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Ashenafi Lemma Thesis
Ashenafi Lemma Thesis
SCHOOL OF COMMERCE
By:
Ashenafi Lemma
Advisor:
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Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction
BY:
ASHENAFI LEMMA
JULY, 2020
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Statement of Declaration
I, Ashenafi Lemma, hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Determinants of employee Job
Satisfaction in Ethiopian Civil Service University, Addis Ababa.” submitted by me for the
award of the degree of Master of art in Human Resource Management is my original work
and it has never been presented in any university. All sources and materials used for this
Signature: ______________________________________________
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Statement of Certification
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction in the
case of Ethiopian Civil Service University, Addis Ababa.” was carried out by Ashenafi
Lemma Tekle under the supervision of Dr. Wubshet Bekalu (PhD), submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of art in Human Resource
management complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted
Approved by:
Signature_______________
Date___________________
Board of Examiners
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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, my heartily thanks go to the Almighty God for his graciously provision
of Knowledge, wisdom and inspiration required for the successful completion of this paper
Dr.WubshetBekalu, Dr.Abeba Beyene and Dr.Afework for the all-round help, guidance,
encouragement, moral and financial support were the source of inspiration to me, during my
entire academic career, including the period I was pursuing the HRM study.
Finally I would like to gratefully acknowledge all respondents of Ethiopian Civil Service
University administrative staffs who help me filling the questionnaire with patience and by
scarifying their invaluable time especially classmates for their kind assistance in many
ways.
Lastly, but far from least, my heartfelt thanks go to my parents. Thank you, Mom, Hana,
Dibora and all my brothers and sisters for always encouraging me, even when I didn‟t want
to do so!!
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Table of Contents
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................................. v
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background of the study ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Background of the Organization ................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Research Question ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Objective of the Study ............................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1. General objective of the study ............................................................................................ 5
1.5.2. Specific Objective ............................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................... 5
1.7. Scope of the study ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.8. Limitation of the Study .............................................................................................................. 6
1.9. Organization of the Study .......................................................................................................... 7
1.10. Definition of key terms ............................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................................................ 8
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review ................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Definition of Job Satisfaction .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.2. Importance of Job Satisfaction ............................................................................................ 9
2.1.3. Types of Job Satisfaction .................................................................................................. 10
2.1.4 Theories of Job satisfaction................................................................................................ 11
2.1.5. Work related factors affecting job Satisfaction ................................................................. 12
2.2. Empirical Review..................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.1. Nature of work and Job satisfaction .................................................................................. 17
2.2.2. Career Advancement (Opportunities for Promotion)and Job satisfaction ........................ 18
2.2.3. Relationship with Co-workers and Job satisfaction .......................................................... 19
2.2.4. Pay and Benefits and Job satisfaction ............................................................................... 20
2.3. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................ 24
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 24
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3.1 Research Approach ................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Research Design........................................................................................................................ 24
3.3 Target Population of the Study ................................................................................................. 25
3.4. Sampling Technique ................................................................................................................ 26
3.5. Sample Size.............................................................................................................................. 28
3.6 Data Collection Methods and Research Procedures ................................................................. 30
3.7. Data Analysis Methods ............................................................................................................ 30
3.8 Reliability and Validity ............................................................................................................. 32
3.9. Research Ethics ........................................................................................................................ 33
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................... 34
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION .................................................................................... 34
4.1 Demographic Background of the Respondents ......................................................................... 34
4.2 Descriptive Analysis and Interpretation .................................................................................... 37
4.2.1. Descriptive statistics of the nature of job .......................................................................... 38
4.2.2 Descriptive statistics of the career advancement................................................................ 40
4.2.3. Descriptive statistics of the interpersonal relationships .................................................... 42
4.2.4. Descriptive statistics of the Pay and benefits .................................................................... 44
4.3 Pearson correlation analysis ...................................................................................................... 49
4.4 Regression Analysis .................................................................................................................. 50
CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 55
SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................... 55
5.1. Summary .................................................................................................................................. 55
5.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 57
5.3 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 58
5.4 Future Research ........................................................................................................................ 59
REFERENCE...................................................................................................................................... 60
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................ 67
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.2Cronbach's Alpha for each independent variable of the study --------------------32
Table 4.5 Percentage and Descriptive statistics of the Pay and benefits----------------------44
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to determine the level of employee job satisfaction and its
determinant factors in case of Ethiopian Civil Service University in Addis Ababa. Stratified
random sampling and purposive random sampling were used in sampling design.
Questionnaire as research instrument was used and was distributed to 170 employees of
ECSU administration employees. In total, 150 usable responses were received which were
analyzed through SPSS 25.0. Standard procedures were used to process and represent
findings. Inferential statistics (person correlation analysis) and multiple regressions were
then applied. Results showed significantly positive relationship between nature of job and
also showed that pay and benefits to be low in Ethiopian Civil Service University and
caused dissatisfaction among employees. Implications of the study for Ethiopian Civil
Service University management and policy makers in the context of human resource
practices include making sure those employees who demonstrate increasing levels of pay
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces about back ground of the study, back ground of the organization,
statement of the problem, general and specific objectives of the study, research question, and
significance of the study and also scope and limitation of the study.
The concept of job satisfaction has been developed in many ways by many different
researchers and practitioners. One of the most widely used definition in organizational
emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one‟s job or job experiences.
The term 'job satisfaction‟ therefore refers to the favorableness with which employees view
their work and the term 'job dissatisfaction' refers to the unfavorableness with which they
take their work (Qasim, Cheema & Syed, 2012).various theories like Maslow‟s need
hierarchy theory, Herzberg‟s motivation- hygiene theory, and Vroom's expectancy model
have been extended to describe the factors responsible for the job satisfaction of the
Employee is one of the key factors of the organization success. No organization can succeed
without a certain level of commitment and effort from its employees (Luthans, 2001).
Organizations often attempt to satisfy its employees to gain their commitment and loyalty.
However, it is not easy for the organizations to be successful in making individuals satisfied
because people work for a wide variety of different reasons, some want material success
while others might emphasize challenging job (Arnold and Feldman, 1986). From an
individual standpoint, job satisfaction might be one of the most desirable outcomes that
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perspective, it is important to know how to measure the level of job satisfaction and how job
satisfaction relates to other organizational variables. In recent times there has been a
foster greater job satisfaction and that will make positive contributions to the organization
Education to support the transformation drive of the Ethiopian civil service within the context
of the county‟s development policies and strategies and which is located at Bole Sub-City,
Addis Ababa .More specifically, the University aims at building the capacity of the civil
service at both federal and regional levels through specialized professional orientation
ECSU is currently in the process of re-orienting its training programs to respond to the
changing needs of the Ethiopian civil service system and the civil service reform program. It
The institution offers both undergraduate and postgraduate programs in many fields including
ECSU administration staff employees consists a total of 650 employees and categorized
based on professional Administration staff and non- professional Administration staff with a
range of educational backgrounds, Second degree, First degree, diploma, and certificate .
The University has adequate numbers of administrative support staff. Their qualifications are
modest and the majorities (62.9%) of support staff (both professional administration staff and
The ratio of total number of academic staff to total number of professional administrative
staff is 1 to 1:18 which are satisfactory in running the program properly.) States that support
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staff have a vital contribution to make in supporting the teaching / learning business of the
University. The adequate number of support staff facilitates the smooth and effective
functioning of the teaching/ learning process. The administrative support staff facilitates all
core business: teaching, research, training and consultancy which are commendable practices
Under administrative staff, one of the business processes at corporate level is Human
Resource Management. One of the duties and responsibilities of this section is to manage the
promotion/appointment. The support staff recruitment, appraisal and promotion are carried on
according to the rules and regulation of the Civil Service Ministry of the country.
The University recognized that the tasks of support staff have invaluable support for
staffs participate in decision-making processes in the academic councils of the institutes. The
development.
In recent time with the opening up of the growth of education sector in Ethiopia, a dramatic
change has been observed in private and government learning service sectors. This has
country. Particularly, the expansion of private colleges, along with customized services, has
created a severe competition in this sector. This intense competition has made observed the
support staff turnover from government to private organizations. The employment patterns in
the sector have changed its focus to performance and targets rather than experience and
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loyalty. Hence, the factor of job satisfaction becomes a primary factor for the administration
staff employees which needed attentions so as to achieve the long-term goals of the
university. Every individual employee wants satisfaction at job but organization is wasting its
2012)
Human resources are recognized as the key element in successful business navigation through
difficult market conditions, including competition with other organizations. Employees with
low job satisfaction can negatively affect a company because they typically lack motivation,
perform poorly and possess negative attitudes. In addition, their behavior can also affect other
employee‟s performance. These symptoms can directly affect a company‟s bottom line.
