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Hipocrates - VOLUME 2
Hipocrates - VOLUME 2
5, 3931109
᾿ ORE ΗΒ, ἡ =~
ἈΝᾺ Sisapy PR ree |
ut τὰν. Te oo oe ai
an ieey Fearon? oF Ὥς i?
Bie ΓΘ Cyan
vast, ε
= ᾿ j ᾿ |
eu
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.
EDITED BY
171. E. PAGE, c.u., Lrrt.p.
ΤῈ, CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. ἦν. H. D. ROUSE, trrt.p.
L. A. POST, u.z.p. E. H. WARMINGTON, .a., F.R.HIST.SOC.
HIPPOCRATES
VOL. I
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VOL. II
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MOMLIX
First printed 1923
Reprinted 1943, 1952, 1959
THE CSACRED DISEASE! εν τος, ce Wer <0) <ci4 sli ges ‘et το πὸ) ΠΝ
ΤΑ Lets ΣῊΝ Ὁ Deke. PS PMen Wed be se, lhcs (Pak lial ie? 950
DECORU Maer set ofa oer κε, c eae NSE cel simi e 907
Vili
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
I
PROGNOSIS
xili
II
THE CNIDIAN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Wuen reference is made to the Cnidian physicians
there is a great possibility of error, an error which,
as a matter of fact, is always liable to oceur with
designations of this type. Do we mean by a Cnidian
a doctor trained at Cnidos or a physician with views
of a peculiar kind? The two are by no means the
same; a Cnidos-trained man might hold some Coan
views, a Cos-trained man might adopt some Cnidian
opinions. So we must not suppose either (a) that
all Cnidians necessarily held the same theories, or
(ὁ) that treatises containing doctrines which we
know to have been popular at Cnidos were written
by authors trained in that school. All we ean say
is that such and such an opinion is in harmony
with the teaching known to have been in favour
with the Cnidian School of a certain period.
Practically all we know about the Cnidians is the
criticism of Cnidian Sentences put forward by the
author of Regimen in Acute Diseases, supplemented
by a few remarks in Galen.?. We are told that the
book had been re-edited, and that the second edition
1 Chapters [-III.
2 See 6.0. (Kiithn) XV. 363, 419, 427, 428, and V. 760, 761,
Littré 11. 198-200 gives the chief passages in a translation,
xiv
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
§ 169.
xxix
IV
ANCIENT NURSING
Ir is typical of the obscurity which veils many
problems of ancient medicine that so little is told us
of nurses and nursing. The conclusion we are
tempted to draw from this silence is that the task
of nursing fell to the women, whether slaves or free,
of the household. The work of Greek women,
important as it was, is rarely described for us,
probably because it was not considered sufficiently
dignified for literary treatment. This conclusion is
not entirely conjectural,as we have some positive
evidence from the Economica of Xenophon. - But it
is unsafe to dismiss the question without further
inquiry. One piece of evidence is so strong that we
are forced to look farther afield for a true explanation
of the problem.
The clinical histories in the Epidemics contain
fairly complete accounts of the symptoms which the
patients experienced on the several days of their
illness. It is true that all the histories are not
equally full, and that gaps of greater or less size
occur. But the fact remains that the detail is too
great to have been observed by the medical attend-
ant personally. He could not have spared the time
from his other practice, We are not left entirely to
SW Bye
XXX
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
XXxii
Vv
ANCIENT MEDICAL ETIQUETTE
Apart from a few chance passages in our ancient
authorities, the only sources of information for
ancient etiquette are Oath, Law, Physician, Decorum
and Precepts.+
Of course in a sense there was no medical etiquette
in ancient times. Etiquette implies pains and penal-
ties for the offender, and there was no General
Medical Council to act as judge and executioner. It
has been thought that Oath implies the existence of
a medical guild. This is most doubtful, and even if
it be true, the guild had no power to prevent a
sinning doctor from practising; it could merely
exercise care in the selection of its members to be
educated.
