Lesson I: Fundamentals of Security and Concepts
Lesson I: Fundamentals of Security and Concepts
Lesson I: Fundamentals of Security and Concepts
TOPICS
1. Security in General
2. Physical Security
3. Restricted Area
4. Perimeter Security
5. Protective Lighting
6. Protective Alarm
7. Protective Lock and Key Control
8. Control of Personnel in the Physical Facility
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students must be able to:
1. to determine the history of security;
2. define what is security, its type and its component; and
3. recognize the significance of security and its concept;
Introduction:
The need for security of lives
and properties is as old as the history of
man. Man’s existence is characterized by
constant exposure to danger: those
hazards caused by nature; and those by
human being to secure themselves are also
as old as the history of policing.
It is innate to human being to
seek security protection from dangers from
them to survive and continue existing free
from anything that may cause damages to
their properties or may result to injury or death. In the ancient world, human learn to unite
themselves into clans, then into tribes and later into bigger communities. As they
organized themselves, their primary reason is security of their life, their livelihoods, and
security of their existence. Initially human were only worried of natural causes of danger
such as earthquake, typhoon, attack of wild animals and later, other tribes became their
enemies as other tribes and other groups of people compete for survival.
Most historical accounts identified the assigning of all able-bodied males of
tribes in guarding their crops and their territory against animals attack as the earliest form
of security designed by the ancient tribesmen, Later, these able-bodied men took the
cudgel in warding off other tribesmen who attack them. They used variety of means to
themselves such as, weapons out of wood, stones, and then later those made of metal;
traps or devices designed to catch and animal and kill it into spring shut; and using barrier
like wooden fences, natural barrier and cliffs and rivers.
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In the Philippines, haciendero or owners of large track of lands often hire farms
workers who often double as protectors the property against cattle rustler and robbers.
With the entry of mining industries, the American companies started hiring armed security
personnel. And the 1950’s hired security personnel were already widespread after the
restoration of the country after World War II. There was no strict regulation during that
period. Security workers then were permit to those wanting to be employed as security
guards. Security and detective agencies also began to proper and no strict regulation,
many security guards were convicted of violence crimes. The establishment of the
Philippine association of detective and protective agency operators (PADPAO) in 1958
with the aim of freely self-governing, self-regulating and self-policing pave way for
endorsement to congress a bill to regulate the organization and operation of private
detective, watchmen, security guards and agencies. Thus, on June 13,1969. R.A.
5487or the private security agency law was born. This even started the
professionalization works in the Philippines.
CONCEPT OF SECURITY
Security is a state or condition of being secured; there is freedom from fear, harm,
danger, loss, destruction or damages. Basically, it was the action of man against man
that led to many unsecured and unsafe conditions. Reasons could be economic, revenge,
or just plain greed and avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man needs adequate
protection.
Since security in general is very hard to comprehend, it can be divided into three
major areas:
1. Physical Security - this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to
safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
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assist in providing necessary security to the work force while carrying out their
functions.
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3. Document and Information Security- this involves the protection of documents
and classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft
and compromise through disclosure. Classified documents need special handling.
Lack of indoctrination and orientation among the personal handling them can result
in the leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized disclosure of the documents.
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PROTECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEMS
The aspects of protective security can be seen with the application of the following:
Physical security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor property
rights and assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect,
impede, and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document
and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security may be also defined as the safeguarding by physical means, such as
guard, fire protection measures, of plans, policies, programs, personnel, property, utilities,
information, facilities and installation against compromise, trespass, sabotage, pilferage,
embezzlement, fraud, or other dishonest criminal act.
What is a Barrier?
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Generally, a barrier is used for the following purposes:
Types of Barriers
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3. Human barriers - persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the
nature of their employment and location, fulfill security functions. Examples are
guards, office personnel, shop workers, etc.
4. Animal barriers -
animals are used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained
and utilized to serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are best suited for security
functions. Goose and turkeys could also be included.
