Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Program Implemented in Batangas City Jail.
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Program Implemented in Batangas City Jail.
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
JUNE 2023
EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTEDIN BATANGAS CITY JAIL
Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
INTRODUCTION
Despite the fact that the United States makes up only five percent of the
critical need for new and additional crime control strategies, other than incarceration.
the court system and corrections, and reduce recidivism rates by providing help for
offenders in order to avoid future offenses. Many times, inmates with substance
abuse addictions do not have the critical cognitive, emotional, and life skills needed
sentence may help solve many of these issues. Evaluative research and second
source data were used to identify which of the two different therapeutic
completion.
this is especially true of participants who enter treatment with the most severe
Studies (DATOS), which examined the effectiveness of several types of drug abuse
continued do so after 5 years, which was also true of the other modalities studied.
both moral and ethical. The primary goal is to foster personal growth. This is
inmates’ community working together to help themselves and each other, restoring
self-confidence, and preparing them for the re-integration into their families and
In the Philippine prison system, they adopted two approaches for the
community are the ultimate goals of the programs. Prison inmates are some of the
most disturbed and unstable people in society. Most inmates have had too little
discipline or too much from broken homes and have no self-esteem. They are very
insecure and are at war with themselves as well as with society. Most inmates did not
For instance, this program might give individuals the opportunity to learn work
skills, increasing the likelihood that prisoners would become useful members of
society after their release. The initiatives must be designed to influence individuals
who desire change. The self-esteem necessary for a typical integrated personality is
likely to be developed in people who are taught to make valuable items and are
active. This kind of training would offer many practical abilities and habits in addition
A prisoner must have the desire to change, and support must be provided so
that he can do so. Many of them lack the knowledge necessary to begin a new life,
making therapeutic Community Programs the best method to brighten their future.
The Therapeutic Community Modality Program, or TCMP, has been accepted by the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) as a new strategy for managing
prisoners that calls for the creation of a new lexicon of terms pertaining to offenders
The therapeutic community model is being used in Batangas City Jail, and it
encompasses all of the initiatives taking place there, including those for education,
recreation, spirituality, and training in job skills. To keep track of the convicts' health,
especially those with health issues, they provide medical services. They also offered
alternate learning systems at elementary and high school levels. And every fourth
Sunday of the month, they have a regular mass. The goal of all those programs is to
1. What is the demographic profile of clients inside the Batangas City Jail ?
1.1 AGE
The research is made with the aim to provide information and knowledge
CLIENTS
The study will benefits Clients by giving their response based on the
programs they are conducting. This can also help them to give some feedback to the
programs. They can also assess each other if there some changes or if it is effective
on them.
JAIL MANAGEMENT
The study will significant and sustained the Jail Management to asses the
are the programs they need to improve and which are the programs that gives more
negative impact to the PDL. By this they can be aware on the programs they're being
implemented.
FUTURE RESEARCHER
This study would become a good reference for further research and would
implemented to determine if still appropriate and responsive for the PDL, to maintain
will updated record of inmates under custody for them to determine the development
and improvement of their condition in jail and provide necessary action and
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This proposal of the study, Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Program will
programs implemented in Batangas City Jail. The study covers the demographic
profile of the clients. The study will focus only on four programs, including, Moral,
Spiritual and values formation, Vocational/livelihood and skill training, Health, mental
This study will not extend to the factors why they commit crime. However, the
study will show the Significant relation between the profile of the clients and the level
quantitative method of research, The study would be done through the utilization of
DEFINITION OF TERMS
designed to be therapeutic within the context of the norms that require for each to
Jail - it is a place under the jurisdiction of a local government (such as a county) for
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
conditions distinct in an individual are at the root of crime. Positivist theory maintains
that crime as any other act is a natural phenomenon and is compatible with disaster
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
INPUT
PROCESS
Demographic profileof OUTPUT
the Clients. Survey
and the information that are needed in the process, and the details of the process
itself. The concept model will show the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community
The input contains leading variables including the demographic profile of the
assess those variables by making a questionnaire checklist and the use of statistical
Foreign Literature
Richardsond and Vini (2020) indicated that the purpose of this paper is to
detail the impact and efficacy of Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service
highlighting the strengths and challenges of this treatment approach. Trends within
the research are discussed, and the authors draw attention to any gaps in the current
form of treatment for people with an offending history and personality difficulties.