The Greek physician obeyed the laws of etiquette,
not through fear of punishment, but for love of his
craft. The better sort of Greek was always an artist
first and a man afterwards. The very name for
etiquette, εὐσχημοσύνη, shows that it was “ good
form,” rather than a matter of duty, to obey the
code of conduct laid down by custom. Etiquette had
1 It is interesting to note that the ‘‘ great age” of Greek
medicine has left us nothing about etiquette. The gradual
decline of medicine and possibly the influx of slaves into the
profession made it necessary later to put the rules of etiquette
into writing. At first it was an unwritten code, with all the
strength, as well as all the weakness, of unwritten codes.
XXXiii
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
Xxxvi
VI
‘THE ART”
Ir is not uncommon to hear people say that they
“do not believe in medicine,’ and that “ doctors
are of no use.” But unless they are Christian
Scientists or similar faddists they call in a physician
when they are really ill, thus proving that their
remarks are not the expression of their truest
opinions.
But in the time of Hippocrates medicine, in spite
of its recent progress, had not yet made good its
position, even among educated men. The evidence
to show this is overwhelming; I need merely men-
tion the remarks in Regimen in Acute Diseases, the
treatise called The Art, and the well-known hostility
of Plato.
What were the reasons for this διαβολή The
writer of Regimen in Acute Diseases puts it down to
want of medical research ;many important points,
he says, had not even been mooted by physicians,
so that there were wide divergencies of opinion
among practitioners. The author of The Art brings
forward, and answers, two main objections to
medicine: (a) there are some cases which the
physician does not cure, and (6) some cases cure
themselves without the help of a doctor. Plato’s
1 (Chapter VIIT) καίτοι διαβολήν γε ἔχει ὅλη ἡ τέχνη πρὸς
τῶν δημοτέων μεγάλην, ὡς μὴ δοκεῖν ὅλως ἰητρικὴν εἶναι,
ΧΧΧν
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
xl
VII
xliv
ΨΙΠ
LATER PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE
Durine the fifth century B.c. philosophy made a
determined effort to bring medicine within the
sphere of its influence, and to impose upon it the
method of ὑποθέσει. Typical of this effort are
Nutriment (Vol. I.), and Breaths, which is included
in the present volume.
This effort of philosophy was violently opposed
by the chief adherents of the rational school of
medicine, and we still have in Ancient Medicine a
convincing statement of the position held by the
empirics.
Why was medicine so determined to throw off
the incubus? Simply because an attempt was being
made to impose ἃ priori opinions upon physical
science, which has a method of its own quite in-
compatible with unverifiable speculation. Medicine
was here face to face with a deadly enemy.
A hundred or more years after Nutriment was
written another wave of philosophy swept over
medicine. Its exact date cannot be fixed, but it
probably did not begin until the third century Β.6.
was well advanced.
But this second attempt to influence medicine
was not resented, for philosophy had changed its
xlv
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
xl vii
ΙΧ
THE MANUSCRIPT TRADITION OF THE
HIPPOCRATIC COLLECTION
Wuen 1 first began seriously to study the Greek
medical writings, some sixteen years ago, I had no
idea that the history of the text could be of much
importance or interest except to professional palaeo-
graphers. Even when I was writing the first volume
of my translation for the Loeb Series I was some-
what sceptical of the real value to a translator of
Hippocratic textual criticism, and it was only when
I saw that the important, but strangely neglected,
treatise Precepts could not be placed in its proper
historical relationship, without a thorough examina-
tion of the transmission of the text, that I realized
how necessary it is for even a translator to master
the problem as far as our imperfect knowledge
allows us. A little has been achieved by Gomperz,
Wilamowitz and the Teubner editors, but outside
their labours there is still an “uncharted region”
on to which some light at least must be thrown.
Possibly the most important factor to remember
about the transmission of the Hippocratic text is
that the treatises composing it are practical text-
books or scientific essays and not literary master-
pieces. There were not the same reasons for keeping
the text pure that were operative in the case of the
xlviii
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
2254
. Regimen in Acute Diseases. 12 . Light Months’ Child.
. Breaths. 13 . Diseases of Girls.
. Instruments of Reduction. 14 . Nature of Women.
. Nature of Bones, 15 . Excision of the Foetus.
. Fractures. 16 . Prorrhetic (two books).
. Surgery. 17 . Fistulae.
. Excision of the Embryo. 18 . Hemorrhoids.
