Модульна контрольна 2-19 Виливок Ярослав

Task 9
1. Until the late 18th century, prisons were used primarily to incarcerate debtors who could not pay, defendants awaiting trial, and those
condemned awaiting their age - death or transportation.
2. Because from the end of the 18th century, the death penalty began to decline and there had to be some alternative, because there was a lot
of violence and crime
3. With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes.
4. I believe that prisons in Ukraine are safer than in America, because America is, firstly, a bigger country, and secondly, more crimes are
committed there, and also they have a law that weapons are legalized and almost everyone has them, and that's also there is a problem with
America because there are a lot of murders and crime there
5. . I believe that this happens in most cases because of violence, women are not protected from men, that is why they commit crimes, and
many women are drug addicts
6. Most offenders in prison have a number of previous convictions; .
7. Burglary, theft, violence or robbery.

Task 10
Imprisonment; prison visitor; the one to be kept in custody; ensuring freedom; condemned; accused; transportation; solitary confinement cell;
sentence; debtor; criminal record; nighttime burglary; robbery with violence or robbery; sanction; people; prisoner of conscience (hostage of
conscience); offense; security; protection; violence; continue; guilty; general camera.

1)Imprisonment is the restriction of a person's liberty for any reason, whether by governmental authority or by a person acting without such authority
2)Prison visitor is a staff member of a prison or other place of detention who is responsible for monitoring prisoners and ensuring security.
3)The one to kept in custody consists in depriving a person of his liberty for the duration of the pre-trial investigation, proceedings in the court of first
instance
4)Ensuring freedom this is a criminal punishment, which is the forced isolation of a criminal from society and his detention in a specialized
institution with a certain mode of serving
5)Condemned this is a person who has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law
6)Accused this is a person against whom the indictment has been submitted to the court in accordance with the procedure provided for by the
Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.
7) Solitary confinement cell it is the practice of isolating people in closed cells for 22-24 hours a day, with virtually no human contact, for a period of
days to decades.
8)Sentence it is a court decision about the guilt or innocence of the defendant
9)Debtor this is a person who is a party to a legal relationship and has undertaken to perform a certain action for the benefit of the other party, or, on
the contrary, to refrain from performing a certain action.
10)Criminal record this is a special legal status of a person, created by the implementation of criminal responsibility, which arises in connection with
the decision of the court of conviction for the crime committed by him and the imposition of punishment and entails certain legal consequences that
are unfavorable for the convicted person, which go beyond the punishment.
11)Nighttime burglary this is a kidnapping, by carrying out which, the guilty person believes that he does it imperceptibly for the victim or other
persons
12) Robbery with violence or robbery open theft of someone else's property.
13)Sanction a measure of influence (punishment) for violation of the law, contract, rules
14)
Task 11

1)Disagree. The statement is incorrect. The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is relatively modern, not old.

2)Agree. Prisons were indeed used for the confinement of debtors who couldn't or wouldn't pay their debts.

3)Agree. With the abolition of the death penalty, the prison has been increasingly used as a place of punishment.

4)Agree. With the decline of transportation (as a form of punishment), the prison has become the primary sanction for most serious crimes.

5)Agree. Concern over prison conditions does include the protection of prisoners from violence, both from warders (prison guards) and other

prisoners, including prisoners of conscience.

6)Agree. Concern over prison conditions does include the difficulties arising from overcrowding, both in mass cells and solitary confinement cells.

7)Disagree. The statement is incorrect. Prison populations continue to grow in most countries.

8)Disagree. The statement is incorrect. Prison populations are predominantly male, not female, and relatively young, not old.

Task 12

1)The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is relatively modern.

2)Prisons were used for the confinement of debtors, accused persons awaiting trial, and convicted individuals awaiting their sentences.

3)With the decline of the death penalty, the prison has come to be used as a primary means of punishment.

4)With the abolition of transportation as a punishment, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes.

5)Concern over prison conditions includes the protection of prisoners from violence, overcrowding issues, and overall security.

6)Prison populations continue to grow in most countries.

Task 13

Homicide

Bernard Lewis, a thirty-six-year-old man, while preparing dinner became involved in an 1) argument with his drunken wife. In a fit of rage, Lewis,

using the kitchen knife with which he had been preparing the meal, stabbed and 2) killed his wife. He immediately called for assistance and readily

confessed when the first patrolman appeared on the scene with the ambulance attendant. He pleaded guilty to 3) manslaughter. The probation

department’s investigation indicated that Lewis was a rigid individual who never drank, worked regularly, and had no previous 4) criminal record. His

thirty-year-old deceased wife, and mother of three children, was a “fine girl” when sober but was frequentlydrunk and on a number of occasions when

intoxicated had left their small children unattended. After due consideration of the background of the 5) offence and especially of the plight of the

three motherless youngsters, the judge placed Lewis on probation so that he could work, support, and take care of the children. On 6) probation,

Lewis adjusted well, worked regularly, appeared to be devoted to the children, and a few years later was discharged as “improved” from probation.

Shop-lifting

In June 1980, Lady Isabel Barnett, a well-known TV personality, was convicted of 7) stealing a tin of tuna fish and a carton of cream, total value 87p,

from a small shop. The case was given enormous 8) publicity. She was fined £75 and had to pay £200 towards the cost of the case. A few days later,

she killed herself.

Fraud

This is an example of a 9) civil case rather than a criminal one. A man had taken out an insurance policy of £100,000 on his life. The policy was due

to expire at 3 o’clock on a certain day. The man was in serious financial difficulties, and at 2.30 on the expiry day, he consulted his 10) solicitor. He

then went out and called a taxi. He asked the driver to make a note of the time, 2.50. He then shot himself. Suicide used not to cancel an insurance

policy automatically. (It does nowadays.) The company refused to pay the man’s wife, and the courts supported them.