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A Comparative Study on the Proximate and Mineral Composition of Non-

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 Bioscience Discovery, 8(4): 891-890, October - 2017

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Research Article

A Comparative Study on the Proximate and Mineral Composition of

Non-leguminous fodder crops
Rajput R. D., Paithane V. A., Taware A. S. and Patil R. P*.

U.G and P. G. Department of Botany, Deogiri College, Aurangabad 431005 (M.S.)

Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Article Info Abstract

Received: 10-05-2017,
The proximate and mineral composition of cultivated treated and control fodder
Revised: 11-06-2017, crops viz. Zea mays (L.), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. and Pennisetum
Accepted: 01-09-2017 typhoides (Burm f.) S & H.) were studied. A.O.A.C (1970). Methods were
followed for the determination of proximate and mineral elements. There were
Keywords:
variations in the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre,
Mineral elements, non- total ash, acid insoluble ash, nitrogen free extracts, gross energy, calcium and
leguminous fodder crops, phosphorus in all the varieties of treated (NPK fertilizers were applied as per
nutrients proximate recommendations) and control varieties of non-legumes and the application of
composition, fertilizers showed an increase in the proportion of nutrients when compared.

INTRODUCTION adequate energy and protein for growth and milk

Cereals are the most widely cultivated and consumed production (Choudhry, 1983). Nitrogen is a primary
crops for both the humans and animals at the global nutrient required by crop plants for their growth and
level. The cereal crops are important forage source. development. Nitrogen plays a key role in vegetative
The principal and cheapest source of animal feed is growth and grain production of maize plant
green forage. The cereals viz. Maize, Bajra and (Adediran and Banjoko, 1995; Shanti et al., 1997).
Jowar provide a major food resource like proteins The application of nitrogen not only affects the
and energy for the livestock along with the man. forage yield of maize, but also improves its quality
Maize is a multipurpose crop that provides food and especially its protein contents (Haque et al., 2001). It
fuel for human being and feed for animals that is reported that application of nitrogen to maize
include livestock and poultry in different parts of the increase fodder nutritive value by increasing crude
world. Nitrogen is a significant element for both protein and by reducing ash and fiber contents
fodder quantity and quality as it is a component of (Baran, M. 1987). Phosphorus is an integral part of
protein. It is thus, essential for vegetative and nucleic acid and is essential for cellular respiration
reproductive growth (Igbal et al., 2006; Ayoub). and for metabolic activity. Therefore, the use of
Fodders are the most valuable and cheapest source of phosphorus along with nitrogen will help increase
food for Livestock having rich source of yield of maize (Safdar, Z. (1997).N fertilizers are
metabolizable energy, nutrient elements, easily soluble and leach able in most of the soils, and
carbohydrates and protein. With quality nutritional increase the forage yield of sorghum varieties
fodder, milk production can be increased up to 100% (Rahman et al., 2001). Sorghum fodder contains
(Maurice et al., 1985). Maize is the most important 70% carbohydrates, minerals, crude fat and nitrogen
constituent of cattle fodder and poultry feed free extract (Chaudhry, 1994).
(Chaudhary et al., 1991). Maize fodder provides