. Diseases of Women. 19 . Coan Prenotions.
. Barrenness. 20 . Epidemics (seven books),
. Superfoetation. 21 . Letters.
ὦ . Seven Months’ Child.
--Οὗ
μ-
μαὶ
τὸ
ὧν
μῷ.
Οἱ
σ:
--
Ixi
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
54. Physician. 58. Letters.
55. Precepts. 59. Address at the Altar.
56. Decorum. 60. Speech of the Envoy.
57. Mind (περὶ γνώμης t.e. ἀνατομῆ5).
This list is practically the same as that of the index in
Vaticanus 276.
Paris 2142 (H)
1. Oath. 25. Breaths.
2. Law. 26. Instruments of Reduction.
3. The Art. 27. Nature of Bones.
4. Ancient Medicine. 28. Fractures.
5. Precepts. 29. Surgery.
6. Decorum. 30. Lacision of Embryo.
7. Nature of Man. 31. Diseases of Women.
8. Generation. 32. Barrenness.
9. Nature of the Child. 33. Superfoetation.
10. Articulations. 34. Seven Months’ Child.
11. Humours. 35. Hight Months’ Child.
12. Nutriment. 36. Diseases of Girls.
13. Sores. 37. Nature of Women.
14. Sacred Disease. 38. Excision of Foetus.
15. Diseases. 39. Prorrhetic I., II.
16. Affections. 40. Fistulae.
17. Internal A ffections. 41. Hemorrhoids.
18. Regimen. 42. Coan Prenotions.
19. Dreams. 43. Bpidemics.
20. Sight. . 44. Letters.
21. Critical Days. 45. Address at the Altar.
22. Aphorisms. 46. Speech of the Envoy.
23. Prognostic. 47. Decree.
24. Regimen in Acute Diseases. 48. Letters of Democritus.
This list conforms to the ‘‘M” type.
Holkhamensis 282
Ixvi
HIPPOCRATES
PROGNOSTIC
INTRODUCTION
Tus work has never been attributed to any author
except Hippocrates, but we must remember that
some modern scholars use the term “ Hippocrates ”
in a somewhat peculiar sense.
Its subject is the prognosis of acute diseases in
general, which Hippocrates made his special pro-
vince. I have dealt with prognosis already, and it
only remains to say afew words about the manuscripts
and editions.
The chief authorities for the construction of the
text are M, V, and a tenth-century manuscript 4
called “446 supplément’’ by Littré and C’ by
Kiihlewein. Hollkhamensis 282, which I have ex-
amined, is here practically identical with V, and has
not helped towards the construction of the text.
There is an invaluable commentary by Galen.
C’ is carelessly written, being full of misspellings
which often appear due to writing from dictation.2
On the other hand, there are omissions which prove
conclusively that a scribe’s eye passed from one word
to another, omitting all the intervening syllables.3
The obvious conclusion to draw is that both tran-
1 It contains Prognostic, part of Aphorisms, Epistle to Ptolemy,
and several works of Galen. See Littré 11. 103.
2 E.g. ηισῶν for ἧσσον, εἴη for ἢ, ἢ for εἴη, αἰμείσθω for
ἐμείσθω, εὔκριτοι for εὔκρητοι.
3 See e.g. pp. 23, 26, 45, 50.
INTRODUCTION
20
PROGNOSTIC, νπι.--ἰχ.
33
ΠΡΟΓΝΩΣΤΙΚΟΝ
34
PROGNOSTIC, xvi.—xvu.
and they are omitted in the Paris MS. 2269. They are
deleted by Ermerins, Reinhold and Kiihlewein. See also
Littré’s long note on the passage.
2 After νοσήματος the MSS. have ὡς, which I delete as a
repetition of the last syllable of νοσήματος.