number of areas, specifically with female offenders and individuals who undertake
to two (2) groups of respondents which comprise the subject population of the
research. The study revealed that the TC clients were satisfied on the Therapeutic
there are indicators on clients’ satisfaction that obtained the lowest weighted mean
application of the full program of mandatory daily activities and meetings. On the
topics and academic training must be intensified with focus on group activities that
Furthermore, clients must be taught to control their actions and release them
policies throughout the country have heightened the number of inmates incarcerated
hypothesis that was tested was that there would be significant differences between
levels of motivation as measured upon entry and discharge from treatment. The
theoretical framework that guided the study was the stages of change theory. Data
were collected from archived pre and post treatment Texas Christian University,
Treatment Motivation scale (MOT) scores. The target population comprised adult
males, who were incarcerated in the state of New Jersey had completed a TC
program. A paired sample t test was completed, which indicated that there was a
than admission scores, which answered the research question regarding levels of
motivation change during a TC program. The study findings lend support to the utility
Local Literature
Correction, being one of the pillars of Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS)
adopted various rehabilitation programs such as the following: (a) Moral and Spiritual
Program; (b) Education and Training Program; (c) Work and Livelihood Program; (d)
Sports and Recreation Program; (e) Health and Welfare Program; and (f) Behavior
profile of the inmates, their perception of the effectiveness of the program and the
significant relationship between the profile of the inmates and their responses to the
research was utilized in the study. Results showed that the majority of the inmates
are male, 26-33 years old, single, high school undergraduate with a prison sentence
of below 1 year and with involvement in drug related cases. Therapeutic Community
Modality Program was perceived by the inmates as effective, specifically the Work
Religious Services and Medical Services. There are significant relationships between
the profiles of the inmates in terms of age, civil status and length of prison sentence
City jail.
According to IMCC Journal of Science 2021 it assessed the implementation
administration Office in Iligan City, Philippines during the calendar year 2016-2017
through the lens of the 70 parolees and probationers. Survey questionnaires were
modality program was effective and most of the rehabilitation activities engagements
of the parolees and probationers had a strong influence on their perspectives and
notions in the pursuit of changing their lives for a brighter future with their families.
Officers and the provision of ample support from the Department of Justice to the
office in all operational aspects and due recognition and appreciation of the national
Modality Program (TCMP) by the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
in the province of Nueva Ecija. It used the Descriptive Survey Method. The study was
conducted in selected municipalities, cities, and district jails situated in the Province
of Nueva Ecija within Academic Year 2018-2019. Jail personnel and inmate
respondents were identified through simple random sampling with the consent of
was the main gathering supported by the interview. Data were statistically treated
through weighted means. The study revealed that Jails in the Province of Nueva
Ecija strictly put into practice TCMP activities for the benefit of the inmates; BJMP
personnel are fully aware on the activities concerning TCMP and inmates are quite
can be concluded that city or municipal jails in the Province of Nueva Ecija actively
follow the Directives of the BJMP National Office particularly in the realization of
TCMP. However, BJMP Personnel in the Province cannot effectively and efficiently
absolute reformation of inmates in the BJMP in the Province of Nueva Ecija is not
viable unless identified problems are properly addressed. Consequently, the purpose
achievable.(Bondad,2020)
Diones (2020) revealed that the aim of his study is the life experiences of
management, social and emotional category, intellectual and spiritual category and
vocational and survival category. It utilized a qualitative approach through case study
design to understand the nature of a setting and the experiences others have in this
agencies collective effort and livelihood training programs. Moreover, their life
said program training they display positive behaviors for they have internalized the
program which lead them to have a positive outlook in life. It is recommended that
the parole and probation may consider seeking the assistance of different agencies
expand the scope of this study, and other researchers may conduct study not
the community structure and function are agents of change, and 12-step–based self-
help programs guide individual recovery. Therapeutic communities are one of the
more common treatment methods present in community programs and have been
