Economics For Business 2022 IBM International Class

December 2022

THE COAL INDUSTRY IMPACT ON

ELECTRICITY IN INDONESIA
Cheerisa Shafani Anataya Prasetyo
1
Student of Universitas Ciputra Surabaya

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

As one of the energy flowers in Indonesia, the Coal Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is the authorities' basis in supplying
strength to the country. Not handiest is it cheap, but the uncooked fabric for the PLTU itself, specifically coal,
however, is additionally pretty smooth to get due to the fact there are pretty lots of coal mines in Indonesia. This
paper objectives to recognize approximately coal within the delivery of electrical strength in Indonesia and coal
impacts the economic system in Indonesia. The concept used in this paper is supply and demand, macroeconomics,
and GDP. The result of this paper is coal mining is a capacity enterprise zone considering the want for excessive
manufacturing globally and its huge utilization, both at home and abroad. The coal zone enterprise additionally has
a big contribution to the country's economic system. Indonesia itself is one of the most important coal manufacturers
withinside the world. There are authorities' guidelines made especially to modify the delivery of coal strength in
Indonesia. However, in practice, there are positives and negatives. So an answer is wanted to conquer this problem.

Keywords: coal industry, electricity, macroeconomics, economy

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December 2022

1. Introduction

1.1 BACKGROUND

Indonesia most effectively has 3% of the world's coal reserves. However, coal exploration continues.
Currently, Indonesia is the primary coal-exporting united states withinside the world, surpassing Australia. Even
eleven though Indonesia is the biggest coal-exporting united states withinside the world there are nevertheless
around 20% of Indonesian human beings do now no longer have to get entry to strength from the state. They are
Indonesian individuals who stay withinside the interior, far-flung places, and loads of small islands in the course of
the archipelago. Despite its speedy growth, it turns out that the coal enterprise most effectively contributes 4% of
Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These statistics break the government's argument that the coal
enterprise is one of the backers of the Indonesian economy.

Coal mining reasons irreparable harm to land, water sources, and air, and additionally endangers the fitness,
safety, and livelihoods of the human beings living across the mining site. According to a take a look at performed
by Greenpeace Indonesia in 2014, 3,000 km or as a lot as 45% of rivers in South Kalimantan can be polluted
through dangerous waste from mining concessions. The International Energy Agency (IEA) found out that coal fossil
fuels contribute 44% of general worldwide CO2 emissions. Coal burning is the largest supply of GHG (greenhouse
gas) emissions, which cause weather changes. Coal burned in a Steam Power Plant (PLTU) emits numerous
pollutants along with NOx and SO2, major participants in the formation of acid rain and PM2. five pollutions. The
scientific and clinical network has uncovered the fitness dangers of fine particulate matter (PM2.*ve) from those air
emissions. Coal electricity vegetation additionally emits risky and lethal chemical substances along with mercury
and arsenic (Ismail, 2015).

As one of the strong vegetation in Indonesia, the Coal Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is the government's basis
for offering energy to the country. Not best is it cheap, but the uncooked cloth for the PLTU itself, particularly coal,
however, is additionally pretty clean to get due to the fact there are pretty quite a few coal mines in Indonesia. In
Indonesia, there is already almost one hundred coal-fired strength vegetation unfold all through the country, the
maximum of which might be unfolding at the island of Java, and the production of this strength plant will maintain
with the addition of 35 more strength vegetation, 10 of which might be constructed at the island of Java and the
closing 25 are constructed out of doors the Java Island (Sabubu, 2020).

In any case, the power conveyance of Java, Madura, Bali, and 10 million PLN clients each civilian and
commercial at the chance. Why can that happen, all of that's since of a deficit in coal delivery for the nation, and
additionally, destiny dangers together with coal itself being a common resource on the way to running out, due to
the reality that coal itself needed for different businesses, for illustration, PLN itself, the call for is an intemperate
and controlled provide, making it a risk to different businesses in Indonesia, does this controlled convey and small
call for influencing the elasticity of the coal itself, how do the specialists change all of it and is there a reply for the
destiny.

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Economics for Business – IBM International Class Cheerisa Shafani Anataya Prasetyo

Based on the defined state of affairs above, there are ability troubles associated with coal delivery in
Indonesia in phrases of accommodating the call for coal export and home use. Therefore the writer will talk similarly
how the effect of coal on power and the financial system in Indonesia.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What is government policy related to the availability of coal?