41
ΠΡΟΓΝΩΣΤΙΚΟΝ
44
PROGNOSTIC, xx.—xxi1.
woul!
eit Οὐ ΒΒ ὅθ.6} }Ὁ9 ΔῊ .
artes "poetry es Nicks # pal OTHE, ype yy ‘Tour
VOL. Ti ε ΟἿ
ITEPI AITATTHS *"OZEON
63
ΠΕΡῚ ΔΙΑΙΤῊΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
2 ΄ = \ "Ὁ , 5)
ἢa μεγάλας βλάβας. ἀκαταμάθητα οὖν καὶ τάδ
ἐστίν, διὰ τί ἄρα ἐν τῇσιν ὀξείῃσι νούσοισιν οἱ μὲν
/ fol / ΄
διδόντες ἀδιηθήτους
4
Kal νομίζουσιν
/
ὀρθῶς
lal
in-
τρεύειν, οἱ δέ τινες περὶ παντὸς ποιέονται, ὅπως
΄ / \ δ
e
κριθὴν μηδεμίαν καταπίῃ ὁ κάμνων---μεγάλην
\ ,
a x
αὐτῶν οὔτ᾽ ἂν πτισάνην παχεῖαν δοῖεν οὔτε
χυλόν: οἱ μὲν μέχρι ἂν ἑβδομαῖος γένηται, οἱ
\ if x ° /
15 τούτων.
1 After εἰδέναι the MSS. have ὁκόσα τε or καὶ ὁπόσα. I
have deleted ὁπόσα, on the ground that there are not
two classes of points ἄξια γραφῆς, but only one, which
contains things that are both ἐπίκαιρα εἰδέναι and μεγάλας
βλάβας φέροντα ἢ μεγάλας ὠφελείας.
68
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DISEASES, vu.-vin.
5 A sort of assafoetida,
81
ΠΕΡῚ ΔΙΑΙΤῊΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
83
ΠΕΡῚ AIAITHS OZEQN
85
ΠΕΡῚ ΔΙΑΙΤῊΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
i
τοισιν ἐγένετο οὐ μεταβάλλοντος τοῦ σωματος
οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ῥώμην, ὥστε προσθέσθαι δεῖν σιτία,
φ lal 4
\
XXXVIII. Προστεκμαρτέα δὴ καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς καὶ
ὁ τρόπος τοῦ νοσήματος ἑκάστου καὶ τῆς φύσιος
1 μεταβάλλουσι A (A? adding -v): μεταβάλλοντι MV:
μεταβληθείς Kiihlewein. I retain the reading of A, taking
it to be a dative of disadvantage.
92
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DISEASES, xxxvu.—xxxvit.
93
VOL. 11 r
ΠΕΡῚ ΔΙΑΙΤῊΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
94
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DJSEASES, xxxvu.—xxxix,
97
ΠΕΡῚ ΔΙΑΙΤῊΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
XLII. ’Eviote δὲ καὶ ὠμὰ ἐπισπῶνται ἀπὸ τῆς
κεφαλῆς καὶ τοῦ περὶ θώρηκα τόπου χολώδεα"
ἀγρυπνίαι τε συνεμπίπτουσιν αὐτοῖσι, δι᾿ ἃς οὐ
πέσσεται ἡ νοῦσος, περίλυποι δὲ καὶ πικροὶ
γίνονται καὶ παραφρονέουσι, καὶ μαρμαρυγώδεά
σφεων τὰ ὄμματα καὶ αἱ ἀκοαὶ ἤχου μεσταὶ καὶ
τὰ ἀκρωτήρια κατεψυγμένα καὶ οὖρα ἄπεπτα
καὶ πτύσματα λεπτὰ καὶ ἁλυκὰ καὶ κεχρωσμένα
ἀκρήτῳ χρώματι σμικρὰ καὶ ἱδρῶτες περὶ τράχη-
Ι0 λον καὶ διαπορήματα καὶ πνεῦμα προσπταῖον ἐν
τῇ ἄνω φορῇ πυκνὸν ἢ μέγα λίην, ὀφρύες δεινώσιος
μετέχουσαι, λειποψυχώδεα πονηρὰ καὶ τῶν ἱμα-
τίων ἀπορρίψιες ἀπὸ τοῦ στήθεος καὶ χεῖρες
τρομώδεες, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ χεῖλος τὸ κάτω σείεται.