Workers are dissatisfied with their jobs; they are thought to be less productive and more
prone to absenteeism and turnover. The pressure of work at a workplace can also negatively
influence workers. Long hours, job stress, poor moral and short deadlines tend to create
dissatisfaction among workers because it offsets the work life balance and creates problems
for workers, This in term creates a push factor that forces workers to look elsewhere as
observed by Rahman(2012)
administration employees are not quite stable and some employees look on other competent
practices, nice work environment and high satisfaction from the job.
Even if ECSU is a government university with good work environment, CSU, HR records
and documentation on staff work load report 2017/18in the study it is showed that there is
low motivation; absenteeism; turnover and employees spend more time searching other jobs.
In this study even though the satisfaction level of employees was measured the determinant
factors of employee satisfaction and which factors attributes to more satisfaction and which
factors attributes to less satisfaction was not studied. So the purpose of this study is to assess
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determinant factors of job satisfaction of employees by using the four variables Nature of job,
university?
2. What are the factor that affects‟ the employee job satisfaction?
The general objective of this study is to examine the determinant factors of employees‟ job
With the above general objective, the study would have the following specific objectives:
The findings and results of the study will provide a more reliable in-depth understanding of
the factors that affect employee satisfaction. This research used as guidelines and motives for
other researchers to conduct researches on related issues. The study of job satisfaction is of
great significance for any organization, for several reasons. They are as follows; to the
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management institution of Ethiopian Civil Service University administration staffs the
findings are expected to provide answers to the fundamental question of why employees stay
and what would cause them to leave and to help the organization. The result of this study
expected to create an awareness of the level of job satisfaction in Ethiopian Civil Service
University. It might provide information and possible solution for the management bodies to
contribute their part and motivate for further responsibility. Study on job satisfaction helps
the management in gathering information pertaining to job, employee, work environment etc.
This, in turn, facilitates the decision-making process and acts as a catalyst in changing or
modifying organizational policies, if needed. The study also helps in improving the attitudes
of employees towards the present role and responsibilities and develops a sense of
belongingness and participation. The result of the study may be used by policy makers and
higher officials of the organization as well as to the concerned body to devise different
Ethiopia as a whole, but due to time and financial constraints, the researcher chose to
University. This study however, conceptually delimited to main four variables (nature of job,
Carrier advancement, Interpersonal relationship Pay and benefit towards job satisfaction.
area and the generalization of the study. The researcher may have biases in selecting sample
because it may need in-depth level of research and sufficient funds. In addition, since it is not
possible to incorporate all factors of job satisfaction in one study, only four specific factors
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1.9. Organization of the Study
The research report contains a total of five chapters organized as follows :- the introductory
part includes: background of the study, background of the organization ,statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope and
limitation of the study and organization of the study. The second chapter reviews the related
literatures which include the theoretical review and empirical review and conceptual
framework ,Chapter three presents the research methodology, design, sampling, data analyses
method and research instruments of the study. Chapter four the presentation and analysis of
the data collected and interpretation of the findings also included in this chapter. Finally,
summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations are presented in the fifth chapter.
At the end of the thesis document, references and a set of appendices are attached.
Job satisfaction: Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have
about their current jobs (Heneman, 2005). Locke (1976) defines job satisfaction as the
pleasurable emotional state which emanates from assessment of individual job as facilitating
Interpersonal Relationship: employee‟s relationship with colleagues or peer, and with their
Nature of job: the potency of job characteristics in determining how people behave in work
Payment and benefits: defined pay as “what an employee gets against his work after
fulfilling his duty, include all type of financial and non-financial rewards” or “ pay as
payment, in which include many components like basic salary, bonuses, pay for doing extra
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CHAPTER TWO
Introduction
This literature review is aimed at providing more inclusive theoretical concepts on factors
affecting job satisfaction. The literature review section discuss about job satisfaction. Under
this sub section issues like theories of job satisfaction, determinants of job satisfaction and
unfolded through the previous decades. The concept of job satisfaction was first developed
from the Hawthorne studies of the late 1920s and early 1930s by Elton Mayo at the
The term 'job satisfaction‟ therefore refers to the favorableness with which employees view
their work and the term 'job dissatisfaction' to the unfavourableness with which they take
Job satisfaction is a worker‟s sense of achievement and success on the job. It is generally
satisfaction implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well and being rewarded for one‟s
efforts. Job satisfaction further implies enthusiasm and happiness with one‟s work. Job
satisfaction is the key ingredient that leads to recognition, income, promotion, and the
The term job satisfaction refers to the attitude and feelings people have about their work.
Positive and favorable attitudes towards the job indicate job satisfaction. Negative and
unfavorable attitudes towards the job indicate job dissatisfaction (Armstrong, 2006).
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of one‟s job and work context. This definition is still being debated. It captures the most
popular view that job satisfaction is an evaluation and represents both belief and feelings. It is
an appraisal of the perceived job characteristics and emotional experience at work. According
to Saleh (1981), job satisfaction is a feeling that is a function of the perceived relationship
between all that one wants from his/her job/life and all that one perceives as offering or
entailing. The emphasis here is on all that one wants, whether it is important for self-
definition or not. Luthans (2006) stated that job satisfaction is a pleasurable, or positive
emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one‟s job, or job experience, and is the result
of the employee‟s perception of how well the job provides those things which are viewed as
important.
Sowmya1 &Panchanatham, (2011) defined job satisfaction as how much employee‟s like or
dislikes their work and the extent to which their expectations concerning work have been
fulfilled
Generally job satisfaction is an attitude employee hold towards his/her job. In other words job
satisfaction is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one‟s job. A person
with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes towards his or her job, while a
person who is dissatisfied with his or her job holds negative attitudes about his/her job.
increase number of accidents etc. Specter (1997) lists three important features of job
satisfaction. First, organizations should be guided by human values. Such organizations will
be oriented towards treating workers fairly and with respect. In such cases the assessment of
job satisfaction may serve as a good indicator of employee effectiveness. High levels of job
satisfaction may be sign of a good emotional and mental state of employees. Second, the
behavior of workers depending on their level of job satisfaction will affect the functioning
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and activities of the organization's business. From this it can be concluded that job
satisfaction will result in positive behavior and vice versa, dissatisfaction from the work will
result in negative behavior of employees. Third, job satisfaction may serve as indicators of
different organizational units can be defined, but in turn can serve as a good indication
regarding in which organizational unit changes that would boost performance should be
made.
income, nature and social status of the job, organizational prestige, promotion, job security,
lack of role ambiguity, and physical job conditions of co-workers (Hadi, Mohsen & Ali
Asghar 2015).
Frazier (2005) stated that there are a few elements that affect job satisfaction, which are
extrinsic and intrinsic motivating factors, the quality of supervision and social relationships
with the work group. Intrinsic motivation, as explained by Haneberg (2010) is interest based
employer can take care of the employees‟ interest, including their passion, drive, creativity,
and energy. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, can be improved by giving positive
reinforcement to the employees such as raising their salary, giving them compliments, giving
Various theories like Maslow‟s need hierarchy theory, Herzberg‟s motivation- hygiene
theory, and vroom's expectancy model have been extended to describe the factors responsible
for the job satisfaction of the employees in the organization. Therefore Understanding job
research interest.
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2.1.4 Theories of Job satisfaction
from bottom to top (Benjamin Ball). Starting from mere physiological subsistence, they cover
this theory is that Maslow felt that unfulfilled needs lower on the ladder would inhibit the
person from climbing to the next step. The needs are divided into two categories: deficiency
needs (physiological and safety) and growth needs (belonging, self-esteem and self-
actualization). If the deficiency needs aren‟t satisfied, the person will feel the deficit and this
will stifle his or her development (Maslow, 1989). In this respect (Maniram, 2007), stated
that factors such as conducive working environment, mentally challenging work, equitable
rewards, supportive working conditions, supportive colleagues, the personality-job fit etc. are
factors, and hygiene factors, or job context. Motivators or job content factors were those that
responsibility, and growth. Likewise, hygiene factors or job context are defined as factors that
are related to job dissatisfaction. Examples of hygiene factors include the company,
more satisfied with their jobs than others, even when they hold different jobs throughout their
lives. According to this conceptualization, employees who like the job that they are doing at
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one time tend to like the job that they may be doing at another time, even if the job is
different.
match between the outcomes that individual‟s value in their jobs and their perception about
the availability of such outcomes. This theory argues that almost any factor can be a source of
on the attitudes expressed by their co-workers. For this reason, an employee who expresses
negative feelings about their job can have a negative impact on the job satisfaction of co-
workers.
further suggested that no one theory should be seen as most or least correct but rather that an
exploration of all theories and a practical application by trial-and error will be beneficial
(Ramdhani, 2008). Kreitner, (2008) indicate that the motivation theory is like a psychological
puzzle with all its explanations and recommendations that managers have to unravel.
from and inputs to the relationship against the outcome/input ratio of a comparison other. If
the outcome/input ratios of the individual and comparison other are perceived to be unequal,
satisfaction (Larwood, 1984; Landy, 1989; Luthans, 2006; Griffen and Moorhead, 2009).