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Principles of Physical Security
1. The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and
therefore may be achieved in a number of ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier.
3. Defense-in depth is barriers after barriers.
4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
5. Each installation is different.
A restricted area is any area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for
reasons of security. Restricted area is established to provide security for installation or
facilities and to promote efficiency of security operations and economy in the use of
security personnel.
a. Interior Area Control - Interior area control is generally affected in two ways.
The first method is the system which is initiated and terminated at the outer
limits of the area to determine the movements of a visitor within the area. A
second somewhat less means of accomplishing the same thing is time travel.
This system provides for checking the actual time used by the visitor against
known time requirements for what the visitor is to accomplish.
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maintained to include the name of the visitor, date of visit, purpose of visit,
which may be filed for the future reference.
It is the protection of the installation’s inner and the immediate vicinity. The main
purpose of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized person.
Basically, it is the first line of defense of an installation. This is maybe in the form of fences,
building walls or even bodies of water.
The function and location of the facility itself usually determine the perimeter of the
installation. If the facility is located in a city whereby the facility is located in a city whereby
the building or enterprise occupies all the area where it is located, the perimeter may be
the walls of the building itself. Most of the Industrial companies, however, are required to
have a wide space for warehousing, manufacturing etc.
Types of Fences
Solid Fence -constructed in such a way that visual access through the fence is
denied. Its advantage is that it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar
with the personnel, activities and the time scheduled of the movements of the guards in
the installation. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around
the installation and it creates shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and
concealment.
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▪ On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for
shifting soil or sand.
As a standard, the distance between strands must not exceed 6 inches at least
one wire will be interlaced vertically and midway between posts.
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▪ Gates and Doors - when not in use and controlled by guards, gates and doors
in the perimeter should be locked and frequently inspected by guards. Locks
should be changed from time to time and should be covered under protective
locks and key control.
▪ Side-Walk-Elevators - these provide access to areas within the perimeter
barrier and should be locked and guarded.
▪ Utilities Opening - sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility
openings which penetrate the barrier and which have cross sectional areas of
96 square inches or more
should be protected by bars, grills, water filled traps or other structural means
providing equivalent protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
▪ Clear Zones - an obstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on
both sides of the perimeter barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable
between the barriers
and exterior structures and natural covers that may provide concealment for
assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.
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▪ Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The
higher the tower, the more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological unswerving
effect to violators. By and large guard towers, whether permanent or temporary,
must have a corresponding support force in the event of need. Towers as well as
guard control stations should have telephones, intercoms, and if possible two-way
radios connected to security headquarters or office to call for reserves in the event
of need.
PROTECTED LIGHTNING
The idea that lighting can provide improved protection for people and
facilities is as old as civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost-effective
deterrent to crime because it creates a psychological deterrent to the intruders.
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Types of Protective Lighting
Listed below are the general lighting sources that are mostly used in providing
indoor or outdoor lighting.
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Types of Lighting Equipment
Three types of lighting equipment are generally used or associated with security
lighting. These are:
2. Street lights - this lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for
its value in reducing crime.
3. Search lights - these are highly focused incandescent lamps and are designed to
pinpoint potential trouble spots.
4. Fresnel lights - these are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination
in long, horizontal strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel
projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is approximately 180 degrees in the
horizontal and from 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
Protective alarm is one of the important barriers in security. It assists the security
in detecting, impeding or deterring potential security threat in the installation. Basically,
its function is to alert the security personnel for any attempt of intrusion into a protected
area, building or compound. Once an intruder tampers the circuitry, the beam or radiated
waves of the alarm system, it will activate an alarm signal.
On the other hand, the use of communication equipment in the installation helps
security in upgrading its operational efficiency and effectiveness.
1. Central Station System - a type of alarm where the control station is located
outside the plant or installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by
subscriber, the central station notifies the police and other public safety agencies.
2. Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm system is
located in the industrial firm itself with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the duty
operator calls whatever is the primary need; fire- fighters, police, an ambulance or
a bomb disposal unit.
3. Local Alarm – This system consists of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near
the object to be protected. When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm there
at goes off.
4. Auxiliary Alarm - company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police
station so that in case of need, direct call is possible. The company maintains the
equipment and lines both for the company and those in the police, fire and other
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emergency agencies by special arrangement. Radio, landlines, or cell phones can
avail of the auxiliary system.
Kinds of Alarms
1. Audio Detection Device - it will detect any sound caused by attempted force
entry. A supersonic microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceilings and
floors of the protected area.
2. Vibration Detection Device - it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force
entry. A vibration sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors of the
protected area.
3. Metallic Foil or Wire - it will detect any action that moves the foil or wire. An
electrically charge strips of tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass
surfaces of the protected area.
4. Laser Beam Alarm - a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that
when this beam is disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated.
5. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device - an invisible/visible beam is emitted and
when this is disturbed or when an intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will
activate the alarm.
What is a Lock?
Types of Locks
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1. Key-Operated Mechanical Lock - it uses some sort of arrangement of internal
physical barriers (wards tumblers) which prevent the lock from operating unless
they are properly aligned. The key is the device used to align these internal barriers
so that the lock may be operated.
2. Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes
through a staple ring and is then made fasten or secured.
3. Combination Lock - instead of using the key to align the tumblers, the
combination mechanism uses numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point
which enables an operator to align them manually.
4. Code-Operated Lock - a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of
numbered button in the proper sequence.
5. Electrical Lock - a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by
electrical means.
6. Card-Operated Lock - a type of lock operated by a coded card.
Types of Keys
1. Change Key - a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular
combination of cuts which match the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
2. Sub-Master Key - a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or
grouping in a given facility.
3. Master Key - a special key capable of opening a series of lock.
4. Grand Master Key - a key that will open everything in a system involving two or
more master key groups.
Key Control
Once an effective key control has been installed, positive control of all keys must
be gained and maintained. This can be accomplished only if it is established in
conjunction with the installation of new locking devices. The following methods can be
used to maintain effective key control;
1. Key Cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will
have to be of sufficient size to hold the original key to every lock in the system. It
should be secured at all times.
2. Key Record- some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers
and indicates to whom keys to specific locks have been issued.
3. Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original
keys in the hands of the employees whom they have been issued.
4. Audits- in addition to periodic inventory, an unannounced audit should be made
of all key control records and procedures by a member of management.
5. Daily Report- a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key
control from the personnel department indicating all persons who have left or will
be leaving the company. In the event that a key has been issued, steps should be
initiated to ensure that the key is recovered.
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TOPIC 8: SECURITY CABINET
The final line of defense at any facility is in the high security storage where papers,
records, plans or cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable
assets are protected. These security containers will be of a size and quantity, which the
nature of the business dictates.
In protecting [property, it is essential to recognize that protective containers are
designed to secure against burglary or fire. Each type of equipment has a specialized
function and it will depend on the owner of the facility which type ha is going to use.
1. Safe - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items
in an office or installation. Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary
resistance depending upon the use and need.
a. Its weight must be at least 750 lbs. And should be anchored to a
building structure.
b. Its body should at least one inch thick steel.
2. Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of
the building structure used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable
instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller than a file room.
a. The vault door should be made of steel at least 6 inches in thickness.
b. The vault walls, ceiling, floor reinforce concrete at least 12 inches in
thickness.
c. The vault must be resistive up to 6 hours.
3. File Room - a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of
bigger size to accommodate limited people to work on the records inside.
a. The file room should at most be 12 feet high.
b. It must have a watertight door and at least fire proof for one hour.
1. Personal recognition
2. Artificial recognition- identification cards, passes, passwords, etc.
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Use of Pass System
1. Single Pass System - the badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific
areas is issued to an employee who keeps it in his possession until his
authorization is terminates.