ταῦτα δ᾽ ἐν ἀρχῇσι παραφαινόμενα παραφροσύνης
δηλωτικά ἐστι σφοδρῆς, καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ
θνήσκουσιν' οἱ δὲ διαφεύγοντες ἢ μετὰ ἀποστή-
ματος ἢ αἵματος ῥύσιος ἐκ τῆς ῥινὸς ἢ πῦον παχὺ
19 πτύσαντες διαφεύγουσιν, ἄλλως δὲ οὔ.
XLUI. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων ὁρῶ ἐμπείρους
τοὺς ἰητρούς, ὡς χρὴ διαγινώσκειν τὰς ἀσθενείας
ἐν τῇσι νούσοισιν, αἵ τε διὰ κενεαγγίην ἀσθε-
νεῦνται, αἵ τε δι᾿ ἄλλον τινὰ ἐρεθισμόν, αἵ τε διὰ
πόνον καὶ ὑπὸ ὀξύτητος τῆς νούσου, ὅσα τε ἡμέων
ἡ φύσις καὶ ἡ ἕξις ἑκάστοισιν ἐκτεκνοῖ πάθεα καὶ
εἴδεα παντοῖα" καίτοι σωτηρίην ἢ θάνατον φέρει
8 γινωσκόμενα καὶ ἀγνοεύμενα τὰ τοιάδε.
XLIYV. Μέξον μὲν γὰρ κακὸν ἐστιν, ἣν διὰ τὸν
πόνον καὶ τὴν ὀξύτητα τῆς νούσου ἀσθενέοντι
1 «Unrelieved,” ‘‘ pure.”
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DISEASES, xin —xtiv.
10!
ΠΕΡῚ AIAITHE OZEQN
14 A: ἐνείη MV(V has also ἐνείη for the former ἧ). Galen
recognises two readings, 7 and évin.
118
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DISEASES, vcxir.-vxiv.
124
REGIMEN IN ACUTE DISEASES, cxvut.
125
a mel ;
nih armireean ἐοὺτhid
vrP,
δee
-i
caarld
Gr βϑοκοσε,
ΤῊΣ
fel᾿λμιν τοί σι te ‘ogo walls.
μεθα πάρ. φησ ὐπὶν αὐταἴθάηκον ἃ:
t= Sos λούρέδινε 2
© alent ia eee Ὁ
ennua
ik iepete di ΤΑ Ψ re
οἵ the ay ᾿
Wee
ane
THE. SACRED: DISEASE
-
APANZIG ἀπολο ΒΗ
INTRODUCTION
Tuts book was apparently known to Bacchius,}
and is referred to by Galen? without his mentioning
the author’s name. It is in Erotian’s list of the
genuine works of Hippocrates.
Modern critics are by no means agreed about
either its authorship or its merits. Littré® has very
little to say about it. Ermerins regards it as the
patchwork composition of a second-rate sophist much
later than Hippocrates. Gomperz* speaks of the
“wonderfully suggestive formula” invented by its
author, and calls him pugnacious and energetic.
Wilamowitz® rates it very highly indeed, and con-
siders that it was written by the author of Airs
Waters Places. Wellmann ® believes it was written
in opposition to the Sicilian school, including Diocles,
who believed in incantations. An English writer?
speaks of it as “a masterpiece of scientific sanity;
broad in outlook, keen and ironical in argument and
humane in spirit.”
One point at least is certain—The Sacred Disease
cannot be independent of dirs Waters Places. [11
will be convenient to quote the parallel passages
side by side.
' See Littré, I. 137.
* XVII. pt. 2.,.341 and XVIII. pt. 2., 18.
3 VI, 350 foll. 4 Greck Thinkers, I. 311-313.
ὃ Griechisches Lesebuch, 269, 270.
6 Fragmentensammlung, I. 30, 31.
7 John Naylor in Hibbert Journal (Oct., 1909) , Luke the
Physician and Ancient Medicine,
129
INTRODUCTION
X.
ὁ γὰρ γόνος πανταχύθεν ὃ γόνος ἔρχεται πάντοθεν
ε Ν Ψ ’, < = μὴ ,
ἘΞ ΝΥ “
τοῦτο τὸ νόσευμα τῶν λοι-
΄“ f. ΄“
νοῦσον ταύτην. V.
΄ 4
πίπτειν μούνοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς
7 Γ 9 X “
137
HEPI“IEPH> “NOYS0Y
. Περὶ τῆς ἱερῆς νούσου καλεομένης WO EXEL.