2. How is coal in the supply of electrical energy in Indonesia?
3. How does coal affect the economy in Indonesia?

1.3 THE GOAL

1. Knowing government policy related to the availability of coal.

2. Find out about coal in the supply of electrical energy in Indonesia.
3. Knowing that coal affects the economy in Indonesia.

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Economics for Business – IBM International Class Cheerisa Shafani Anataya Prasetyo

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 MACROECONOMICS THEORY

The macroeconomic idea is a department of economics that researches economic occasions or troubles
as an entire in a combination manner. These occasions or troubles encompass the extent of country-wide
income/manufacturing, employment opportunities (unemployment), and charge modifications that arise in an
economic system (Mustikowati, 2014).

Extractive businesses such as coal mining shake the Indonesian economy, causing large variances
within the to adjust of installments and trade rates. The effect of these fluctuations ruins the long-term
advancement of businesses with higher included esteem by occupying and uprooting starting capital
speculation. As of now, Indonesia is enduring from frail universal coal showcase. Systemic reasons, counting
most critically, China's forceful endeavors to reduce coal utilization, which implies coal costs are unlikely to
recoup anytime soon.

The requirement for coal for power for the following 10 long times as an essential vitality source is right
now beneath the worldwide weight. On the other hand, Indonesia still employments coal as an energy source,
which accounts for 58% of the national vitality blend. This is often propelled by the plenteous sum of coal assets
and saves and coal is considered a moderately cheap vitality source choice compared to other vitality sources,
particularly renewable energy. In this manner, coal is still a solid and supporting vitality source for Indonesia
until renewable vitality can reach the anticipated parcel agreeing to the national vitality blend target.

2.2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND

In a marketplace economy, the amount of demanded items is a characteristic of the charge of that good.
Price is inversely proportional to the amount demanded and at once proportional to the amount furnished. In
the context of electricity, whilst electricity expenses increase, the quantity of electricity called for will decrease.
On the different hand, whilst electricity expenses increase, the amount furnished of electricity will additionally
increase. The electricity stability charge is pE*, and the quantity of electricity traded is Q*. Consumers inclined
to pay at the least pE* can purchase the electricity, and manufacturers who set the most charge at pE* can
promote the electricity. The stability among deliver and call for is at factor A0.

A boom in patron profits can boom customers' WTP so that customers are inclined to pay a better fee
for a positive quantity of electricity, or it can say that electricity calls will increase. The call for curve shifts
toward a brand new equilibrium factor at A1 with a better fee equilibrium, pE**>pE*, and a better quantity of
electricity traded, specifically Q**>Q*. However, the electricity delivery isn't very bendy withinside the short run,
so the delivery curve shifts vertically to factor A0 indicating the fee to be the same as max. A boom in expenses
encourages manufacturers to boom production, which reasons expenses to fall from Pmax to pE**, however,
the quantity provided of electricity will increase to as a whole lot as Q**.

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This coal supply crisis is a reminder that fossil energy is very vulnerable. Then it is necessary to
immediately enter into new renewable energy. With the increasingly limited fossil energy, it will fluctuate in
supply and demand. If it is not balanced, there will be price disparities and distortions. Add up to assessed coal
saves in 2011-12 are evaluated at around 294 billion tons, and production for the same year was 540 million
tons. Coal will proceed to be the overwhelming fuel until 2032, with an anticipated necessity of 1,440 million
tons. At that point, compared to 2011, power generation in 2012 expanded by 17,095 GWh from the past
181,622 GWh. PLN is still a trade substance that overwhelms power generation in Indonesia, reaching 81% of
the full power created in 2012, 75% of which was produced by PLN itself whereas the rest came from
buying/leasing generators (PUSDATIN, 2013).

Total domestic demand (demand), coal in the 2000-2013 period amounted to 703,593,119 Tons plus
exports of 2,298,044 Tons to 705,891,163 Tons and total domestic supply of coal production in the 2000-2013
period amounted to 3,042,815,675 Tons plus imports of 953,615 Tons, so that coal supply became
3,043,879,486 Tons. So the supply is still a surplus of 3,749,770,649 tons. It can be seen here that coal has
been over-exploited in the last 14 years. Then, the demand for electricity from 2000–2011, continued to
increase from year to year. The sector that experienced the largest demand from 2006–2011, the first was the
household surpassing the industrial sector, the second was the industrial sector, the third was the commercial
sector (malls and trade centers), the third was the social sector, the fourth was the street lighting sector and
the government sector. The total demand is 1,712,624 GWh (Singgih, 2016).

