned,
defecated upon
Depowering,
dishonoring and
defiling the religion of
the ancestors
▪ Baptism
▪ Prayers
Our Father
Hail Mary
Act of Contrition
Ten Commandments
Apostle’s Creed
▪ Communion
▪ Monogamy!!
C. Filipino Life
▪ Siphoning of Philippine wealth
Bikol datus had as much as 4 quintal gold dust (one quintal = 101
lbs.)
Acquisition of 4,800 taels of gold (one tale = 39 gms.)
▪ Change in Diet:
Field mouse, locust, dalag and hito, cricket, salagubang, saluyot.
▪ Diseases:
Smallpox
The White Plague
Education
2. Withdrawal
Those outside the Bajo de la Campana
Infieles, cimarrones, monteses, malhechores,
tulisanes, vagamundos, remontados
3. Resistance
3. Resistances
▪ 1588
Manila
Don Agustin de Legazpi
Don Martin Panga
Magat Salamat – son of Rajah Matanda
▪ 1622
Remontados refused peace offered by Alcalde of
Cebu
Sent 50 Spanish troops and 1,000 native auxiliaries
to execute the rebels
▪ 1648s
Samar – Agustin Sumoroy
Married
Village lookout
Fell in love with a young woman
Priests sent the girl off to a far town
Infuriated Sumoroy and rounded up his friends with
grievances against the government (Repartimiento
system)
▪ June 1, 1649
Killed the Jesuit priest
Started the uprising
Government sent soldiers
Sumoroy was beheaded by one of his followers
▪ 1663
Tapar of Panay
Promise of a good life
by going back to their
old prehispanic
practices
Infusion of Catholic
symbols in the revolt
VI. 18th – 19th Century Changes
▪ 1762-1764 British Occupation of Manila:
Languishing of the Galleon Trade in the 18th Century due to Canton Trade
Development of ideas to rival British and Dutch trade:
Creation of a Spanish Company to monopolize Galleon Trade;
Create a Tobacco Monopoly to increase real hacienda revenue