Ji II \ fol e an 4 , ἢ δ᾽ ”
᾽ , , a rn » / 3
οὐδέν τί μοι δοκεὶ τῶν ἄλλων θειοτέρη εἰναι
νούσων οὐδὲ ἱερωτέρη, ἀλλὰ φύσιν μὲν EXEL καὶ
΄ὔ > Aw Ae / ᾽ \ / \ ΝΜ \
A * \ 5) /
πρῆγμα 3 εἶναι ὑπὸ ἀπειρίης Kal θαυμασιότητος,
ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔοικεν ἑτέροισι" καὶ κατὰ μὲν τὴν
/
5 @ omits μηδέ.
δ @ has the plural throughout this sentence.
7M has ἂν after Λιβύων but not after ovdSeva. 6: have
οὐδὲν ἄν. It is therefore probable that it should be in both
places.
8 The MSS. are here unintelligible. The text is Littré’s.
143
ΠΕΡῚ IEPHZ NOYZOY
emends Chapter I and reads here τῶν λοιπῶν, GAN ἀπὸ ταὐτοῦ
γίγνεσθαι ap ὅτου καὶ τἄλλα πάντα, καὶ ἰητὸν εἶναι κιτιλ. I
believe that not only has there been corruption due to com-
parison, but also glosses have crept in.
4 @has ὡς for ὥστε ἤδη.
5 @ has σπληνίας.
ὃ εἴχετο νοσήματι, τούτῳ Reinhold: εἴχετο τούτω τῶ
νοσήματι θι.
αἴ
ΠΕΡῚ IEPHZ NOYLOY
1 καθὸ M: καθότι θ.
3 πνεῦμα most MSS. : αἷμα θ.
154
THE SACRED DISEASE, v1i.-vin.
r55
ΠΕΡῚ ΙΕΡΗΣ NOYZOY
1:51
ΜΟΙ. Η
ΠΕΡῚ IEPH= NOYZOY
7 φλέγμα θ: πνεῦμα M. 8 és M: én 6.
® μήτε ἐς Tas κοιλίας is in M but is omitted by θ, perhaps
rightly.
10 ἐς M: ἐπὶ θ.
159
ΠΕΡῚ ΙΕΡΗΣ ΝΟΥΣΟΥ͂
54 ἐφρόνησαν.
XI. Kal ὅσα μὲν σμικρὰ παιδία κατάληπτα
\ ,
ἐόντα οὐ δύναται
> / ΄
φλέβια λεπτὰ
/ \ 7
KaTappoov ΄
ποιήσηται, ἢ ἐς Tas
ἡ \
ἐπὶ θάτερα,
,
περιγίνεται ἐπίσημα éovtas \ ἢἋ yap
\
στόμα
,
παρέσπασται ἢ ὀφθαλμὸς ἢ χεὶρ ἢ αὐχὴν, ὁπόθεν
rx? \ x > / e
I
10
ἂν τὸ φλέβιον πληρωθὲν τοῦ φλέγματος κρατηθῇ
\ “ / rn
ΩΝ Ν
20
, be
μέλεα εἰκὸς εἰναι, των φλεβῶν κακωθεισῶν.
AN 3 n lal la
οἷσι
e
1 κρατέει 0: κατακρατέει M.
τόδε M: τῷδε θ.
3 διακόψης M: διακόψας οραις (sic) θ.
ΠΕΡῚ ΙΕΡΗΣ NOYZOY
177
ΠΕΡῚ IEPH= ΝΟΥΣΟΥ͂
182
THE SACRED DISEASE, χχι.
183
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Pre AARE
INTRODUCTION
Tue little treatise called The Art has as its object
to prove that there is such a thing as an art of
medicine. After a few preliminary remarks, in
which the writer attacks the unreasonableness of
denying the reality of a thing which is seen to exist,
the art of medicine is’ defined as the relief of
suffering caused by disease, and the refusal to treat
incurable disorders. Then four objections are dealt
with in some detail. Detractors are said to urge :-—
(1) That cures are due to luck;
(2) That patients often recover without medical
help;
(3) That some patients die although treated by a
physician ;
(4) That physicians refuse to treat some diseases,
knowing that they are powerless.