seen as the major impetus toward growth and change. The community is made up of
the social environment, peers, and staff, many of whom are successfully recovered
therapeutic communities, and some techniques include efficacy training, social role
such as honesty, good work ethic, and community involvement.80 Although each
individual is responsible for their own recovery process, the role each person plays in
the recovery of others is also emphasized. Some of the daily activities of therapeutic
communities include work, group sessions, and recreation. Individuals in the group
serve as mediators and role models. They also confront misbehavior, rule violations,
and share with one another during group sessions. Attitude and behavior change in
outcomes were not derived from scientifically controlled studies using rigorous
outcomes from a large-scale series of studies derived from the Drug Abuse
Reporting Program. Clients in these studies showed a decline in drug use, including
opioid use as well as non opioid use, and also showed a decrease in arrest and
incarceration rates. One of the most important and consistent predictors of the
success of individuals was the amount of time they spent in therapeutic communities,
although the length of time necessary to see positive outcomes varied from study to
showed more favorable outcomes than outpatient detoxification and intake-only; they
counseling.
influences the patient or helps them in better understanding through verbal and
briefly describes the treatment they are providing and then moves on to the next
person they must treat. In this example, the nurse explains the treatment, but doesn’t
therapeutic nursing communication is when that same nurse also communicates why
they are performing the tasks and asks the patient if they have any concerns or
questions, speaks in a congenial and welcoming manner, and indicates through body
language that the patient’s viewpoints are respected. The benefits of therapeutic
All over the world, people held in our jails and prisons experience far greater
levels of mental illness than the general population including PTSD, major
depression, psychotic illness and personality disorder. Moreover, they are far more
likely to die by suicide, to harm themselves and others in prison and to commit
another crime on release. With over 10 million people in our jails and prisons
they are especially complex, with multiple needs, and they are, after all, in the
To place this into a wider context, our review confirmed that the outcomes for
psychological treatment for prisoners are notably similar to both psychological and
2015), the effect is much the same, although the benefits for prisoners seem more
difficult to sustain over time. The stronger effect for no treatment/waitlist than active
comparisons plus the similarity between individual and group treatment are also
specifically designed for prisoners have been delivered in many countries for
and some of these may hold promise for mental health problems where there is
few RCTs have been conducted on these offending interventions and there may,
perhaps, be a case for including mental health outcomes in future evaluations. Our
review suggests this may be an encouraging avenue since many of these offending
successfully run within prisons – a case for greater collaboration and integration.
improve mental health outcomes for prisoners when compared with providing no
intervention. The strength of the improvement is similar to that seen in the community,
although more difficult to sustain and so developments are clearly needed. Greater
joint working between justice, psychologists and health professionals may provide
The research methods that the authors of this study will employ are covered
in this chapter. It also included information on the goals and focus of the study, the
people who would be interview for the survey, the method of sampling, the
information that would be gathered, and finally, the statistical analysis of the
information.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Program Implemented in Batangas City Jail. The descriptive method was used in this
study.
understand the behavior. This method is concerned with the process of recording,
analyzing, classifying, and interpreting the data gathered with or without statistical
analysis. Since the current study collects, records, and analyzes responses to the
terms of the types of diversion programs they use, The descriptive method will be
used to describe the issues that arise during the diversion to be employed.
The participants of the study will be conducted inside the Batangas City Jail.
The Participants will be the clients who experienced these programs. The total
number of the participants will be 84 people. The researchers will formulate a set of
questions and conduct a survey to gather information about their personal life
experiences and viewpoints on the given programs inside the Batangas City Jail.
SOURCES OF DATA
sources. The primary data source for this study is from the survey questionnaire that
was given to the participants, together with their personal life experiences and views
on specific programs in Batangas City Jail. The number of participants are 84 people.