GDP is the total added value of all firms in the economy. Non-oil and gas processing industries such as
coal experienced higher growth compared to economic growth. The non-oil and gas processing industry grew
by 6.83 percent, while the economic growth was 6.46 percent in 2011. Of course, this processing requires fuel
as energy to drive production machines and physical capital in the form of land, buildings, labor, technology,
and so on, to produce an output that can generate income. Nationally, the greater the output capacity, the
greater the additional capital, the more labor will be involved in the production process and the cumulative
output is the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. the greater the national output of a country, because
the greater the national capacity, the greater the national income (GDP) and increasing economic growth.

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2.3 GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Concurring with the fabricating approach, GDP is the complete cost of the exceptionally final items and
offerings delivered with the help of utilizing various fabricating contraptions withinside the region of the USA
within one year. Concurring with the profits approach, GDP is the amount of repayment procured with the help
of utilizing the components of manufacturing that take a portion withinside the fabricating strategy withinside
the domain of a natural within one year. In the interim, reliable with the consumption approach, GDP is the
entirety of all exceptionally final components which incorporate (1) admissions costs of families and non-income
private education; (2) arrangement of net domestic steady capital and inventory changes; (3) specialists
admissions consumption; and (4) web trades, particularly sends out short imports, interior a year. GDP in this
case the yield of products and offerings withinside the monetary framework depends on the amount of input,
particularly the components of fabricating and the cap (Fauziana, Mulyaningsih, Anggraeni, Chaola, & Rofida,
2014).

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3. Discussion

3.1 GOVERNMENT POLICY RELATED TO COAL SUPPLY

Given that Indonesia is a coal-generating country, the authorities can create a fee manipulation coverage on
home coal to hold PLN's electricity manufacturing prices as little as possible. After enforcing the Domestic Market
Obligation (DMO) coverage in 2011, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources issued a home coal fee
restriction in March 2018. Under this coverage, coal manufacturers should promote new coal to PLN for $70/ton
however it relies upon the quality of the coal (Arinaldo & Adiatma, 2019).

The prison framework that regulates mining and minerals is Law Number 4 of 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal
Mining. This regulation consists of policies that mining can most effectively be accomplished in regions that have
been decided through the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) to defend the location from
environmental damage. For coal, most of 25.000 hectares for WIUP (Mining Business Permit Area) are granted
withinside the fourth year of exploration and 15,000 hectares withinside the 7th year of production. In addition, all
processing of uncooked substances must be accomplished regionally and the desires of the home marketplace
might be prioritized for buying in keeping with Ministerial Regulation No. 34/2009.

This hazard associated with the coal trouble became averted through the authorities by issuing a coal export
ban on January 1-31 2021. The ban became contained withinside the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral
Resources Number 139.K/HK/03/MEM/B/2021 concerning The achievement of Coal Needs withinside the united
states aka DMO (home market obligation). Indonesia is illegitimate from exporting coal. This rule applies to mining
marketers who maintain Mining Business Permits (IUP) and Special Mining Business Permits (IUPK). The delivery
of coal reserves for the Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is enough to fulfill PLN's wishes withinside the subsequent 15
to twenty-five days. However, the authorities have threatened to hold to use sanctions on coal businesses that don't
satisfy their coal DMO obligations. There is lots of assistance from the authorities to prohibit coal exports temporarily.
This is due to the fact the strength outages that threaten 10 million PLN clients are feared to cause financial losses
to social unrest. The authorities have emphasized that the need for coal for all PLN strength plant life is a country-
wide hobby that needs to be prioritized through each IUP (Mining Business Permit) and IUPK (Special Mining
Business Permit) holder.