After meeting these objections the writer goes on to
divide diseases into two main classes, external and
internal. ‘The former are said to be easy to cure,
the latter difficult. These difficulties are then dis-
cussed at some length, and the failures that occur
are attributed to circumstances, not to medicine
itself. *
It is quite plain from even a cursory reading of
the treatise that its author was not ἃ physician.
His interest lies in subtle reasonings and in literary
style, not in science. Besides this, in the last
186
INTRODUCTION
VOI. 11 I
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ
I. Εἰσί τινες οἱ τέχνην πεποίηνται τὸ τὰς
τέχνας αἰσχροεπεῖν, ὡς μὲν οἴονται οὐ τοῦτο
διαπρησσόμενοι ὃ ἐγὼ λέγω, ἀλλ᾽ ἱστορίης
οἰκείης ἐπίδειξιν ποιεύμενοι. ἐμοὶ δὲ τὸ μέν τι
τῶν μὴ εὑρημένων ἐξευρίσκειν, ὅ τι καὶ εὑρεθὲν
κρέσσον ἢ ἢ ἀνεξεύρετον, συνέσιος δοκεῖ ἐπιθύ-
μημά τε καὶ ἔργον εἶναι, καὶ τὸ τὰ ἡμίεργα ἐς
τέλος ἐξεργάζεσθαι ὡσαύτως: τὸ δὲ λόγων οὐ
καλῶν τέχνῃ τὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὑρημένα αἰσχύνειν
Ι0 προθυμεῖσθαι, ἐπανορθοῦντα μὲν μηδέν, διαβἀλ-
λοντα δὲ τὰ τῶν εἰδότων πρὸς τοὺς μὴ εἰδότας
ἐξευρήματα, οὐκέτι συνέσιος δοκεῖ ἐπιθύμημά τε
καὶ ἔργον εἶναι, ἀλλὰ κακαγγελίη μᾶλλον φύσιος
ἢ ἀτεχνίη: μούνοισι γὰρ δὴ τοῖσιν ἀτέχνοισιν
ἡ ἐργασίη αὕτη ἁρμόζει, φιλοτιμεομένων μέν,
οὐδαμὰ δὲ δυναμένων κακίῃ ὑπουργεῖν ἐς τὸ τὰ
τῶν πέλας ἔργα ἢ ὀρθὰ ἐόντα διαβάλλειν, ἢ οὐκ
ὀρθὰ μωμεῖσθαι. τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἐς τὰς ἄλλας
τέχνας τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἐμπίπτοντας, οἷσι μέλει
20 τε, καὶ ὧν μέλει, οἱ δυνάμενοι κωλυόντων" ὁ δὲ
παρεὼν λόγος τοῖσιν ἐς ἰητρικὴν οὕτως ἐμπο-
ρευομένοις ἐναντιώσεται, θρασυνόμενος μὲν διὰ
τούτους οὺς ψέγει, εὐπορέων δὲ διὰ τὴν τέχνην
A 5 Mirek , : ,
24 ἡ βοηθεῖ, δυνάμενος δὲ διὰ σοφίην 7) πεπαίδευται.
Il. Δοκεῖ δή μοι τὸ μὲν σύμπαν τέχνη εἶναι
1 οὐ τοῦτο διαπρησσόμενοι ὃ ἔγὼ λέγω So Gomperz: οἱ τοῦτο
διαπρησσόμενοι οὐχ ὃ ἐγὼ λέγω Littré with some Paris MSS.
190
PAE ART
I. Some there are who have made an art of
vilifying the arts, though they consider, not that
they are accomplishing the object I mention, but
that they are making a display of their own know-
ledge. In my opinion, however, to discover that
was unknown before, when the discovery of it is
better than a state of ignorance, is the ambition and
task of intelligence, and so is to bring to completion
what was already accomplished in part. On the
other hand, to be eager to bring shame through the
art of abuse upon the discoveries of others, improving
nothing, but disparaging before those who do not
know the discoveries of those who do, seems to me
to be not the ambition and work of intelligence, but
the sign of a nasty nature, or of want of art. