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Longitude and Time
•Earth makes one complete revolution of 360° in one day or 24 hours,
it passes through 15° in one hour or 1° in 4 minutes.

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•The earth rotates from west to east, so every 15° we go eastwards,
local time is advanced by 1 hour. Conversely, if we go westwards, local
time is retarded by 1 hour.

•We may thus conclude that places east of Greenwich see the sun
earlier and gain time, whereas places west of Greenwich see the sun
later and lose time.
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➢Location: India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.
✓Latitude – between 8°4′ N & 37°6′ N, from south to north.

✓Longitude – between 68°7′ E & 97°25′ E, from west to east.

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✓Tropic of Cancer (23°30′ N) divides India into almost two equal parts & passes through 8 states.

➢Size: Area – 3.28 million square km.

✓7th largest country in the world

➢ Time zone: Standard Meridian of India (82°30′ E) passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.

✓ Indian Standard Time is ahead of Greenwich Mean Time by 5 hours and 30 minutes.

✓Standard Meridian of India passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha

and Andhra Pradesh.

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➢Neighbours:

✓ India shares its land boundaries with seven countries.

✓ The longest border is shared by Bangladesh (4096.7 km) and the shortest by

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Afghanistan (106 km).

✓ Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the
Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
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 Motions of the earth:
Rotation and Revolution

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Rotation of Earth

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 Composition and
Structure of the Earth’s
Atmosphere

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 Indian Climate

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Atmospheric Pressure Belts
and Wind Systems

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✓ Air expands when heated and gets compressed when cooled. This results in variations in
the atmospheric pressure.

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✓ The differences in atmospheric pressure causes the movement of air from high pressure
to low pressure, setting the air in motion. Atmospheric pressure also determines when
the air will rise or sink.
✓ Air in horizontal motion is wind. The wind redistributes the heat and moisture across
latitudes, thereby, maintaining a constant temperature for the planet as a whole.
✓ The vertical rising of moist air forms clouds and bring precipitation.
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✓ The climate of India is described as the ‘monsoon’ type.

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✓ The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which literally
means season.

✓ ‘Monsoon’ refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.
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States and their position
➢In the light of the vision of Pandit Nehru, India is divided in five Zonal
Councils as per Part-III of the States Re-organisation Act, 1956. Present
composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:

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1. The Northern Zonal Council
2. The Central Zonal Council
3. The Eastern Zonal Council
4. The Western Zonal Council
5. The Southern Zonal Council
1. The Northern Zonal Council: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan,
National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Chandigarh.

2. The Central Zonal Council: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

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3. The Eastern Zonal Council: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Sikkim.

4. The Western Zonal Council: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman & Diu
and Dadra & Nagar Haveli

5. The Southern Zonal Council: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union
Territory of Puducherry ,Telangana
States with international boundaries

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Physical features
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➢Formation of Himalayas explained in Continent – Continent Convergence.

✓Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas

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✓Lesser or Middle Himalayas

✓The Greater Himalayas

✓The Trans-Himalayas – Tibetan Himalayas.

✓The Eastern Hills – Purvanchal: A chain of hills in North-East India.

✓ Himalayas are the young fold mountains.

✓ This is the highest mountain range of the world.

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✓ Himalayas act as natural barrier.

✓ The extreme cold, snow and rugged topography discourage the

neighbors to enter India through Himalayas.

✓ They run from west-east direction from Indus to Brahmaputra along

the northern boundary of India covering a distance of 2500 KM.
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✓ It has high peaks like Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu,
Dhaulagiri, Nanga Parbat etc. having a height of more than 8000
metres.

✓ Mt. Everest (8848 m) is the highest peak of the world and

Kanchenjunga is the highest peak of Himalaya in India.
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✓ The Prominent ranges in this are Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and
Mahabharata ranges.

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✓ It compresses of many famous hill stations like Shimla, Dalhousie
Darjeeling, Chakrata, Mussoorie, Nanital etc.

✓ It also comprises of famous valleys like Kashmir, Kullu, Kangra etc.

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✓ It is the outer most range of the Himalayas.

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✓ They have low hills like Jammu Hills, etc.

✓ The valleys lying between Siwalik and Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)

are called ‘Duns’ like Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun.
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➢Formation of Himalayas explained in Continent – Continent Convergence.

✓Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas

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✓Lesser or Middle Himalayas

✓The Greater Himalayas

✓The Trans-Himalayas – Tibetan Himalayas.

✓The Eastern Hills – Purvanchal: A chain of hills in North-East India.

✓ It extends north of greater Himalaya and parallel to it is called zaskar
range.

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✓ North of Zaskar range lies Ladakh range.

✓ The Indus river flows between Zaskar and Ladakh range.

✓ The Karakoram range lie extreme north of the country.

✓ K2 is the second highest peak of the world.

✓ It comprises Mishami, Patkoi, Naga, Mizo hills which are
located in eastern side.

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✓ The Meghalaya plateau is also part of these hills which
includes the hills of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia.
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✓ The Northern Plains are located between south of the Himalayas and
north of the Peninsular plateau.