3.2 COAL IN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN INDONESIA

Based on PLN's trendy Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) published in February 2019, the coal call for
strength technology is anticipated to boom from ninety million heaps at gift to 150-one hundred sixty million in 2028-
2030. This estimate has modified dramatically withinside the final 4 years and the trendy parent is 25% lower than
the 2015-2024 RUPTL. Despite this, the coal boom has remained robust withinside the past decade because the
authorities have driven for coal-fired strength improvement withinside the mid-2000s via the Accelerated Power

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Plant Development Program (FTP) 1 and 2. In 2015, the authorities additionally plans to construct 35 GW of strength
plants, of which 22 GW are coal-fired (Arinaldo & Adiatma, 2019).

Domestic intake is likewise anticipated to rise because of extended coal intake in line with a unit of energy
production. An evaluation of PLN's coal-fired electricity era information suggests that there has been a 44% boom
in coal intake during the last 15 years. Two predominant elements influenced this boom: first, the low performance
of coal-fired electricity plants, and second, the usage of lignite, which has a decreased calorific value (The extended
use of coal withinside the energy quarter is likewise pushed through the political economic system of strength prices.
The authorities intend to maintain energy low costs for almost all of the populace and keep the competitiveness of
commercial enterprises and industry. Coal is taken into consideration by policymakers and electricity organizations
to be the most inexpensive supply of energy in comparison to different fossil fuels or maximum renewables. The
authorities believe that a big part of coal withinside the electricity device can maintain energy prices low.

3.3 KNOWING COAL AFFECTS THE ECONOMY OF INDONESIA

Coal mining sports make a high-quality contribution to the macroeconomy and may be calculated from income
value, delivered value, worker income, and employment. In addition to presenting advantages for GDP, family
income, and employment possibilities on the nearby, countrywide, and nearby levels, the coal enterprise additionally
performs a function in phrases of kingdom sales withinside the shape of diverse varieties of taxes, royalties, and
distribution. According to PT. CDMI, coal mining manufacturing has proven growth over the decade. Overall, the
common manufacturing of Indonesian coal mines for the duration of the length 2005 to 2015 turned into recorded
at 302 million heaps in line with year with a median boom of around 17.55% or around 44 million heaps in line with
year. In phrases of Indonesia's GDP, the coal area contributes a median of 4.59 percent in line with a year or round
Rp. 316.5 trillion in line with the year from 2004 to 2015 (Nathanael, 2021).

Most of Indonesia's coal reasserts and fabricating is the least complex unfurl over 4 out of 34 territories: East
Kalimantan, South Sumatra, South Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan. The Kutai, Tarakan, and Barito coal bowls
set in East Kalimantan have medium-exceptional coal (calorific cost among 5, a hundred- 6, a hundred kcal/kg)
whilst the Central and South Sumatra bowls have low-exceptional coal saves (calorific price Coal encompasses an
extraordinary commitment to the neighborhood monetary framework in all 4 provinces. In East Kalimantan, the coal
zone contributed around 35% of the province's GDP in 2017. Including oil and fuel lines, it makes up about 1/2 of
the province's GDP. This appears that East Kalimantan is exceedingly organized on fossil fuels. The rise to
circumstance may be found withinside the territory of South Kalimantan. Indeed eleven although that South
Kalimantan encompasses a diminished GDP than East Kalimantan, the contribution of the South Kalimantan coal
zone is beautiful tall, extending from 19-26% of the province's GDP withinside the closing 5 long times. Given the
enormous share of GDP from the coal area and also the space among the advancement of the coal region and
distinctive sectors withinside the areas, the coal move might have a bigger impact on their economic, social and
political environment.

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4. Positive and Negative Impact of Policies on Economy

4.1 POSITIVE

The coal mining industry also has a positive contribution to job creation. Job creation does not only revolve
around the mining sector, but also other supporting sectors including mining contractors, providers of transportation
services, and informal employment for residents who live near mining areas. Besides being able to create large
employment opportunities, the coal mining industry is also able to create a reliable workforce. This is because the
coal industry requires workers with special skills and abilities. Coal mining companies provide training to the
workforce which in turn encourages the growth of other industrial sectors.

4.2 NEGATIVE

The dominance of coal as a vitality source in Indonesia is the premise for legitimizing coal exploitation to
extend exchange incomes and help in adjusting the shortage emerging from oil and gas exchanging comes about.
The government is likely to still depend on coal trades to offset the exchange deficit within the following long time,
bearing in intellect that coal costs are as of now still tall. One of the reasons for this arrangement is the country's
exchange deficit this year due to oil imports. In any case, coal sends out alone will not be sufficient to cover the oil
and gas exchange shortfall (Nathanael, 2021).