Robbins et al. (2003) refer to the work itself as “the extent to which the job provides the
individual with stimulating tasks, opportunities for learning and personal growth, and the
chance to be responsible and accountable for results”. Sharma and Bhaskar (1991) assume
that most significant influence over job satisfaction of employees appears from the nature of
the work given to them. The work itself plays a major role in determining how employees are
satisfied with their jobs. Employees tend to prefer challenging jobs that let them apply their
abilities and skills and embody a diversity of tasks, freedom, and performance feedback
(Arnold and Feldman, 1986). Locke (1976) found that the interesting and challenging of the
work itself led to the higher level of job satisfaction Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction not
only depends on the nature of the job, it also depend on the expectation what‟s the job supply
to an employee (Hussami, 2008). Lower convenience costs, higher organizational and social
and intrinsic reward will increase job satisfaction (Mulinge and Mullier, 1998; Willem et al.,
2007). The worker would rather desire working conditions that will result in greater physical
comfort and convenience. The absence of such working conditions, amongst other things, can
impact poorly on the worker‟s mental and physical well-being (Baron and Greenberg, 1995).
Robbins (2001) advocates that working conditions will influence job satisfaction, as
employees are concerned with a comfortable physical work environment. In turn this will
render a more positive level of job satisfaction. Arnold and Feldman (1996) shows that
factors such as temperature, lighting, ventilation, hygiene, noise, working hours, and
resources are all part of working conditions. Employees may feel that poor working
conditions will only provoke negative performance, since their jobs are mentally and
physically demanding.
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2.1.5.2 Career advancement or growth
If employees see a path available to move up the position in the company they would be more
satisfied with their existing job. Organization can persuade employees to learn sophisticated
skills or to demonstrate them what they need to in order to be on a path to progression inside
Several researchers share the opinion that job satisfaction has a great connection with
opportunities for promotion (Pergamit and Veum, (1999; )Sclafane, (1999); Ellickson and
Logsdon, 2002; Peterson et al., 2003). Promotion as defined by Heery and Noon (2001) refers
to “the action of shifting an employee up the organization hierarchy which will normally
bring to an increase of responsibility and status and a better remuneration package among the
individuals who are promoted”. Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) mentioned that job satisfaction
and the promotion positive relationship relies on supposed fairness by employees. A lot of
people will experience satisfaction when they think that they have good future opportunities
This can be interpreted as the opportunities for progression and development in their present
workplace or providing better chances to look out for alternative employment. It is assumed
that the level of job satisfaction will go down if people think that they have less career
Training & development may be understood as any attempt to improve current or future
changing the employee‟s attitude or increasing their skills and knowledge. The need of
14
2.1.5.3 Relationship with co‐workers
Having friendly and cooperative coworkers is a modest source of job satisfaction. Ducharme
and Martin (2000)‟s findings revealed that effective coworker support significantly enhance
employee job satisfaction (in Demato 2001).every employee seeks to be treated with respect
by those they work with. If employees are in touch with supportive colleagues or peer, they
There are several studies that show that friendly and supportive colleagues enhance the rate
of job satisfaction in a working environment (Khaleque and Choudhury, 1984; Johns, 1996;
Viswesvaran et al., 1998; Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004; Luthans, 2006). This area of
satisfaction is measured by how well employees get along with each other and how well they
look up to their fellow employees. Markiewicz et al. (2000) figured out that the close
friendships quality was related to both job satisfaction and career success among employees.
Berta (2005) finds a similar result after conducting a survey among 1250 Food Brand
employees. Riordan and Griffith (1995) found that a positive relationship among co-workers
improves the rate of job satisfaction. Their research shows that friendship network among
special incentives, such as bonuses, extra paid time off or vacations also bring stimulation
and higher job satisfaction. There is no doubt that monetary rewards play a very influential
role in determining job satisfaction. Pay is one of the fundamental components of job
satisfaction since it has a powerful effect in determining job satisfaction. (Bergmann and
The study conducted among Clark (1999) shows that changes in workers‟ pay over-time
positively influence their well-being, whereas the current level of pay does not impact on job
satisfaction.Leontaridi and Sloane (2001) show that low-pay workers report higher job
15
satisfaction than do other workers. Borzaga and Depedri (2005) observe that, even in a sector
characterized by low average salaries like the social-services sector, employees are more
satisfied when their wages increase up to a threshold, but not above that threshold. Clark
(2005) the opposite dynamic of job satisfaction with respect to the economic conditions as
represented by wages, and to job conditions as represented by working time, is also evident.
Diaz-Serrano & Cabral Vieira (2005) show that low-pay worker are likely to have low-
quality jobs and consequently less job satisfaction. Siebern-Thomas‟s (2005) cross-sectional
analysis on the European Community Household Panel shows that the correlation between
Lai (2011) argue that an efficient compensation system result in organizational growth and
expansion and exhibit a positive relationship between employee satisfaction and job-based
wages, skill-based pay and performance-based pay. The study concludes that the intrinsic
responsibility, good feeling about the organization that has a significant correlation with job
satisfaction, while hygiene (external) factors have no significant relationship with job
Employees tend to prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their skills and abilities and
offer a variety of tasks, freedom, and feedback on how well they are doing. Jobs that have too
little challenge create boredom, but too much challenge creates frustration and a feeling of
failure. Under conditions of moderate challenge, most employees will experience pleasure
Over the years, many studies have attempted to categorize and find out the factors that affect
job satisfaction (Abdullah et al., 2011) and found wages as the main factor for job
satisfaction, but other factors such as the promotion, recognition of work, and employees
loyalty also considered. In addition, salaries and incentives are the most important
determinant of job satisfaction (Calisir et al., 2010). Ali and Ahmed (2009) concludes that
16
due to the changes in reward or recognition programs, there will be a corresponding change
in work motivation and satisfaction, this means that if there is a greater focus on
remuneration and recognition, can have a positive impact as a result of motivation and thus
lead to higher levels of job performance. Moreover positive and significant association found
between job satisfaction and management practices such as team work, independence and
Hanif and Kamal (2009), argues that if companies makes favorable strategies and rules for
the employees related to pay scales, policy development, staff input, and the work
environment, may lead to employee engagement, satisfaction and increased employee loyalty
with the organization because satisfied employees are more likely to be welcoming and
attentive which attracts customers and the employees not satisfied with the job can lead to
customer unhappiness.
satisfaction (Larwood, 1984; Landy, 1989; Luthans, 2006; Griffen and Moorhead, 2009).
Robbins et al. (2003) refer to the work itself as “the extent to which the job provides the
individual with stimulating tasks, opportunities for learning and personal growth, and the
chance to be responsible and accountable for results”. Sharma and Bhaskar (1991) assume
that most significant influence over job satisfaction of employees appears from the nature of
the work given to them. In addition, they assert job satisfaction can be achieved by
employees if the job requires sufficient variety, discretion, challenge and scope for using an
individual‟s own skills and abilities. Therefore it can be concluded that nature of work for the
above researchers has significant or positive effect on job satisfaction which means that job
17
According to Robbins (2001), work conditions are defined as an employee‟s work place,
work instruments, the work itself, organization policy, and organizational rules. Arnold and
Feldman (1996), promoted factors such as temperature, lighting, ventilation, hygiene, noise,
working hours, and resources as part of working conditions. The worker would rather desire
working conditions that will result in greater physical comfort and convenience. The absence
of such working conditions, amongst other things, can impact poorly on the worker‟s mental
and physical well-being (Baron and Greenberg, 1995). Robbins (2001) advocates that
working conditions will influence job satisfaction, as employees are concerned with a
comfortable physical work environment. In turn this will render a more positive level of job
H1: Nature of the job has significant effect in determining employee job satisfaction.
opportunities for promotion (Pergamit and Veum, 1999; Sclafane, 1999; Ellickson and
Logsdon, 2002; Peterson et al., 2003). Promotion as defined by Heery and Noon (2001) refers
to “the action of shifting an employee up the organization hierarchy which will normally
bring to an increase of responsibility and status and a better remuneration package among the
individuals who are promoted”. Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) mentioned that job satisfaction
and the promotion positive relationship relies on supposed fairness by employees. A lot of
people will experience satisfaction when they think that they have good future opportunities
This can be interpreted as the opportunities for progression and development in their present
workplace or providing better chances to look out for alternative employment. It is assumed
that the level of job satisfaction will go down if people think that they have less career
18
Training & development may be understood as any attempt to improve current or future
changing the employee‟s attitude or increasing their skills and knowledge. The need of
Linz, Anastasia Semykina, 2010).As a result, the following hypothesis was formulated:
H2: Career advancement has significant effect in determining employee job satisfaction.
of job satisfaction in a working environment (Khaleque and Choudhury, 1984; Johns, 1996;
Viswesvaran et al., 1998; Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004; Luthans, 2006). This area of
satisfaction is measured by how well employees get along with each other and how well they
look up to their fellow employees. Markiewicz et al. (2000) figured out that the close
friendships quality was related to both job satisfaction and career success among employees.