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✓ It is formed by the deposition of the sediments brought by three main
river systems namely : the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

✓ This plain is very fertile due to alluvial sediments brought by the rivers
from the Himalayas.
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✓ Peninsular plateau is a
triangular shaped table land.

✓ It is part of ancient land mass

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called Gondwana level.
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✓ It extends from Narmada river and the northern plains.

✓ Aravallis is the important mountain which extends from Gujrat

through Rajasthan to Delhi.

✓ The highest peak of the Aravallis hills is Gurushikhar (1722m) near

Mt. Abu.
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✓ The Malwa Plateau and Chhota Nagpur plateau are parts of the
central highlands.

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✓ River Betwa, chambal and Ken are the important river of Malwa
plateau while Mahadeo, Kaimur and Maikal are the important hills of
Chhota Nagpur plateau.

✓ The valley of Narmada is lies between the Vindhyas and the satpura
which flows east to west and joins the Arabian sea
✓ The Deccan plateau is separated by a fault (A fracture in the rock
along which rocks have been relatively replaced), from Chota Nagpur

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plateau.

✓ The black soil area in the Deccan plateau is known as Deccan trap.

✓ It is formed due to volcanic eruptions.

✓ This soil is good for cotton & sugarcane cultivation.

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✓ The famous peaks in this area are Doda Betta, Anaimudi amd
Makurti.

✓ The highest peak in this region is Anaimudi (2695m.).

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✓ Western ghats are continuous and can be crossed through passes like
Pal Ghat, Thal Ghot and Bhor Ghat.

✓ The rivers like Godavari, Bhima and Krishna flow eastward while the
river Tapti flows westward.
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✓ The peak height in this region is Mahendragiri (1501 m).

✓ The famous hills are Mahendragiri hills, Nimaigiri hills in Orissa,

Nallamallai hills in Southern Andhra Pradesh, Kollimalai and

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Pachaimalai in Tamilnadu.

✓ The area is drained by the Mahanadi, Godawari, Krishna and Kaveri

river systems.

✓ The Nilgiri hills join Western & Eastern Ghats in the south.
✓ The Indian Desert lies towards the western margin of Aravali Hills.

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✓ It is also called Thar Desert.

✓ It is the ninth largest desert in the world.

✓ It spreads over the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan

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Eastern Coastal Plain

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Western Coastal Plain

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✓The Andaman islands are divided into three main islands
i.e. North, Middle and South.

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✓Duncan passage separates Little Andaman from South
Andaman.

✓The Great Andaman group of islands in the north is

separated by the Ten Degree Channel from the Nicobar
group in the south
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DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

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There are 8 major river systems in India, with more than 400 rivers in total. Rivers play an important role in the
lives of the Indian people due to their crucial importance in sustenance and their place in Indian religions.

1. Indus River System.

2. Brahmaputra River System.

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3. Ganga River System.

4. Yamuna River System.

5. Narmada River System.

6. Tapti River System.

7. Godavari River System.

8. Krishna River System

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 These rivers flow across the young fold mountains and are still in
a youthful stage.

 The Himalayan rivers flow through deep V – shaped valleys called gorges. These

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gorges have been carved out by down cutting carried on side by side with the
uplift of the Himalayas

 The Himalayan rivers form big deltas at their mouths. The Ganga-Brahmaputra
delta is the largest in the world.
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 Gangotri Glacier

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Chemayungdung
Glacier
Bokhar Chu
(glacier)
Kailash
Range
Talakaveri

Trimbakeshwar

Mahabaleshwar
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 Ans-D

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 Major Passes

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 Five biggest hydroelectric power plants in India

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✓Tehri Hydropower Complex – 2,400MW. ...

✓Koyna Hydroelectric Project – 1,960MW. ...

✓Srisailam Dam – 1,670MW. ...

✓Nathpa Jhakri Dam – 1,530MW. ...

✓Sardar Sarovar Dam – 1,450MW.

✓The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest hydroelectric power plant in India. I
 Major Dams in India
✓ Bhavani Sagar dam – Tamil Nadu. It came into being in 1955 and is built on the Bhavani River.

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✓ Tehri Dam – Uttarakhand

✓ Hirakud dam – Odisha

✓ Bhakra Nangal Dam – Himachal Pradesh

✓ Nagarjuna Sagar Dam – Andhra Pradesh

✓ Sardar Sarovar Dam – Gujarat

✓ Tungabhadra Dam – Karnataka

✓ Rihand Dam – Uttar Pradesh

 Climate
Indian Climate – Seasons:

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✓The cold weather season or winter season(December – February)

✓The hot weather season or summer season(March – May)

✓The south-west monsoon season or Rainy season(June – September)

✓The season of the retreating monsoon or cool season(October – November)

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Major Soil Types of India
➢Major groups:

✓Alluvial soils,

✓Black soils,

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✓Red soils,

✓Laterite and Lateritic soils,

✓Forest and Mountain soils,

✓Arid and Desert soils,

✓Saline and Alkaline soils and

✓Peaty and Marshy soils

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VOLCANISM

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 EARTHQUAKE

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