Information was collected from secondary sources such as web articles, journals,
and other relevant research. On the other hand, the research participants' responses
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
samples that meet their needs or target individuals with specific characteristics. This
bias, it is also prone to errors of judgment by the researcher and the findings, whilst
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The questions in this phase of the study will ask participants about the
objectives of the study. The term "data collection" describes the procedures used to
through their responses to questions (Check & Schutt, 2018,) . This type of research
allows for a variety of methods to recruit participants, collect data, and utilize various
methods of instrumentation. The researchers formulate a set of questions for the
participants to answer. Since this research study aims to know the effectiveness of
the Therapeutic Community Program inside the Batangas City Jail, the researchers
chosen inmates of the Batangas City Jail, after which the questionnaire will be given
to the respondents in order to collect data from their responses. The survey
implemented inside the City Jail. It includes conducting short interviews to make sure
their views and opinions. This research has collected some information and data
from reading materials such as articles and information research within the internet to
The researchers arranged and classified the collected data in this study to
easily interpret and evaluate the responses. The gathered data were tallied,
tabulated, and analyzed to summarize and interpret the results using descriptive
based on the information listed in their profiles. Such as age, gender, job
position level, and length of services. The data assorted will present the
It is calculated as follows:
�
%= � 100
�
Where:
% = percentage
ƒ = frequency
questionnaire.
��
�=
�
Where:
x = weighted mean
each operation
4. Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Formula:
Where:
5. Mann-Whitney U Test
Where:
U=Mann-Whitney U test
The chapter presents the results of the study conducted and on the
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of
Respondents in terms of Age
respondents in terms of their age during the conduct of the study. Based on the table,
out of 84 respondents, the majority are in the age group of 31-45 years old which is
45 or 53.6% of the total sample. 51 years old and above is the 21.4% or 18 out of 84
respondents. 26-30 years old are 10 or 11.9% of the total sample considered in this
study. 6 or 7.1% are the respondents in the age group of 46-50 years old while the
EDUCATIONAL
Frequency Percent
ATTAINMENT
Elementary Graduate 28 33.3
High school Graduate 30 35.7
College graduate 4 4.8
No Response 22 26.2
Total 84 100.0
majority are High School graduate which parts the 30 or 35.7% of the sample.
Followed by those who are Elementary graduates which are 28 or 33.3%. There are
22 or 26.2% who haven’t responded. The remaining 4 are college graduates which
Table 3
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents
in terms of Year of Confinement
YEAR OF
Frequency Percent
CONFINEMENT
1-3 years 58 69.0
4 years and above 26 31.0
Total 84 100.0
respondents in terms of their civil status. Based on the table, 64 out of 84 or 76.2%
of the sample respondents are in single status. Married respondents are 11 or 13.1%
and widowed/widower are 5 or 7.1% of the sample. The remaining 3 or 3.6% are
legally separated.
Table 5
Weighted Verbal
Moral, Spiritual, and Values Formation SD
Mean Interpretation
1. Ang mga programang sinasagawa nila ay
nakakatulong sakin para mailabas ko ang
aking problema at masolusyunan ito. (The
4.45 0.87 Highly Effective
programs they conduct help me express my
problems and find
solutions.)
2. Mas madalas na ang pag tulong ko sa
kapwa at pag bibigay ng payo sa kanila. (I
am more frequent in helping others and 4.30 0.83 Highly Effective
giving
advice.)
3. Natututo akong makisalamuha sa iba
upang mas mapahalagahan ang
komunikasyon at pagkakaisa. (I am learning
4.33 1.25 Highly Effective
how to interact with others to value
communication and unity
more.)