Berta (2005) finds a similar result after conducting a survey among 1250 Food Brand
employees. Riordan and Griffith (1995) found that a positive relationship among co-workers
improves the rate of job satisfaction. Their research shows that friendship network among
According to Robbins (2003), supportive colleagues are also another factor that is positively
related to job satisfaction. Due to the considerable amount of time that employees spend in
their job, their colleagues are part of their everyday lives. Friendly and supportive co-workers
can increase an employee‟s job satisfaction. This view can be related to Maslow‟s hierarchy
of needs theory (1954) and refers mostly to employees that wish to fulfill their affiliation
needs.
Mowday and Sutton (2002), suggests that job satisfaction is related to employees
opportunity for interactions with others on the job. An individual‟s level of job satisfaction
might be a function of personnel characteristics and the characteristics of the group to which
19
he or she belongs. Some studies have shown that the better the relationship, the greater the
Good interpersonal relationship play an important role in job satisfaction for two reasons:
first, good relationship improves people‟s interest in staying at work which can maintain high
job satisfaction Hertzberg 1993); second, good relationship may lead to positive intervention,
which is proved to be the social information people rely on to form their attitudes towards
jobs.
According to Hodson (1997), such social relations constitute an important part of the social
climate within the workplace and provide a setting within which employees can experience
meaning and identity. Luthans (1998), postulates that work groups characterized by co-
operation and understanding amongst their members tend to influence the level of job
satisfaction or dissatisfaction. When cohesion evident within a work group it usually leads to
effectiveness within a group and the job becoming more enjoyable. However if the opposite
situation exists and colleagues are difficult to work with, this may have a negative impact on
job satisfaction.
satisfaction
and attitude could be influenced towards the desired objective (Onukwube, 2012).
Ivan Howard (2005) defines pay as the amount of financial compensation that an individual
Previous study shows that monetary compensation is one of the most significant variables in
explaining job satisfaction. Hamermesh (2001), found that changes in compensation (increase
or decrease) have concomitant impact on job satisfaction levels of employees. Several other
20
authors maintain that the key in linking pay to satisfaction is not absolute amount that is paid,
As Robbins (2003), employees seek pay system that are perceived as equitable, is just
unambiguous and in line with their expectations. When pay is perceived as equitable, is
commensurate with job demands, individual skill level and community pay standards,
satisfaction is likely to be the result. Employees are satisfied when they feel that the rewards
they received from their job correspond to their skills and effort. People expect that if they
work well in the workplace then their performance will increase and automatically their pay
will increase and they will be promoted. It is not solely about the amount of money that
receives. They are satisfied when they feel that they have been fairly treated and when the
rewards they receive are equal to the ones that their colleagues who have the same skills and
exert the same effort. This will cause increase in their job satisfaction level. Employees‟
dissatisfaction with pay can lower their morale and commitment, increase theft and
Generally, one of the most important factors that affect job satisfaction is salary. Companies
need to have an instrument in place to assess employee performance and provide salary
increases. Prospect to earn special incentives, such as bonuses, extra paid time off or
vacations also bring stimulation and higher job satisfaction. There is no doubt that monetary
rewards play a very influential role in determining job satisfaction. Pay is one of the
fundamental components of job satisfaction since it has a powerful effect in determining job
satisfaction. Individuals have infinite needs and money provides the means to satisfy these
needs. However, there is no such empirical evidence that asserts pay alone improves worker
According to the survey taken by Kathawala, Moore and Elmuti (1990) in automobile
industry, salary was found to be the prime factor for the motivation and job satisfaction of
salaried employees. The survey tried to assess the various job characteristics and the way the
21
employees ranked them as motivators and satisfiers. The results showed that compensation
was ranked as the number one job element for job satisfaction and increase in salary for
performance was ranked as the number one job element for motivation. Compensation is very
valuable tool for retention and turnover. It is also a motivator for an employee in commitment
with the organization, which in result enhances attraction and retention (Zobal, 2012;)
Monocarp, 2009 ;). It also works as communicator when it is given to employee against the
services, which shows how much an employee is valuable for its organization (Zobal,
H4: Pay and benefits has significant effect in determining employee job satisfaction.
make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas by using diagrams or charts and the like, so
the researcher tries to see the relationship between Independent variables (nature of job,
career advancement, interpersonal relations and pay and benefit) and Dependent variable (Job
Satisfaction). The researcher chose these four variables due to the fact that previous
researchers identified that these variables are the ones affecting employees‟ job satisfaction
more and since the researcher believes that these variables are the ones that suits the study.
22
Conceptual Framework of the study model
Nature of Job
H1+
Career Advancement
H2+
Job
H3+ Satisfaction
Interpersonal
Relationship
H4+
23
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the research design and research methodology employed in
investigating the determining factors of employee job satisfaction in Ethiopian Civil Service
University. It details among other things, study design, location of the study, sample size,
sampling procedure, instrumentation, data collection and ethical consideration and analysis.
This research was designed to apply the quantitative technique to conduct the research by
reliability target respondents were asked about their attitudes toward specific aspects of job
satisfaction which are the Nature of Job, career advancement, interpersonal relationships and
A research design refers to the framework for the generation of evidences that are suited both
to a certain set of criteria and to the research question in which the investigator is interested
(Bryman& Bell, 2007). The objective of this study is to explain job satisfaction level and
associated factors in Ethiopian Civil Service University in Addis Ababa area using an
appropriate sampling technique. The present study is explanatory and inferential research
design, as it seeks to discover ideas and insight to bring out new relationship. Research
design is flexible enough to provide opportunity for considering different aspects of problem
under study. A descriptive research uses a set of scientific methods and procedures to collect
raw data and create data structure that describes the existing characteristics of a defined target
24
3.3 Target Population of the Study
Cooper and Schindler (2003) define target population as the list of all the elements from
which the sample is actually drawn. According to Ethiopian Civil Service University staff
Service University Staff registry, as of 20 th September 2010, the total number of employees
in its Human resource document was 650. The figures change per day because of employee
suspensions, dismissals, layoffs, quitting, sackings and other activities from the University
All the employees from Ethiopian Civil Service University constituted the population. The
target population included administration staff of Ethiopian Civil Service University. The
Human Resource office provided a directory listing from which the sampling frame from the
sample was selected. The categories of employees included: (e.g. the procurement, The
According to ECSU Staff registry, as of 20th September 2010, the total number of
The administrative staffs of the Ethiopian Civil Service University work in four
1) The Procurement, Finance, Property Management section which takes care of all the
2) The Human Resource Management section which takes care of human resource
business and assists top managerial business units of the University in relation to HR
activities
3) The Students' Services section which is engaged in the overall activities related to
boarding, laundry, lodging, catering, recreation and health-related services for the
students.
25
4) The General Services section which comprises the campus security guard service,
transport service, technical and maintenance service, printing and duplication service
and takes care of management, development and maintenance of the University campus
in order to ensure a healthy environment for the University community to study, work
and live.
The total sample consisted of all strata (subgroups)of employees; four administration staff.
There was four strata staff. Each employee stratum was sub-divided further on basis of
Cooper and Schindler (2003) posit that there are three reasons why a researcher chooses a
stratified random sample; to increase a sample statistical efficiency, provide adequate data for
analyzing the various sub-populations and enable different research methods and procedures
to be used in different data. A systematic random sample was then drawn from each of the
strata. Castillo, J. (2009) proposes that in systematic sample, the size of each stratum is
proportionate to the population size of the stratum when viewed against the entire population.
stratification which include reduced standard error , ensure sample sizes for strata are of their
expected size and also split the total variance in a way that maximizes the between strata
26
variance. Kothari (2004) suggests that in adopting a proportional allocation, the researcher
can be able to calculate sample sizes of the four strata; the procurement, The HRM, The
students‟ service section and the general service staff stratum. A sample size (n) of 150
respondents was drawn from a population (N) of size 650 which was divided into four strata
of sizes N1 (the procurement) =150, N2 (The HRM)= 40, N3 (The students‟ service section)
=265 and N4 (the general service staff stratum). If Pi represents the proportion of population
included in stratum i, and n represents the total sample size, then, (n) in the study was 150
Assuming proportional allocation, the sample sizes for the different sizes was calculated as
follows; for strata with sizes N1 (the procurement) =150, then P1 = 150/650
n1 = n* P1 = 150[150 / 650]
n1 = 34.61
n1 = 35 respondents.
n2 = 9.23
n2 = 9 respondents.