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 Rajput et al.,
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the most important ii) Jowar: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench: It was
crop during Kharif (short duration rainy, hot and sown with the 30-45 cm distance in rows, with a seed
humid crop growing period) season and is grown rate of 30-40 kg /hectare and 80 kg N, 30 kg P2O5
over a wide range of soil types, providing food grain and 50 kg K2O per hectare fertilizer was applied after
for humans and forage for their livestock in arid and sowing.
semi-arid regions (Narayanan and Dabadghao, iii) Bajra: Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.)S & H.):
1972). It is palatable to the ruminants and can be fed The crop was sown in rows with distance of 30 cm
as green, dry or in the silage form (Gupta et al., apart and the plant to plant distance 10-12 cm and
2000). with the seed rate of 10kg per hectare. The
recommended fertilizer applied was 25kg N,
MATERIAL AND METHODS: 25kgP2O5 and 25kgK2O per hectare (Deore et al.,
Selection and cultivation of Plants: 1982). The control plants were grown without any
The non-leguminous fodder crops selected application of NPK fertilizers and farmyard
for the experiments were viz. Zea mays (L.), manures.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. and Pennisetum The fodder crops were irrigated and weeds were
typhoides (Burm f.)S & H.), all the plants were removed from the experiment plots whenever
cultivated in the field in Kharif season and the dates necessary. The use of pesticides and insecticides was
of sowing the plants were recorded. The piece of land avoided.
was measured about 100sq.ft. (10x10 ft) and was Sampling of plant material:
prepared before cultivation of plants. The land was After cultivation, the fodder crops were harvested at
ploughed and the farmyard manure was applied as the pre-flowering stage (before flower initiation) and
per the recommendation. After ploughing and leaf samples were prepared in the powered form for
manuring, the plots were prepared by RBD the determination of proximate analysis.
(Randomized Block Design) of the size 10x 10ft. for Determination of Proximate analysis:
sowing the crops. Two separate plots were prepared, The proximate analysis of the selected fodder crops
in one plot the control plants were sown and in was determined by standard methods (AOAC,
another plot the treated plants were sown. All the 1970). These include the determination of dry
crops were sown in rows and each plot having 10 matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash,
rows, a single row measuring 10sq.ft. All the acid insoluble ash, nitrogen free extract, total
selected fodder crop plants were sown in the month carbohydrate, gross energy and the minerals
of July on17th July 2016 in Kharif season. analyzed include potassium, calcium and
The treated fodder crops were grown as per the phosphorus. The chromic acid oxidation method
recommendations for cultivation and were applied described by O’shea and Maguire (1962) was
NPK fertilizers and farmyard manures. followed to determine gross energy (GE).
i) Maize: Zea mays (L.) The seeds were sown in the Dry Matter (DM): For this purpose, 100g leaf
plot at the rate of 40-60 kg/ha (Desai and Deore, samples were taken in a clean dry pre-weighed tray
1983) with spacing of 30 cm between the rows and and kept in an oven at 95± 5o C. for 48 hours or more
10-15 cm between the plants within a row. The till constant weight. Weight of the dried leaf sample
farmyard manure 10tonnes per hectare was applied is reported as per cent dry matter (DM).The dry
at the time of land preparation. The recommended matter is then calculated by the following formula.
dose of fertilizer applied was 45-60 kg Nitrogen, 20-
45kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O hectare (Mungikar, 1974).

Dry Matter (DM) = Final Weight of the Sample X 100

Initial Weight of the Sample

Crude Fat (C Fat) Content: The crude fat content amount of crude fat extracted per 2g of sample was
was estimated using soxhlet extractor with measured and calculated as percent of dry matter by
chloroform: methanol (70:30) as a solvent The the following equation.

Crude Fat (C Fat) % = Weight of the Fat (Extracted)

Weight of the Sample
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 Bioscience Discovery, 8(4): 891-890, October - 2017
Crude fibre (CF) Content: . A method described by Lees (1968) was employed for the estimation of crude
fiber and the amount of crude fibre was calculated on DM basis by the following formula.
‘
Crude Fibre % = W1 - W2 X 100
W0
Where,
W1 = Weight of sample before incineration
W2 = Weight of sample after incineration
W3 = Weight of original sample.

Crude Protein (CP): The nitrogen content (N) was determined by micro-Kjeldahl method (Bailey, 1967) and
the crude protein (CP) was expressed as N x 6.25.

Total Ash Content: Total ash content was estimated following the A. O. A. C. (1970) methods and total ash
obtained per 2g of sample and was calculated as percent of dry matter (DM).
Total Ash % = Weight of ash X 100
Weight of sample

Acid Insoluble Ash (AIA): AIA content was estimated following the A. O. A. C. (1970) methods The AIA
was determined per unit weight of the sample used for ashing and calculated it as per cent of DM.
AIA % = Weight of ash X 100
Weight of sample

NFE and Total Carbohydrate (TC): The Nitrogen free extract was obtained (on dry matter basis) when the
sum of crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and total ash was subtracted from the factor 100.

% NFE = 100- (% CP + % C fat + % CF + % ash)

The total carbohydrate was determined by differential method. This was achieved by subtracting the total
protein, lipid, moisture and ash content from 100.
% TC = 100 – (% CP + % C fat+ % ash)

Phosphorus: The amount of phosphorus was measured following Fiske and Subba Rau (1925) as described
by Oser (1979).

Gross Energy: The chromic acid oxidation method described by O’shea and Maguire (1962) was followed
to determine gross energy (GE) and the amount of GE was determined and calculated in Kcal per g of sample
using the following equation:
GE (Kcal/g DM) = ml 1.5 N K2Cr2O7used to oxidize 1g sample
(23.39 – 0.069 P + 0.000226 P2)
Where p is the crude protein content.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.6%, 35%, 15%, 10%, 24.09%, 59.09%, 3.65%,
The proximate and mineral composition of treated 0.92%,0.20% respectively and was high While, in
and control cultivated non-legumes were studied and control Maize crop the concentration recorded with
results were recorded. In treated Maize crop the 20.70%, 18.75%, 4.9%, 33.29%, 14.23%,
concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, 9.39%,22.28%,58.12%, 3.12%, 0.69%,0.16%
crude fibre, total ash, acid insoluble ash, nitrogen respectively and was found to be low comparatively.
free extract, total carbohydrate, gross energy, In treated Jowar crop the concentration of dry matter,
calcium, phosphorus recorded with 22.30%, 20.31%, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash, acid