4. May mga paguusap at pagpupulong para
sa lahat upang masabi ang mga hinanaing sa
buhay. (There are discussions and 4.30 1.14 Highly Effective
meetings for everyone to express their
concerns in life)
5. Mas napapalapit ang aking loob sa
Panginoon lalo na sa mga araw na ako ay
may pinagdadaanang problema. (My heart 4.61 0.82 Highly Effective
draws closer to God especially on days with
struggles or going through problems. )
Grand Mean 4.40 Highly Effective
Legend: 4.21-5.00 – “Highly Effective”, 3.41-4.20 – “Very Effective”, 2.61-3.40 –
“Effective”, 1.81-2.60 – “Fairly Effective”, 1.00-1.80 – “Not effective”
Therapeutic Community Modality Program in Batangas City Jail. Based on the result,
all statements are assessed by the respondents as highly effective under the aspect
Table 6
Therapeutic Community Modality Program in Batangas City Jail. Based on the result,
all statements are assessed by the respondents as very effective under the aspect of
Table 7
Verbal
Health, Mental, and Medical services Weighted Mean SD
Interpretation
1. Mas naalagaan ang aming kalusugan
at pangangatawan. (Our well-being is 4.38 1.04 Highly Effective
better taken care of)
2. Nagkaroon ako ng kontrol sa aking
sarili at nabawasan ang pagiging
maiinitin ng ulo. (I gained control over 4.51 0.80 Highly Effective
myself and reduced my hot-
headedness)
3. Natutunan kong pahalagahan ang
kalusugan ko at ng bawat isa. (I
learned to value my own health and 4.23 0.95 Highly Effective
those of
others)
4. Nakararanas kami ng buwanang
pagkonsulta sa mga eksperto upang
maibahagi ang aming mga
3.99 1.31 Very Effective
nararamdaman o naiisip. (We have
monthly consultations with experts to
share our feelings or thoughts)
5. Nagkaroon ako ng lakas ng loob na
makipag-usap tungkol sa aking
nararamdaman ng hindi nahuhusgahan. 4.15 1.10 Very Effective
(I have the courage to talk to someone
about my feelings without being judged)
Grand Mean 4.25 Highly Effective
Legend: 4.21-5.00 – “Highly Effective”, 3.41-4.20 – “Very Effective”, 2.61-3.40 –
“Effective”, 1.81-2.60 – “Fairly Effective”, 1.00-1.80 – “Not effective”
Therapeutic Community Modality Program in Batangas City Jail. Based on the result,
statements 1, 2, and 3 are assessed by the respondents as highly effective under the
aspect of health, mental, and medical services (MS = 4.21-5.00, SD = .80 - 1.04).
While statements 4 and 5 in terms of are of health, mental, and medical services
Table 8
Verbal
Literacy and Education Weighted Mean SD
Interpretation
1. Ang bawat isa ay nabibigyan ng
oportunidad na makapag-aral at
madagdagan ang kaalaman. (Everyone 4.63 0.55 Highly Effective
has been given the opportunity to study
and gain more knowledge.)
2. Mas nagiging madali ang aming mga
gawain dahil mas naipaliliwanag sa
amin ito nang mabuti. (Our tasks 4.04 1.44 Very Effective
become easier because they are clearly
explained to us)
3. Maaari naming magamit ang aming
mga pinag-aralan sakaling makalabas
na kami. (We can use what we have 4.67 0.66 Highly Effective
learned once we will be freed from
imprisonment.)
4. Nakatutulong ang mga pinag aaralan
namin sa aming pagtatrabaho. (What
4.27 1.15 Highly Effective
we have studied makes our work
easier.)
5. Ang aming pag-aaral ang
nagsisilbing gabay sa amin upang mas
maintindihan at matutunan ang mga
bagay bagay sa loob at labas ng
4.83 0.38 Highly Effective
pasilidad. (The education given to us
serve as our guide to better understand
and learn things inside and outside the
facility.)