n3 = 61.15
n3 = 61 respondents
27
n4 = 45
n4 = 45 respondents
constitute a sample. A sample of study is necessary because according to Welmen (2001) the
size of the population usually makes it impractical and uneconomical to involve all the
members of the population in research project. Therefore, we have to rely on the data
obtained from a sample of the population. The minimum sample size was calculated to
increase precision, confidence and variability. The researcher worked at a 95% confidence
level and a margin error of 5%. This corresponds to Z-score of 1.96. According to (Saunders
et.al. 2009, p.581), the following formula can be used to calculate the minimum sample size.
n = p% * q% * [z / e%] 2
Where:
Therefore, the minimum required sample size was calculated by first knowing the values of
both p and q. The total number of employees was 650. The procurement numbered 150, The
HRM numbered 40, the students‟ service section staff numbered 265 and the general service
Therefore the procurement staff belongs to this specified category. Therefore, 94 is the
Thus;
28
n = p% * q% * [z / e%] 2
n = 6*94* [1.96/5] 2
= 564*0.154
= 87
The minimum sample size therefore required was 87 respondents. (Saunders et.al, 2009,
p.582) observes that where the population is less than 10,000, a smaller sample size can be
used without affecting the accuracy using the adjusted minimum sample size. This can be
n` = n / 1 + {n/N}
Where;
Thus;
n` = n / 1 + {n/N}
n` = 87/ 1 + {87/650}
= 87/1 + 0.133
= 82.23
= 82
Because of the small total population of 650, the researcher needed a sample size of only 82
but the researcher collects 150 respondents. However the response rate was assumed to be a
hundred percent.
29
3.6 Data Collection Methods and Research Procedures
Secondary data was used as source data. Information from ECSU University Human
Resource Department staff registry, journals, reports, book archives, newsletters, government
documents, papers presented as conferences and workshops was very useful in data mining.
total number of the employees and the available was collected from the Ethiopian Civil
Service University human resource department. Secondary data was also obtained from
The study adopted a standard structured questionnaire form. A three paged questionnaire was
used to collect data from the employee. The structure of the questionnaire was as follows:
Section A dealt with demographic characteristics about respondents gender, age, education
level, terms of employment, job status , number of years worked and employees salary` .
relationships and pay and benefits) and section C tested the dependent variable (Employee
job satisfaction). The five point Liker scale assigned points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 to terms not
satisfied, somewhat satisfied, satisfied, very satisfied and extremely satisfied as in the order
of the numbers. Two research assistants were recruited to help in the pilot survey for testing
the questionnaires and final distribution to the respondents. The pre-test of the questionnaire
assisted the researcher to spot weaknesses of the questionnaires and the survey techniques
used in the main study. The pilot survey made sure that the questionnaire was clear to
respondents and was completed as the researcher‟s wished. It was used to train field workers
analyze the coded data. This included such measures as central tendency, frequency
distribution tables and also percentages. The individual responses from the questionnaires
30
were then data cleaned and coded. Employee job satisfaction, the dependent variable was
operational zed into one dimension with different questions .An instrument containing seven
question items that tapped the dimensions and elements of employee job satisfaction was then
developed. Two sample statements are: (1) I like doing the things I do at work. (2) My job is
enjoyable. Responses were then elicited into a five point Likert type scales of terms not
satisfied, somewhat satisfied, satisfied, very satisfied and extremely satisfied. Values of
1,2,3,4 and 5 will be given to the scales taking the direction of the question items into
account.
Nature of job which was the first independent variable was measured using a self
developed questionnaire. Six questions were used to measure the level of satisfaction or
dissatisfaction about nature of job according to a five point scale ranging from of terms of not
satisfied, somewhat satisfied, satisfied, very satisfied and extremely satisfied. Respondents
Career advancement, which was the second independent variable, was measured using a
self developed questionnaire. Six questions were used to measure the level of satisfaction or
dissatisfaction about career advancement according to a five point scale ranging from not
2, 3, 4 and 5 were given to responses considering the direction of the question items.
Interpersonal relationships, was another the independent variable, was measured using
a self developed questionnaire. Four questions were used to measure the level of satisfaction
Pay and benefit, which was also another independent variable, was measured using a self
developed questionnaire. Four questions were used to measure the level of satisfaction or
dissatisfaction about pay and benefit according to a five point scale ranging from not satisfied
31
to extremely satisfied Weightings of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were given to responses considering the
Total 27 .894
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
.894 .895 27
De Beer (1987) to 150 respondents, it possesses a good internal consistency of more than 0.6.
The current study Cronbach‟s alpha as can be seen in the table is well past and above that
value. In the corrected-Total Correlation, items that were less than 0.7 were removed. The
questionnaire lacked internal consistency in some variables that had Cronbach‟s alpha of less
32
3.9. Research Ethics
Respondents are informed that their permission to contribute in the survey is required; they
also assure that their privacy would be respect and protect; and that their contributions are
treated as confidential. No one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from this research
researcher was also informing respondents that information gathered not be misused.
Ethical issues are also considering. The researcher committed himself to ensure that
participant‟s dignity, privacy and confidence are respected, and that any collected data,
particularly anything that may identify a respondent handle correctly. In addition, privacy and
details.
33
CHAPTER FOUR
The purpose of this chapter is to present results and analysis of data involved in the study.
Accordingly, the reliability and validity test, descriptive statistics of all the variables used in
this study and the results of hypothesis testing i.e. the estimated parameters of the correlation
and regression equation, their significance, the connection between the independent variables
The demographic profile of the respondents was presented in this section. The personal
profile of the respondents is analyzed as per their gender, age group, marital status,
educational level, job status, salary and years of service in the organization. Descriptive
statistics was performed on the demographic variables as a means of describing the sample of
respondents.
34
Table 4.1.Demographic Characteristics of Sample respondents
No Items Response
Frequency Percent
1 Gender. a. Male 64 42.7
b. Female 86 57.3
Total 150 100
2 Age a. 20-30 21 14.0
b. 31-40 61 40.7
c. 41-50 36 24.0
d .51-60 30 20.0
e.60+ 2 1.3
According to the demographic characteristics of sample respondents regarding the gender of the
respondents, the females contribute 86(57.3%) of the total participants and the remaining 64
35
(42.7%) is consists by male respondents. This indicated the research will not be subject to
The age distribution of sample results show that, among the respondents, majority falls
between the ranges of 31-40 years which constitute a total of 61 respondents which is
equivalent to (40.7%). This is followed by age categories of 41-50 constitute 36 (24 %) and
20-30 constitute 21(14 %) and the age groups of 51-60 constitute value with 30 (20%) and
older employees 60 years and above 2 (1.3%). This shows that most of the administrative
employees of the ECSU are adult this shows that most of the employees are productive work
force, if the organization satisfies this group can meet the organizational goals.
The frequency and percentage results of the respondents by marital status shows originally
respondents were asked to indicate their status based on four groups namely single, married,
widowed and other. The results show that majority of employees are married at 119(79.3%)
and follows single 22 (14.7%) and the rest divorced 3 (2%) and others are 6 (4%) this
indicates that most of the employees are married. This shows majority of the respondents are
married.
From the total respondents the BSC/BA and MA/MSC holders have a lion share which is 84
(56%) and 51(34.7%) of respondents respectively and Diploma holders constitutes 13 (8.7.
%). The remaining proportion is coming from the Certificate holders. This indicated that
most of the positions in the study organization require BA degree and above education level.
According to job status analysis results of respondents by categorizing professional and non-
that mostly workers are in the non-professional position and, the professional position
followed by 60 (40 %) As show in the above result majority of respondents are non –
professional groups.
36
Based on the above table analysis most employees are average salary below fifty
percent, the results shows that (41.5 %) which implies that organization should work intrinsic
Finally the above table presents results of respondents‟ year of service as a measure of
experience on the job. Originally the respondents were asked to indicate their belongingness
into 5 groups of 1-5 year intervals. The results showed that the majority of the respondents
(47.3.%) where have experience of 7-10 years and 48(32%)have experience of 4-6 years and
less than 3years work experiences constitute9( 13.8%) and about 6 (9.2%) have more than
16+ year experience in the organization . If the organization satisfies the group of employees
those work 10 years and below they can stay long in the organization.
Responses were measured on five point Likert scale with 1= Strongly Disagree; 2= Disagree;
3= Neutral; 4= Agree; and 5 = Strongly Agree as used by Mercy (2016) and Worku (2015).
To make easy interpretation, the following ranges of values (mean) were assigned to each
scale: 1.50 or less =Not satisfied; 1.51- 2.50 = somewhat satisfied; 2.51- 3.49 = satisfied; 3.50
– 4.49 = very satisfied; and 4.50 and greater = extremely satisfied as used by Desalegn
(2010).