2. Pass Exchange System - an exchange takes place at the entrance of each
controlled area. Upon leaving the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and
retrieve back his basic identification.
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Control of Vehicle in the Installation
Vehicular traffic within the boundaries of any facility must be carefully controlled
for safety as well as to control the transporting of pilfered goods from the premises. Thus:
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LESSON 2
TYPES AND QUALIFICATION OF SECURITY PERSONNEL
TOPICS
1. Personnel Security
2. The guard force and guard system
3. Security guards professional conduct and ethics
4. Selection of guard
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students must be able to:
1. expound the salient provisions of RA 5487;
2. define the purpose of work;
3. apply work values/ ethics;
4. deal with ethical problems;
5. maintain integrity of conduct in the workplace; and
6. identify the duties and responsibilities of guards
The Security “Chain”: Personnel Security is the “weakest link” in the security
“chain”. This weakness can best be minimized or eliminated by making limit personnel
security conscious through good training program. Security depends upon the action of
the individuals. The superior must instruct his subordinates so that they will know exactly
what security measures to take in every instance, a safe will not lock itself. An individual
must be properly instructed and must do the locking.
Control of Personnel
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What is Personnel Security Investigation?
Local Agency Check (LAC) – This type of investigation consists of the first type
plus written inquiries sent to appropriate local government agencies, former employees,
references and
schools listed by the person under investigation. The local agencies normally check
besides the past employment, schools and references are the following:
▪ Place of the locality where the individual is a resident.
▪ Mayor, Police, Fiscal, Judge of the locality where the individual is a resident.
1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the country, government and its duly constituted
authority.
2. Integrity- uprightness in character, soundness of moral principles, freedom from
moral delinquencies, ore more simply stated-honesty.
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3. Discretion- the ability of tendency to act or decide with prudence; the habit of wise
judgment or simply stated- good judgment
4. Moral- distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or
intrinsic nature of a person; his outward manifestation, personal traits or moral
habits.
5. Character- the sum of the traits that serve as an index of the essential intrinsic
nature of a person. It is the aggregate of distinctive mental and moral qualities that
have been impressed by nature, education and habit upon the individual.
6. Reputation- opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what one
reported to be, whereas character is what a person is.
1. Revenge- a real or fancied wrong can create a hatred which will stop at nothing to
obtain revenge of the offender. Hatred wraps the sense of moral values until the
hater will go to
any lengths, even betrayal of his country, to avenge himself on the person or class
of people hated.
2. Material Gain- some people are so avid for material gain that they will stop at
nothing to achieve this end.
3. Personal Prestige- this motivation applies to those whose main desire is for
power-power over others-to prove to the world what leaders they are. However,
their desire for power makes them especially vulnerable to subversion.
4. Friendship –through close attachment to another person, many people, otherwise
of high integrity, will do things inimical to their country’s interest.
5. Ideological Beliefs- If a person holds inimical to their country, they are of course
vulnerable to approach by subversive groups of agents.
The security guard force is the key element in the overall security system of a plant
or installation. Its basic mission is to protect all the property within the limits of the facility
boundaries and protect employees and other persons on the installation.
Sometimes called private security guard or watchman shall include any person
who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either a residence or business
establishment or both for hire or compensation, and with a license to exercise profession.
It is a group of force selected men, trained or grouped into functional unit for the
purpose of protecting operational processes from those disruption which would impeded
efficiency or halt operation at a particular plant, facility, installation or special activity
corporations to engage his/its service or those of his/its security guards, for hire
commission or compensation.
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2. Company Security Force - A security force maintained and operated any private
company/ corporation for its own security requirements only.
3. Government Security Unit - a security unit maintained and operated by any
government entity other than military and/a police, which is established and
maintained for the purpose of securing the office or compound and/or extension
such government entity.