Grand Mean 4.49 Highly Effective
Legend: 4.21-5.00 – “Highly Effective”, 3.41-4.20 – “Very Effective”, 2.61-3.40 –
“Effective”, 1.81-2.60 – “Fairly Effective”, 1.00-1.80 – “Not effective”
Table_ above shows the respondents' assessment on the effectiveness of
Therapeutic Community Modality Program in Batangas City Jail. Based on the result,
the aspect of literacy and education (MS = 4.21-5.00, SD = .38 – 1.15). While
statement 2 in terms of are of literacy and education was assessed as very effective
Table 9
Kruskal-Wallis H test: Difference on the Respondents’ Assessment on the of
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program when they are
Grouped According to their Age
THERAPEUTIC
Mean Decisio
COMMUNITY Age H-Test p-value Remarks
rank n
PROGRAM
18-25 years old 31.500
26- 30 years old 53.000 Failed to Not
Moral,Spiritual, and
31-45 years old 37.556 7.331 0.119 Reject Significan
values formation
46-50 years old 46.167 Ho t
51 and above 50.861
Vocational/livelihoo 18-25 years old 32.700 7.509 0.111 Failed to Not
d and skills training26- 30 years old 41.050 Reject Significan
31-45 years old 38.644 Ho t
46-50 years old 62.917
51 and above 48.861
18-25 years old 35.600
26- 30 years old 43.750 Failed to Not
Health, Mental and
31-45 years old 40.211 2.237 0.692 Reject Significan
Medical services
46-50 years old 52.083 Ho t
51 and above 46.250
18-25 years old 34.300
26- 30 years old 47.850 Failed to Not
Literacy and
31-45 years old 42.267 2.253 0.689 Reject Significan
Education
46-50 years old 51.583 Ho t
51 and above 39.361
Note: If p-value is less than the level of significance of 0.05, reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject.
years old, 26-30 years old, 31-45 years old, 46-50 years old, and 51 years old and
7.509, P-value = .111); Health, Mental, and Medical services (H = 2.237, P-value
= .692); and Literacy and Education (H = 2.253, P-value = .689). Thus, with the
available data, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We can conclude that there is no
therapeutic community modality program in Batangas City Jail when they are
THERAPEUTIC p-
Educational Mean U- Decisio Remark
COMMUNITY valu
Attainment rank Test n s
PROGRAM e
Elementary 45.08
Graduate 9
High school 46.81 Failed
Moral,Spiritual, Not
Graduate 7 0.18 to
and values 4.892 Significa
44.50 0 Reject
formation College graduate nt
0 Ho
32.95
No Response
5
Elementary 48.50
Graduate 0
High school 46.37
Vocational/liveliho
Graduate 5 10.04 0.01 Reject Significa
od and skills
48.05 6 8 Ho nt
training College graduate
4
49.53
No Response
3
Elementary 27.87
Graduate 5
High school 44.73
Health, Mental
Graduate 2 12.99 0.00 Reject Significa
and Medical
46.81 4 5 Ho nt
services College graduate
7
43.12
No Response
5
Elementary 33.65
Graduate 9
High school 42.26 Failed
Not
Literacy and Graduate 7 0.24 to
4.202 Significa
Education 51.58 0 Reject
College graduate nt
3 Ho
39.36
No Response
1
Note: If p-value is less than the level of significance of 0.05, reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject.