37
4.2.1. Descriptive statistics of the nature of job
Table 4.2.Percentage and Descriptive statistics of the nature of job
is going on
5 Q5.Availability of 16 33 61 37 3 2.69 1.024
pleasant physical (10.6%) (22%) (40.6%) (24.6%) (2%)
environment
6 Q6.Provision of safety 12 39 55 39 5 2.73 .748
appliances at work place (8%) (26%) (36.6%) (26%) (3.4%)
As shown in the above table 4.2. item 1,the availability of resource and supplies needed for
the work4(2.7%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 47(31.3%) somewhat satisfied,
61(40.7%) satisfied, 30(20%) very satisfied and also 8(5.3%) extremely satisfied. This shows
Regarding to the ability to improve skill and knowledge from my job20 (13.3%) of the
respondents are not satisfied, 31(20.7%) of them somewhat satisfied, 58(38.7%) satisfied,
33(22%) very satisfied and 8(5.3%) extremely satisfied. So this indicates the majority of
38
Based on the above table 4.2 item 3, indicates that encouragement given for self-thinking
while at work the, 10(6.7%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 46(30.7%) somewhat
satisfied, 69(46%) satisfied, 17(11.3%) very satisfied and also 8(5.3%) extremely satisfied.
As indicated in the above table 4.2 item 4, the Communication of information about what is
going on, 18(10.8%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 42(30.8%) somewhat satisfied,
50(33.8%) satisfied, 38(23.1%) very satisfied and also 2(1.5%) extremely satisfied. This
respondents are not satisfied, 33(22%) somewhat satisfied 61(40.6%) satisfied, 37(24.6%)
very satisfied and the remaining 3(2%) extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of
Based on the above table 4.2 item 6, indicates that, Provision of safety appliances at work
place based on this 12(8%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 39(26%) somewhat satisfied,
55(36.6%) satisfied, 39(26%) very satisfied and the remaining 5(3.4%) extremely satisfied.
Based on this analysis the majority of the respondents are satisfied with the nature of job
Table 4.2.Indicates that the means for nature of job with six items of questions. It appears
therefore that the staff in the sample is relatively satisfied. The results show that the highest
rated concerns the availability of resource and supplies needed for the work(2.97) followed
by Suitability and interest in the Job (2.94), then Provision of safety appliances at work
place(2.94) and Ability to improve skill and knowledge from my job (2.85) and
Communication of information about what is going on(2.74) The lowest in the nature of job
item is Encouragement given for self-thinking while at work (2.58).The grand mean in the
39
nature of job are (2.83) according to mean measures it indicates that Ethiopian Civil Service
advancement
10 Q10. The praise I get 13 46 71 17 3 2.71 .832
for doing agood job (8.7%) (30.7%) (47.3%) (11.3%) (2%)
supports me for
professional
development
12 Q12.Promotion is 3 52 60 28 7 2.75 .723
based on individual's (2%) (34.7) (40%) (18.7%) (4.6%)
performance and
ability
Based on the above table 4.3 item 7,Selection criteria of employees for the training are fair,
based on this 14(9.4%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 42(28%) somewhat satisfied,
57(38%) satisfied, 31(20.6%) very satisfied and the remaining 6(4%) extremely satisfied.
the respondents are not satisfied, 41(27.3%) somewhat satisfied, 58(38.6%) satisfied,
42(28%) very satisfied and the remaining 2(1.3%) extremely satisfied. This indicates that the
Based on the above table 4.3. Item 9, the opportunities for promotion or advancement,
24(16%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 68(45.3%) somewhat satisfied 41(27.3%)
satisfied, 12(8%) very satisfied and the remaining 5(3.3%) extremely satisfied. This shows
Regarding to the, The praise I get for doing a good job the majority of the respondents are
somewhat satisfied followed by satisfied with the value of 46(30.7%) and 71(47.3%)
respectively. And 3(2%) are extremely satisfied and the remaining 17(11.3%) are very
satisfied and 13(8.7%) are not satisfied. This indicates that the majority of the respondents are
satisfied by the praise I get for doing a good job of the organization.
Based on the above table 4.3 item 11, my company encourages and supports me for
professional development, 6(4%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 55(36.7%) somewhat
satisfied, 62(41.3%) satisfied, and 22(14.7%) very satisfied and 5(3.3%) are extremely
satisfied. This shows that the majority of the respondents are satisfied.
Regarding to the Promotion is based on individual's performance and ability, 3(2%) are not
satisfied, 52(34.7%) somewhat satisfied, 60(40%) are satisfied 28(18.7%) are very satisfied
and 7(4.6%) are extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of the respondents are
Based on this analysis the majority of the respondents are satisfied with the career
The results in the table above indicate that career advancement and the six items are as
follows Promotion is based on individual's performance and ability which is the highest mean
of (2.75) and followed by The praise I get for doing a good job (2.72) then My Company
41
encourages and supports me for professional development (2.62) the recognition I get for the
work I do(2.41) Selection criteria of employees for the training are fair(2.41)opportunities for
Based on the above table 4.4 item 13, possibilities to receive assistance from co-workers
when necessary 18(12%) of the respondents are not satisfied, 50(33.4%) somewhat satisfied
42 (28%) satisfied, 38(25.3%) very satisfied and the remaining 2(1.3%) extremely satisfied.
This shows that the majority of the respondents are satisfied
Regarding to the statement, mutual cooperation among my co-workers, 12(8%) of the
respondents are not satisfied, 39(26%) somewhat satisfied, 55(36.7%) satisfied, 39(26%) very
42
satisfied and the remaining 5(3.3%) extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of
Regarding to the chance to develop close friendship with my co-workers and superiors,
14(9.3%) are not satisfied 42(28%) are somewhat satisfied 61(40.7%) are satisfied 31(20.7)
are very satisfied and 2(1.3%) are extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of the
Regarding to the statement, feeling of being treated equally and support (fairness), 20(13.3%)
of the respondents are not satisfied, 75(50%) somewhat satisfied, 41(27.3%) satisfied,
12(8%) very satisfied and the remaining 2(1.3%) extremely satisfied. This indicates that the
majority of the respondents are satisfied with the feeling of being treated equally.
The mean results in the table above indicate that interpersonal relationships and the four
items are as follows possibilities to receive assistance from co-workers when necessary(2.73)
and The chance to develop close friendship with my co-workers(2.39) and followed by Free
discussion between the superiors and employees(2.78) then am satisfied with the support I get
from my co-workers the recognition (2.91) The grand mean in the interpersonal relationships
(2.61). According to the mean measures of satisfaction it indicates that and Results showed
that Ethiopian Civil Service University administration staff employees are adequately
satisfied.
43
4.2.4. Descriptive statistics of the Pay and benefits
Table 4.5Percentage and Descriptive statistics of the Pay and benefits
you?
17 I am satisfied with 11 65 40 32 2 2.72 .984
the pay and the (7.3%) (43.3%) (26.7%) (23.3%) (1.3%)
amount of work I do
18 Q18. I am satisfied 2 75 39 25 9 2.86 .934
with the performance (1.3%) (50%) (26%) (16.7) (6%)
Appraisal system of
the company.
19 Q19.I am happy with 11 82 41 17 2.72 .963
my salary (7.3%) (54.7%) (27.3%) (11.3%) -
The above table 4.5 Item 17 indicates that I feel I am fairly paid in my organization in
comparison with similar positions in the market. Based on this 11(7.3%) of respondents said
not satisfied, 65(43.3%) somewhat satisfied, 40(26.7%) satisfied, 32(23.3%) very satisfied
2(1.3%) extremely satisfied. So this implies that the majority of the respondents are satisfied
when they compare their payment with similar positions in the market.
Regarding to the statement, I am satisfied with the performance appraisal system of the
company. Based on this 2(1.3%) are not satisfied, 75(50%) somewhat satisfied, 39(26%)
satisfied, 25(16.7%) very satisfied and the remaining 9(6%) extremely satisfied. This
Regarding the statement, I am happy with my salary 11(7.3%) not satisfied, 82(54.7%)
somewhat satisfied, 41(27.3%) satisfied, 17(11.3%) are very satisfied. This indicates that the
The above table 4.5 Item 20 indicates that am satisfied with the employee welfare and
benefits Offered by the company. Based on this 2(1.3%) of respondents said not satisfied,
44
49(32.7%) somewhat satisfied, 65(43.3%) satisfied, 28(18.7%) very satisfied, and 4(2.7%)
extremely satisfied. So this implies that the majority of the respondents are somewhat
satisfied based on the employee welfare and benefits offered by the company other similar
organizations.
Table 4.5 shows that mean for pay and benefits with four items, the highest mean is am
satisfied with the performance appraisal system of the company (2.8) followed by am
satisfied with the employee welfare and benefits Offered by the company (2.85) then I feel I
am fairly paid in my organization (2.72) I am happy with my salary (2.72) The Grand mean
in the pay and benefit (2.6). According to the mean measures of satisfaction it indicates that
and Results showed that Ethiopian Civil Service University administration staff employees
45
4.2.5 Percentage and Descriptive statistics of items of Job Satisfaction
you?