The security force of any installation must be organized in accordance with the
principles of responsibility and authority. Each personnel must be assigned to a position
that corresponds to his experience, skills, training and knowledge. This is to carry out
different functions efficiently and effectively and thus insures smooth flow of the
organization.
d. He is the overall head of both various staff departments and field units
where he may delegate corresponding authority commensurate to their
assigned responsibility.
e. He implements policies promulgated by the policy making body and
executed by the President.
f. He directs controls and supervises all offices and field units of the force in
their respective assigned tasks.
g. He performs other functions as directed by the President of the
Company/Corporation.
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4. Office of the Human Resources and Administrative Manager/Staff Director for
Personnel and Administration
a. The principal staff assistant to the General Manager/Security Director for
planning and supervising matters or activities pertaining to personnel
management and miscellaneous administrative functions such as:
b. Personnel Strengths
c. Replacement
d. Discipline, Law and Order
e. Morale and Personnel Services
f. Personnel Procedures
g. Interior Management
h. Personnel Adviser
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c. This office is also tasked to conduct overt and covert inspections and
investigations and other related services.
12. Shift-in-Charge
a. The Shift-in-Charge shall be responsible to the Detachment Commander as
far as his shift is concerned.
b. He forms his men at least 30 minutes before posting time seeing that all are
in proper uniform and presentable.
c. He disseminates instructions coming from his Detachment
Commander/OIC or those relayed to him by his counter-part, the outgoing
SIC.
d. He inspects the posts as often as he can to ensure that his men are on the
alert and performing their duties effectively.
e. He performs other duties as may be directed by the Detachment
Commander or by the ADC.
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d. He may perform special task as may be directed by his shift supervisor, DC
and or ADC like control of visitors, inspections of bags of persons coming
in and going out of the establishment, vehicle cargoes, or prevents the
intrusion of unauthorized person in a particular area, etc.
1. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his official actuation, obeying the
laws of the land and the regulations prescribed by his agency and those establish
by the company he is supposed to serve.
2. He shall not reveal any confidential matter committed to him as a security guard
and such other matters imposed upon him by law.
3. He shall act all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings,
prejudices and undue friendship to influence his actuation in the performance of
his official functions.
4. He shall not compromise with criminal and other lawless elements to the prejudice
of the customers or clients and shall assist government relentless drive against
lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
5. He shall carry out his assigned duties as required by law to the best of his ability
and shall safeguard life and property of the establishment he is assigned to.
6. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol of
public trust and confidence as an honest and trustworthy security guard, watchman
and private detective.
7. He shall keep his allegiance first to the government he is assigned to serve with
loyalty and utmost dedication.
8. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and
regulations lay down by his agency and those of the customers or clients.
9. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute his superior officers,
government officials and officials of the establishment where he is assigned and
the company he is supposed to serve.
10. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform and neat in his appearance
11. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the laws and regulations governing the
use of firearm.
Code of Conduct: The watchman should abide by the following code of conduct:
1. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license identification
card and duty detail order with an authority to carry firearms.
2. He shall not use his license and privileges to the prejudice of the public, the client
or customer and his agency.
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3. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the
discharge of his work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of
duty.
4. He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc., while actually performing
his duties.
5. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately before and during his tour of
duty.
6. He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound the alarm in
case of fire or disorder.
7. He shall know how to operate any fire extinguishers at his post.
8. He shall know the location of the telephone and/or telephone number of the police
precincts as well as the telephone number of the fire stations in the locality.
9. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strike, riot or
any serious violations of the law.
10. He or his group or guards shall not participate or integrate any disorder, strike, riot
or any serious violations of the law.
11. He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order
and in the protection of life, property/having in mind that the nature of his
responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
12. He shall familiarize himself with the Private Security Agency Law (RA5487) as
amended, and the PNP SAGSD implementing rules and regulations.
13. When issued a pass he should not lend his pass to anybody.
14. He shall always in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic
requirements, and equipment such as writing notebook, ball pen, nightstick (baton)
and/or radio. He shall endeavor at all times to merit and be worthy of the trust and
confidence of the agency he represents and the client he serves.