Prefer not to say have an effect on the respondents perception on the effectiveness
value = .240). Thus, with the available data, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We
terms of Moral,Spiritual, and values formation and Literacy and Education when they
Health, Mental, and Medical services (H = 12.994, P-value = .005); thus, with the
available data, we reject the null hypothesis. Moreover, respondents who prefer not
to tell their educational attainment are more likely to say that Vocational/Livelihood
Batangas City Jail. While respondents who are a College Graduate are more likely to
say that Health, Mental, and Medical Services are effective as a therapeutic
community modality program in Batangas City Jail.In conclusion the Inmates Welfare
and Development Program in the Rizal Provincial Jail do not significantly impact the
self-preparedness for re-orientation in society of the inmates. As for the Health &
Well Being of Inmates model, only the Livelihood and Health component of the
Inmates Welfare and Development Program have a significant effect. (Aquino, 2017)
Table 11
Kruskal-Wallis H test: Difference on the Respondents’ Assessment on the of
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program when they are
Grouped According to their Civil Status
THERAPEUTIC p-
Mean H- Decisio
COMMUNITY Civil Status valu Remarks
rank Test n
PROGRAM e
43.09
Single
4
40.68
Moral,Spiritual, Married Failed to Not
2 1.96 0.57
and values Reject Significa
Widowed/Widow 40.08 8 9
formation Ho nt
er 3
Legally 20.00
Separated 0
42.55
Single
5
41.72
Vocational/liveliho Married Failed to Not
7 0.33 0.95
od and skills Reject Significa
Widowed/Widow 39.25 9 3
training Ho nt
er 0
Legally 34.00
Separated 0
41.51
Single
6
50.00
Married Failed to Not
Health, Mental and 0 1.99 0.57
Reject Significa
Medical services Widowed/Widow 34.66 5 4
Ho nt
er 7
Legally 35.50
Separated 0
41.66
Single
4
44.86
Married Failed to Not
Literacy and 4 0.21 0.97
Reject Significa
Education Widowed/Widow 41.50 9 4
Ho nt
er 0
Legally 38.50
Separated 0
Note: If p-value is less than the level of significance of 0.05, reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject.
Vocational/livelihood and skills training, Health, Mental, and Medical services, and
Literacy and Education. At a 5% level of significance, Kruskal-Walli’s test revealed a
and Medical services (H = 1.995, P-value = .574); and Literacy and Education (H =
0.219, P-value = .974). Thus, with the available data, we fail to reject the null
program in Batangas City Jail when they are grouped according to their Civil Status.
Table 12
Mann-Whitney U test: Difference on the Respondents’ Assessment on the of
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program when they are
Grouped According to their Year of Confinement
THERAPEUTIC p-
Year of Mean Decisio Remark
COMMUNITY U-Test valu
Confinement rank n s
PROGRAM e
44.06 Failed
Moral,Spiritual, 1-3 years Not
9 663.00 0.36 to
and values Significa
4 years and 39.00 0 7 Reject
formation nt
above 0 Ho
44.80 Failed
Vocational/liveliho 1-3 years Not
2 620.50 0.19 to
od and skills Significa
4 years and 37.36 0 3 Reject
training nt
above 5 Ho
44.43 Failed
Health, Mental 1-3 years Not
1 642.00 0.27 to
and Medical Significa
4 years and 38.19 0 2 Reject
services nt
above 2 Ho
42.45 Failed
1-3 years Not
Literacy and 7 751.50 0.98 to
Significa
Education 4 years and 42.59 0 0 Reject
nt
above 6 Ho
Note: If p-value is less than the level of significance of 0.05, reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject.
of 1-3 years and 4 years and above have an effect on the respondents perception on
Health, Mental, and Medical services, and Literacy and Education. At a 5% level of
value = .272); and Literacy and Education (U = 751.500, P-value = .980). Thus, with
the available data, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We can conclude that there is
therapeutic community modality program in Batangas City Jail when they are
Andrew and n Laureen (2019); Therapeutic Communities and the Judicial System in
the United States. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26273-
0_8
Gabrielle Beaudry BA, Rongqin Yu PhD, Amanda.E Perry PhD Prof Seena Fazel MD
(2021) ; Effectiveness of psychological interventions in prison to reduce
recidivism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Katie Duncan , Belinda Winder Nicholas Blagden, and Christine Norman (2022); A
Qualitative Analysis of the Motivations Behind Democratic Therapeutic
Community Drop-Out for Men With Sexual Convictions.
Rod Mullen, Naya Arbiter, Claudia Rosenthal Plepler, Douglas James Bond
(2019); In-prison therapeutic communities in California
emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/TC-06-2019-0007/full/html
Tyson Whitten , Jesse Cale , Sally Nathan , Sarita Bista , Mark Ferry , Megan William,
Patrick Rawstorne , Andrew Hayen (2022); Hospitalisation following therapeutic
community drug and alcohol treatment for young people with and without a
history of criminal conviction.