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 Rajput et al.,
insoluble ash, nitrogen free extract, total 0.21% respectively and was found to be high. While,
carbohydrate, gross energy, calcium, phosphorus in control Bajra crop the concentration recorded with
recorded with 21.45%, 19.06%, 1.55%, 30%, 19.29%, 18.43%, 3.13%, 19.84%, 14.31%, 8.30%,
15.50%, 6.50%, 33.89%, 63.89%, 4.09%, 36.94%, 40.29%, 2.11%, 1.89% ,0.19% respectively
0.74%,0.18% respectively and was high While, in and was found to be low comparatively As a result
control Jowar crop the concentration recorded with of better uptake of nutrients from the soil due to the
20.10%, 17.18%, 1.49%, 28.73%, 14.93%, 5.40%, providing the farmyard manures and NPK which
31.23%, 61.23%, 3.98%, 0.53% ,0.17% respectively contain essential elements, the growth and proximate
and was found to be low comparatively. In treated content of maize increase. Minhas and Sood (1994)
Bajra crop the concentration of dry matter, crude who proved that sustainable availability of the
protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash, acid nutrients can occur in various crops due to
insoluble ash, nitrogen free extract, total application of organic manure. Plants inoculated
carbohydrate, gross energy, calcium, phosphorus with organic manure recorded increase in root, stem,
recorded with 20.30%, 20.62%, 3.55%, 21%, leaf weight (Muthaura, 2010, Naikwade et al,
15.10%, 9.50%, 39.43%, 43.38%, 2.74%, 2.08%, 2011b).

Table 1: The Proximate and mineral Analysis of cultivated treated non-leguminous fodder crops.

Fodder crop DM CP C fat CF Total AIA NFE TC GE Ca P

Ash (Kcal/g)
Zea mays (L.) 22.30 20.31 5.6 35 15.00 10.00 24.09 59.09 3.65 0.92 0.20
Sorghum bicolor 21.45 19.06 1.55 30 15.50 6.50 33.89 63.89 4.09 0.74 0.18%
(L.) Moench
Pennisetum 20.30 20.62 3.95 21 15.10 9.50 39.43 43.38 2.74 2.08 0.21%
typhoides (Burm
f.)S & H.):
(The values are expressed as % of dry matter)

Table 2: The Proximate and mineral Analysis of cultivated control non-leguminous fodder crops.

Fodder DM CP C fat CF Total AIA NFE TC GE Ca P

crop Ash (Kcal/g)
Zea mays 20.70 18.75 4.9 33.29 14.23 9.39 22.28 58.12 3.12 0.69 0.16
(L.)
Sorghum 20.10 17.18 1.49 28.73 14.93 5.40 31.23 61.23 3.98 0.53 0.17
bicolor (L.)
Moench
Pennisetum 19.29 18.43 3.13 19.84 14.31 8.30 36.94 40.29 2.11 1.89 0.19
typhoides
(Burm f.)S
& H.):
(The values are expressed as % of dry matter)

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 Bioscience Discovery, 8(4): 891-890, October - 2017

60
50
40
30
Zea mays (treated)
20 Zea mays (control)
10
0

Graph.1: The proximate composition (%) of Zea mays (L).treated and control.

70
60
50
40
30 Sorghum bicolor (treated)
20 Sorghum bicolor(control)
10
0

Graph.2: The proximate composition (%) of Sorghum bicolor (L.) treated and control.

45
40
35
30
25 pennisetum typhoides
20 (treated)
15
pennisetum typhoides(control)
10
5
0

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 Rajput et al.,
Graph.3: The proximate composition (%) of Deore DD, Durve DN and Pawar VS, 1982. J.
Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.)S & H) treated and Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 7(3):263.
control. Fiske CH and Subba Rao Y, 1925. J.Biol. Chem., (66):
Conclusion: The results of this present study show 375.
Gupta PC, Akbar MA and. Lodhi GP, 2000. Genetic
that after the recommended application of NPK
variability in the nutrition quality of sorghum fodder in
fertilizers to the non-legumes fodder crops (Treated) India. Indian J. Anim. Nutri., (17):70-72.
the concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude Haque MM, Hamid A and Bhuiyan NI, 2001. Nutrient
fat, crude fibre, total ash, acid insoluble ash, nitrogen Uptake and Productivity as Affected by Nitrogen and
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