21 Q21.Communicatio 21 35 87 4 3 2.59 0.837
ns seem good within (14%) (23.3%) (58%) (2.7%) (2%)
this organization
22 Q22.I receive 42 65 31 8 4 2.68 0.978
necessary training to (28%) (43.3%) (20.7%) (5.3%) (2.7%)
do my job well
23 Q23.There is really 40 71 21 12 6 2.69 1.021
chance for (26.7%) (47.3%) (14%) (8%) (4%)
promotion on my
job.
24 Q24.Clear 11 32 70 35 2 2.73 .748
promotion criteria‟s (7.3%) (21.3%) (46.7%) (23.3%) (1.3%)
are available in the
organization.
25 Q25. I like doing the 31 37 50 25 7 2.41 .795
things I do at work (20.7%) (24.6%) (33.3%) (16.6%) (4.7%)
26 Q26. My job is 25 75 25 23 2 2.41 .868
enjoyable (16.6%) (50%) (16.6%) (15.3%) (1.3%)
27 Q27. I enjoy my co- 31 50 34 23 12 2.59 .867
workers (20.7%) (33.3%) (22.7%) (15.3%) (8%)
Regarding to the question of Communications seem good within this organization21 (14%) of
the respondents are not satisfied, 35(23.3%) of them somewhat satisfied, 87(58%) satisfied,
4(2.7%) very satisfied and 3(2%) extremely satisfied. So this indicates the majority of
Regarding the statement, there is really chance for promotion on my job40(26.7%) not
satisfied, 71(47.3%) somewhat satisfied, 21(14%) satisfied, 12(8%) and the remaining 6(4%)
extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of the respondents are somewhat
satisfied.
Regarding to the Clear promotion criteria‟s are available in the organization the majority of
the respondents are satisfied followed by very satisfied with the value of 70(46.7%) and
35(23.3%) respectively. And 32(21.3%) are somewhat satisfied and 11(7.3%) are not
46
satisfied and the remaining 2(1.3%) are extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority
Regarding to the statement, I like doing the things I do at work 31(20.7%) of the respondents are
not satisfied, 37(24.6%) somewhat satisfied, 50(33.3%) satisfied, 25(16.6%) very satisfied
and the remaining 7(4.7%) extremely satisfied. This indicates that the majority of the
respondents are satisfied by the statement of I like doing the things I do at work.
Regarding to the statement, my job is enjoyable 25(16.6%) of the respondents are not satisfied,
75(50%) somewhat satisfied, 25(16.6%) satisfied, 23(15.3%) very satisfied and the remaining
The above table 4.6 Item 20 indicates that I enjoy my co-workers. Based on this 31(20.7%) of
respondents said not satisfied, 50(33.3%) somewhat satisfied, 34(22.7%) satisfied, 23(15.3%)
very satisfied, and 12(8%) extremely satisfied. So this implies that the majority of the
respondents are somewhat satisfied based on the good relationships with co-workers.
Based on this analysis the majority of the respondents are satisfied with the job satisfaction
Table 2.6 shows that the mean and standard deviation results of job satisfaction with seven
items, The highest mean in this items is Clear promotion criteria‟s are available in the
organization (2.73) followed by There is really chance for promotion on my job(2.69) then I
receive necessary training to do my job well (2.68) I enjoy my co-workers and Communications seem
good within this organization (2.59) My job is enjoyable and I like doing the things I do at
work(2.41). The grand mean in the job satisfaction items (2.59) According to the mean
measures of satisfaction it indicates that and Results showed that Ethiopian Civil Service
47
Table 4 .7. Descriptive Statistics Results of the Study Variables
Interpersonal
Mean Value Key: ≥4.5 = Very High, 3.51-4.51= High, 2.51-3.5= Moderate, 1.51-2.5= Low;
The above table 4.7 indicates that nature of job, career advancement and interpersonal
relationships are relatively have moderate Mean (2.99, 296 and 2.92) respectively. This
shows that the majority of the respondents are satisfied by the nature of job, career
advancement and Relations with co-workers of the Ethiopian Civil Service University. On
the other hand pay and benefit and job satisfaction have low mean value i.e.2.13 and
2.49respectively. Therefore this shows that the majorities of the respondents are less satisfied
by Pay and benefit job satisfaction of ECSU. So the institution in order to satisfy its
employees and to achieve its vision and mission easily and to win its competitors of others it
expects more and more especially for the two parts i.e. payment and job satisfaction must be
48
4.3 Pearson correlation analysis
Table 4.8 Pearson Correlation analysis of independent and dependent variables
N 150
**
Nature of Job Pearson .836 1
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 150 150
** **
Career Pearson .706 .635 1
Advancement Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
Table 4.8 presents the correlation matrix of the study variables. For interpreting correlation
to 0.80 corresponds to a strong relationship, and 0.81 to 1.00 corresponds to a very strong
Significant positive correlations were observed between the Independent variables and the
Dependent variables. Among indicators of the independent variables of nature of job, career
49
advancement, pay and benefit and interpersonal relationships with the variables of employees‟
The study findings were subject to correlation analysis to determine the relationship between
Job satisfaction and the independent variables. The study used Pearson‟s correlation
coefficient in order to quantify the strength of the relationship between the variables. The
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient determines the strength of linear associations
between two variables and is denoted by r which can take a range of values from +1 to -1. A
value of 0 indicates that there is no association between two variables, a value of greater than
0 indicates a positive association that is as the value of one variable increases so does the
value of the other variable. A value less than zero indicate a negative association that is the
value of one variable increase the value of the other variable decrease.
Table 4.8 reveals a significant positive correlation between nature of job and job satisfaction
relationships(r = .695, p< 0.01), pay and benefit (r= .678, p, <0.01). Among the independent
variables nature of job, career advancement and interpersonal relationships are strongly
positively correlated with job satisfaction, while pay and benefit moderately positively
correlated with job satisfaction. According to Bartz 1999, r= 0.8 or higher interpreted as very
moderately correlated, r=0.2-0.4 interpreted low correlation and 0.2 or lower considered as
very low.
explains the dependent variable. It is also used to understand by how much each independent
variable explains the dependent variable there for ,regression analysis of the independent
variable and Job satisfaction was conducted and the result of regression analysis are
presented as following:
50
Table 4.9 Regression analysis Model summary
Change Statistics
Adjusted
d
Mod R R Std. Error of R Square Sig. F Durbin-
f
el R Square Square the Estimate Change F Change df1 Change Watson
2
1 .870 .757 .751 1.56587 .757 113.139 4 145 .000 1.741
a
a. Predictors: (Constant), Pay Benefit, Career Advancement, Interpersonal Relationships , Nature of Job
The regression analysis model summary shows that with F-value of 129.731 and p-value
R2is a measure of how much of the variability in the outcome (in this case Job satisfaction) is
accounted for by the predictors (i.e. factors of Job satisfaction). As shown in the above table,
R2value is 0.757, which means that the mentioned factors of job satisfaction as a whole
causes75.7 % of the variation in the employees job satisfaction. This suggests that the model
is quite significant in explaining the variances. The significance result at p < 0.05(0.000)
provides support for the significant. Moreover, it is possible to see that there are other 24.3 %
contributing factors for job satisfaction of employees in the organization. This is left for other
researchers to conduct further research.
Table 4.10 Regression Analysis (ANOVA)
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
b. Predictors: (Constant), Nature of job, career advancement, Interpersonal relationships, Pay and Benefit.
The above ANOVA table, demonstrations the overall model significance, and this board help
us to make sure the above model (on model summary table) is statistically significant
predictor of the outcome i.e. employees job satisfaction and it is evidenced that the model is
statistically predictor of employees‟ Job Satisfaction for the reason that the p value is less
51
than .001 therefore, a significant amount of employees is influenced by the job satisfaction
dimensions which constitutes nature of job, career advancement, Pay and benefit and
Interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, it can be concluded as, the overall regression model
is significant, F= 113.139, p < .001, R2= .691 (i.e., the regression model is a good fit of the
data).
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 2.256 .736 3.066 .003
NJ .556 .069 .572 8.045 .000
CA .338 .063 .285 5.326 .000
IPR .187 .093 .125 1.998 .048
PB -.029 .077 -.019 -.379 .705
a. Dependent Variable: JS
The Beta (β1) coefficients which is 0.556 is standardize regression coefficient which
indicates that there is a change in standard deviation in the predicator variable (Nature of
job) will result a change of 55.6%standard deviation in the dependent (job satisfaction).As
the value if positive and significant, then there is a positive relationship between the
The Beta (β2) coefficients which is 0.338 is standardize regression coefficient which
indicates that there is a change in standard deviation in the predicator variable (Career
advancement) will result a change of 33.8 %standard deviation in the dependent (job
satisfaction).As the value if positive and significant, then there is a positive relationship
The Beta (β3) coefficients which is 0.187 is standardize regression coefficient which
52
satisfaction).As the value if positive, then there is a positive relationship between the
The Beta (β4) coefficients which is -0.029 is standardize regression coefficient which
indicates that there is a change in standard deviation in the predicator variable (Pay and
benefit) will result a change of 2.9 % standard deviation in the dependent (job
satisfaction).As the value if negative, then there is a negative relationship between the
predictor (Pay and benefit) and the outcome. But it‟s not significant
The regression model equation is, therefore, y =B + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4
When the values from the table are computed, the equation then, the regression model
The above table shows that all independent variables except pay and benefit factors
(sig.value=0.705)), the remaining factors are statistically significant since sig. value =
0.00<0.05, and are making a significant contribution to the prediction of the model
From the results in Table 4.12 it is observed that except pay and benefit the other variables,
53
H1: Nature of the job has significant effect in determining employee job satisfaction. Similar
results found that, Nature of the work performed by employees has a significant effect on
their level of job satisfaction; Griffen, 2009) Therefore it can be concluded that nature of
work for the above researchers has significant or positive effect on job satisfaction which
means that job satisfaction is achieved for jobs which are found to be interesting to
employees.
satisfaction.Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) mentioned that job satisfaction and the promotion
experience satisfaction when they think that they have good future opportunities. Therefore, it
can be conclude that career advancement has positive and significant effect on job
satisfaction.
satisfaction.Riordan and Griffith (1995) found that a positive relationship among co-workers
improves the rate of job satisfaction. Their research shows that friendship network among
According to Robbins (2003), supportive colleagues are also another factor that is positively
related to job satisfaction. Due to the considerable amount of time that employees spend in
their job, their colleagues are part of their everyday lives. Friendly and supportive co-workers
H4: There is not significant and negative relationship between pay and benefit and job
satisfaction. However, a survey conducted by Young et al., (1998) in the public sector failed
to identify any significant relationship between pay and satisfaction. Similarly, the study by
Brainard (2005) amongst postdoctoral researchers found pay and benefits to be weakly
54
CHAPTERFIVE
This chapter presents summary of the major findings, conclusion, recommendations of the
study and implications for future research will be addressed, based on the analysis of the
research data, the discussion, and the interpretation of the findings in the previous chapter.
5.1. Summary
This study had one major objective: To examine the determinant factors of employees Job
satisfaction. A case of Ethiopian Civil Service University, It had four specific objectives
which were to determine the satisfaction levels of nature of job, Career advancement,
interpersonal relationships and pay and benefit of Ethiopian Civil Service University staff
employees. A descriptive research design was used and data was collected by use of
Stratified random sampling and purposive random sampling were used in sampling design.
Systematic sampling was used with proportional allocation on the four strata. A sampling
frame with a total population of 650 with four strata consisting of numbering
procurement150, The HRM 40, the students‟ service section 265 and the general service staff
Pilot survey was done on a sample of 15 members of staff who were not involved in the
main study. Pilot survey made sure that the questionnaire was clear to respondents, trained
two field workers and helped to estimate response rates and completion times. Piloting
assisted the study to obtain some assessment of the question's validity and the likely
55
reliability of the data that was to be collected. Descriptive statistical methods with measures
like distribution tables, frequency distribution, and central tendency were used on data
collected from questionnaires. The data was collected by a questionnaire based on literature.
The questionnaires were dropped and picked taking approximately two months to achieve the
minimum sample of 150 respondents. The data was then coded, cleaned and then thematised.
This was then analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version
25.0.The three major approaches of data analyses used were descriptive statistics, inferential
of 150 employees from Ethiopian Civil Service University filled in a five-point Likert scale
questionnaire which was divided into three sections. Section A included demographic factors,
section B tested the predictor variables (Nature of job, career advancement, interpersonal
relationships and pay and benefit) while section C tested the criterion variable (job
satisfaction). A five point Likert scale assigned points 1,2,3,4 and 5 to terms not satisfied,
The results of the study indicated that more females participated in the research than males
but by only a slight margin and more respondents were in the age of 30-40 years old adult
this shows that most of the employees are productive work force, if the organization satisfies
this group can meet the organizational goals and most of the employees who participated in
the research earned less than Ethiopian birr 8:000 which explained a salary distribution is
low.
Descriptive statistics indicated that nature of job presented the highest mean score in
affecting employee satisfaction to Ethiopian Civil Service University staff. This was derived
from satisfaction from conditions of the job itself. This was closely followed by career
whereas Pay and benefit had the lowest mean score . The results indicated that Ethiopian
Civil Service University employees have low satisfaction with the pay and benefit provided.
56
At the same time, results indicated that nature of job and career advancement was quite high
satisfaction to employees. Nonetheless, salary and benefits had a very low mean indicating
employee lack of satisfaction and motivation. Descriptive statistics from the study showed
Descriptive statistics in form of arithmetic means and standard deviation were computed for
the dimensions of employee job satisfaction assessed by the questionnaire. It was observed
that the mean values were the lowest. These were the areas which were most likely to be
affected by low satisfaction. Therefore, it showed that Ethiopian Civil Service University
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was computed for determining relationships
relationships and pay and benefit) job satisfaction. The results showed that there was
statistically strong positive relationship between all the variables of employee job
satisfaction. The results indicated that the relationship between pay and benefit and job
satisfaction was low significant. The lowest value corresponded to pay and benefit while the
From the R square value it is shown that 55.7% of variation in employees‟ job satisfaction is
From the multiple regression analysis it is observed that nature of job, career advancement
employees‟ job satisfaction. On the other hand pay and benefit have relatively not significant
5.2 Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that administration employees in Ethiopian Civil Service
University are low satisfied by pay and benefit and the variables contribute to a small extent
in improving their job satisfaction. This means that if more focus is placed in pay and benefit
57
in Ethiopian Civil Service University management, there could be a resultant positive impact
on university staff and hence result in higher levels of job satisfaction. However, the results
of the findings may be specific only to Ethiopian Civil Service University and may not be
Nevertheless, Ethiopian Civil Service University management may use the outcomes of the
research study to check its current Human resource programs. This will be particularly
effective if the focus addressed the needs of all administration employees with different job
statuses. From the research, the mean values for pay and benefit were the lowest. This shows
that employees are low satisfied. On the other hand, when the nature of work is conducive,
workers are friendly, they are paid for what they work, and their job is secure; can grow
within Ethiopian Civil Service University, their satisfaction then remains high.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the research the following recommendations were
forwarded to improve and develop the employees‟ level of satisfaction in the Ethiopian Civil
The study indicated that the respondents are not fully satisfied with their nature of job. In
order to enhance the organization should look further in the nature of the job that may affect
employees‟ attitude and pave the way to make positive changes and improve employee
Ethiopian Civil Service University management should also provide the employees with
decision making so that they feel that their opinions are important for development of the
58
Lack of communication between employees in Ethiopian Civil Service University
administration employees and management was found to be weak and should be improved.
This would automatically increase satisfaction. Employees considered salary and benefits as
Management should ensure that no large remuneration gaps exist among the different levels
management should better the available pay and benefit to achieve higher and greater levels
of employee job satisfaction. Consequently, pay and benefit should possess an objective
criterion of performance which can be viewed by the employees as fair. This would be a
administration employees.
This study examined employees‟ job satisfaction at ECSU administration staff employees by
selecting specific variables. However, there are so many variables not included in this study.
In addition, the researcher limited to administration support staff; academic staffs are not
included in the study. Thus, it is recommended for future researchers to further assess factors
59
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66
APPENDIX
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF COMMERCE
Dear respondents!
Commerce in HRM-Program. You are being invited to participate in a research study about
determinants of employee job satisfaction in the case of Ethiopian Civil Service University.
satisfaction in ECSU. In order for the survey to give a true picture, your genuine response
will have a great impact. So feel free and respond to the questions in the way you really feel.
Your answer will be kept strictly confidential and will only be used for research purposes.
General Instructions
• In all cases where answer options are available please make a tick mark (√) in the
Other
(15.000+)
67
PART –TWO
The following questions are presented on a five point Likert scale. If that aspect is much
better than you expect it could be choose 5 Extremely satisfied (ES), if that aspect is even
better than you expected it could be choose 4 very satisfied (VS), if that aspect is what you
would like it to be choose 3 satisfied(S), choose2 somewhat satisfied (SS) and if that aspect is
much poorer that you would like it to be choose 1 Not Satisfied (NS)
Please rate the following Statements by ticking “√” only one box on the right side with the
response that you think best represent your feelings and/or attitudes
68
Section B
69
employees
16 I am satisfied with the support I get from my
co-workers
D.Pay and Benefits
Thank You
70