1. To take charge of this post and all companies property in view and protect/preserve
the same with utmost diligence.
2. To walk during tour of duty in military manner, keeping always in the alert and
observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant from the guardhouse where I am station.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass out to the relieving guard all order from company
officers or officials, supervisors post in charge or shift leaders.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty
Republic Act Number 5487 and its implementing rules and regulations prescribed
the minimum requirements for guards to be able to secure a license to exercise profession
as a security guard, private detective, security officer and security consultant.
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1. Filipino Citizen
2. Physically and mentally fit
3. Good moral character
4. Must not possess any disqualification
General Disqualification
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1. Alertness- A good guard must be alert in spotting violators. This can be attained
by being watchful, dedicated and diligence.
2. Judgment- sound and good judgment is more than the use of common sense. It
is the arriving at wise and timely decision.
3. Confidence- it is the state of being sure; a state of the mind free from doubt or
misgivings. This attribute includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is
attained by job knowledge. Thorough and proper training plus good supervision
instils confidence.
4. Physical Fitness- security work is strenuous and demanding. Physical
conditioning is essential if he is to be a dependable guard.
5. Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with others successfully without offending.
In short, he can be firm but pleasant.
6. Self-Control- ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation.
With self-control, the guard will do his work without being angry and the situation
will be on hand.
1. License to Operate- before a Private Security Agency (PSA) can operate; it has
to secure a License to Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or regular.
A temporary license is issued by the PNP thru Civil Security Croup Directorate
after the applicant /licensee should have complied with all the requirements while
it has less than two hundred guards. A regular license to operate is issued to the
PSA once it is qualified of having two hundred (200) or more license security guard
in its employ duly posted. Regular license is renewable every two (2) years.
2. Security Guard License- before a security guard can practice his profession; he
shall possess valid security license. The use of expired license is not allowed. In
case of doubt, licenses may be verified at the PNP SAGSD whether valid or fake.
3. Firearm’s License- all firearms of the security agency should be covered with
firearms license issued by the PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division under
the Civil Security Group, renewable every two years. No duplication of two or more
firearms with the same make and serial number shall be covered by one license.
Firearms and Weapons Authorized for Used of the Security Guard While on Duty
1. Handguns/Low-powered (cal. 22 and cal.38) not exceeding one FA for every two
guards employed.
2. Shotguns (not bigger than 12 gauge)
3. High-powered- when the agency is operating in areas where there is upsurge of
lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief PNP.
2. Color of Uniforms
a. Private Security Agency- navy blue (upper and lower)
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b. Company Security Forces- light blue/light gray for upper and navy blue for
lower
c. Government Security Forces- white for upper and navy blue for lower
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LESSON 3
DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY
TOPICS
1. Basis of Document and Information Security
2. Document Security System
3. Protection of Sensitive Information
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students must be able to:
1. explain the classification of documents;
2. evaluate the importance of document and information security; and
3. differentiate the types of classified documents and the extent of
protection extended.
The leakage of document and information cost government, business and industry
alike, billions of pesos. A rival company or an enemy agent might use an illegally obtain
document and information for their own advantage. For this reason, a comprehensive and
information security program is very essential to the installation in order to focus freely on
the attainment of its goals and objectives.
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There are various laws likewise effecting security of official papers of the
government, namely, appropriate articles of the Revised Penal Code as amended and
commonwealth Act 616 as amended. Any violations of the provisions of Memorandum
Circular No. 78 shall be dealt administrative proceedings without prejudice to offense
under provisions soft the cited penal statutes. The unauthorized publication of any
classified information shall be deemed a violation of Memorandum Circular No. 78 by the
parties responsible thereof.
Standard Rules
The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified
matter rest exclusively with the originating office.
Classified matter should be classified according to their content and not to the file
in which they are held or of another document to which they refer, except radiograms or
telegrams referring to previously classified radiograms or telegram.