The large profit opportunities in the coal business sector make this industry vulnerable to political corruption.
Coal mining companies have to deal with central and regional public officials in carrying out their business activities.
This often encourages fraud between companies, governments, and politicians. The coal sector is also one of the
main sources of political funding in Indonesia, both at the national and regional levels. Not only do they bend
government regulations in terms of funding or profits, but coal mining companies also often ignore regulations
related to environmental sustainability (JATAM, 2018).

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5. The Next Step

To ensure the availability of sufficient, good quality, affordable, and environmentally friendly energy in the
2020-2040 period, the government is preparing the National Energy Grand Strategy (GSEN). GSEN may be a long-
term vitality arranging audit think about, in this case, RUEN, which is right now being arranged by the DEN and
MEMR to expect changes within the worldwide vital environment, particularly Indonesia's commitment to the Paris
Understanding on climate alter. Meanwhile, changes within the national vital environment to confront these
worldwide challenges also expanded vitality request and restricted vitality supply capacity, unrefined oil generation
decreased, imports of unrefined & gasoline type fills expanded, NRE utilization was still moo, LPG was still being
imported, coal sends out discouraged, and gas and power foundation has not however been coordinated (DJMB,
2021).

Furthermore, PT PLN (Persero) together with the Directorate General of Mineral and Coal (Ditjen Minerba)
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources ensure effectiveness (enforcement) in the supply and delivery of coal,
especially for national electricity needs to maintain national primary energy security (Murdifi, 2021). This step is
one of the solutions in securing the supply (security of supply) of coal for national electricity. In carrying out this
effectiveness, volume realization data and every stage of coal supply delivery to power plants, starting from the
mine site, loading, to receipt at each plant species and in real-time will be monitored and integrated into the existing
digital system at the Directorate General of Mineral and Coal which will automatically send Early Warning System
notifications to suppliers and become a tool for corrective steps that can be carried out quickly and precisely.

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6. Conclusion and Suggestion

6.1 CONCLUSION
Coal mining is a potential business sector considering the need for high production globally and its
massive utilization, both at home and abroad. The coal sector business also has a large contribution to the
country's economy. Indonesia itself is one of the largest coal producers in the world. There are government
policies made specifically to regulate the supply of coal energy in Indonesia. However, in practice, there are
positives and negatives. So a solution is needed to overcome this problem.
Expanding national vitality security and autonomy can be done by optimizing national coal assets and
saving: (1) keeping up the level of household coal utilization; (2) conversion of coal to substitute imports of
other vitality and mechanical crude materials; (3) extracting of coal substance for mechanical and agrarian
needs; (4) application of more naturally inviting coal utilization innovation. The four things over can be achieved
through a national coal advancement and utilization program that coordinates the upstream and downstream
divisions so that the arrangement of a quantifiable and implementable street outline for the improvement and
utilization of coal is direly needed.

6.2 SUGGESTION
Suggestions from this paper as an exertion to resume vitality, particularly endeavors to replace coal or
decrease coal utilization, are carried out by creating biomass that can be optimized, counting sources from
squander and biomass pellets from vitality plants (HumasEBTKE, 2020). In detail, the strategic plan for
accelerating the development of biomass as a sustainable energy source includes:
1. Improving the governance of the bioenergy business including the revision of Regulations related to the
Purchase of Electricity from Renewable Energy.
2. Encouraging an increase in the capacity of PLT Biomass (project pipeline) by ensuring the commitment
of related parties in the development of PLT Biomass according to the RUPTL.
3. Encouraging Captive Power generators to sell excess electricity to PT PLN (Persero) under the Excess
Power scheme.
4. Co-firing Biomass pellets at the existing PLTU.
5. Massive development of small-scale Biomass PLT for Eastern Indonesia and 3T Regions.
6. Development of energy plantation forests and sub-optimal land use for biomass through collaboration
with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, related Ministries/Institutions, and the Regional
Government.
7. Encouraging the use of agro-industrial waste including the re-planting of oil palm plantations for power
generation.
8. Encouraging the production and development of biomass pellets and RDF sourced from waste and
biomass waste for energy.

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Attachment
GRAMMARLY SCREENSHOT

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