Each individual whose duties allow access to classified matter, or each individual
who possesses knowledge of classified matter while it is in his possession and shall
insure that dissemination of such classified matter is on the “need-to-know” basis and to
property cleared persons only.
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Classified refers to assign information by one of the four classification categories.
Security Clearance refers to the administrative determination that an individual is eligible
for access to classified matter. Compromise means loss of security, which results from
an authorized persons obtaining knowledge of classified matter. Compartmentation is the
grant of access to classified matter only to properly cleaved persons in the performance
of their official duties.
These are information and material (matter), the unauthorized disclosure of which
would cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or from
a security aspect. This category is reserved for the nation’s closest secrets and is to be
used with great reserve.
Classification Authority
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Classification Authority – Same as TOP SECRET matter.
These are information and material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure of which,
while not endangering the national security, would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige
of the nation or any governmental activity, or would cause administrative embarrassment
or unwarranted injury to an individual or would be of advantage to a foreign nation.
These are information and material (matter), which require special protection other
than that determined to be TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL.
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a. Store all classified matter.
b. Maintain a registry of classified matter showing all classified matter received
and to whom transmitted.
c. Maintain current roster of persons authorized access to classified matter for
each classification in the office.
d. Insure physical security for classified matter.
e. Conduct an inventory of all TOP SECRET matter as specified in paragraph 7
(Memo Cir Nr 78/196).
f. Upon his relief, account for all TOP SECRET and SECRET matter by inventory
and transmit the same to his successor.
1. Its use shall be solely for the purpose for which the classified matter is requested.
2. It shall be treated or handled in accordance with the classified categories of the
originating office.
3. Handling shall be made by security-cleared personnel.
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4. Reproduction and dissemination shall not be made without the consent of the
department head.
Classified matter shall be released for public consumption only upon the consent
of the department head or his authorized representative. However, in instances where
there is a demand or need for releasing classified information, extreme caution must be
exercised to analyze in detail contents of the classified matter before release. Normally
all information are released through Public Information Officers. Public Information
Officers should be assisted in the analysis of classified information by the Security Officer.
1. Category A
a. Information which contains reportable time sensitive, order of battle and
significant information.
b. It should be given priority because it is critical information.
2. Category B
a. Anything that contains communications, cryptographic documents, or
systems that should be classified as secret and requires special handling.
b. Higher authorities should declassify it.
3. Category C
a. Other information, which contains something that could be an intelligence
value.
b. Contains exploitable information regardless of its contents.
c. Unscreened materials/documents should be categorized as Category C.
4. Category D
a. No value, yet lower level will classify documents as category D.
b. No decision must be made at the lower echelon that document has no
value. It is the responsibility of the higher Headquarters.
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Rules for Classification of Documents
Proprietary information is information that in some special way relates to the status
or activities of the possessor and over which the possessor asserts ownership. In the
business community, proprietary information relates to the structure, products or business
methods of the organization. It is usually protected in some way against causal or general
disclosure.
1. Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific. To qualify for a patent the
invention must be more than novel and useful. It must represent a positive
contribution beyond the skill of the average person.
2. A much lower of novelty is required of a trade secret.
3. A trade secret remains secret as long as it continues to meet trade secret tests
while the exclusive right to patent protection expires after 17 years.
Realizing that the most serious threat to trade secrets is the employee, a measure
of protection is often realized through the use of employee agreements which restrict the
employee’s ability to disclose information without specific authorization to the company.
The following countermeasures may be adopted:
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1. Policy and procedure statements regarding all sensitive information.
2. Pre and post-employment screening and review.
3. Non-disclosure agreements from employees, vendors, contractors and visitors.
4. Non-competitive agreements with selected employees.
5. Awareness programs
6. Physical security measures
7. Informed monitoring of routine activities.
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LESSON 4
RISK ANALYSIS, RISK MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND STRATEGIES,
SECURITY HAZARD
TOPICS
1. Risk Analysis
2. Risk management alternative and strategies
3. Security hazard
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students must be able to:
1. to distinguish the different types of security hazard;
2. analyze the importance of barriers;
3. assess the extent of risk to security
4. examine the level of security needed in different establishments;
TOPIC 1: RISK
ANALYSIS
What is a Risk?
It is the
potential damage or
loss of an asset. The
level of risk is a
combination of two factors: The value placed on that asset by its owner and the
consequence, impact adverse effect of the loss or damage to that asset and; the likelihood
that a specific vulnerability will be exploited by a particular threat.
What is an Adversary?
An individual, group, organization, or government that conducts activities or has
the intention and capability to conduct activities detrimental to the individual, private or
government entity.
What is Asset?
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Any information, facility, material, information, or activity which has a positive value
to its owner whether it is an individual, private or government entity.
What is Probability?
It is the chance or likelihood that a loss will take place. Indicated by a mathematical
statement concerning the possibility of an event occurring
What is Criticality?
It is the impact of a loss as measured in financial terms. How important it is in terms
of the survival or existence of the organization.
1. Risk Avoidance- eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business,
government, or industrial environment for which the risk manager has
responsibility.
2. Risk Reduction- decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of the potential
loss. The reduction of criminal opportunity is often accomplished by situational
crime [prevention strategies to discourage, deter, or deny criminal incidents.
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life,
loss or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
Types of Hazards
1. Natural Hazard- these are hazards which arise from natural phenomena. The
following are types of natural hazards or disasters:
a. Floods caused by typhoons
b. Earthquakes
c. Fire (not caused by human action)
d. Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and hurricane)
e. Lighting storms
f. Extreme temperature and humidity
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2. Human-Man made
Hazards- These are hazards
which are the result of a state of mind, attitude, weaknesses or character traits of
one or more persons. They can be acts of commission or omission, both overt and
covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or installation. The following are types
of human or man-made hazards:
a. Carelessness- accidents and dissatisfaction
b. Disloyalty-subversion and sabotage
c. Espionage, pilferage and theft
d. Vandalism, etc
1. Description of saboteur:
a. He is the most dangerous for whom security will have to deal with while planning and
implementing security measure and techniques.
b. He is and ordinary looking as the guy next door but in his mind, he has the training in
the deception, knowledgeable in incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology,
mechanics and psychology.
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2. As initial security measure, saboteur target are any of the following;
a. Arm Forces installation
b. Natural Resources- mine, forest farm and farm product
c. Industries like the buildings, power sources, machineries, fuel etc.
d. Warehouses depots, communication, public utilities, etc.
a. He is a very dangerous adversary and this skills in deception and his cunning should
never be under estimated.
b. He is usually person of extensive training and will be highly effective in gaining the
confidence of people and extracting information of value to be relayed to his employer or
handler.
c. Even how well trained and espionage agent he might be, he is a human like the
saboteur and he can be defeated in his own game if proper methods and techniques, are
under taken.
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f. Using blackmail technique using intimate and details concerning and individual
or
organization.
g. Picking or securing information in social and other gatherings.
h. Penetration and operational tactics.
a. It can be local or national in nature in their mission I to undermine the authority weaken
the organization, and eventually take over. This can be business or any activity.
b. This can be the form of rumor mongering propaganda, undermining morale, and
injecting defeatist attitudes and other emotion approaches.
a. The spreading of rumors, written materials, slogans, or any other devices to confuse
the network population and discredit the government should be immediately reported.
b. Labor and other company unions can be infiltrated so that strikes and ‘slowdowns” can
be called disrupt the normal operation of a plant or installation.
c. Security force should be alerted for person trying to recruit others organizing movement
for peace anti- colonials, anti- trade imperialism.
e. Other methods of subversion like united fronts, mob action, terrorism, and sabotage
well be done to gain subversive end.
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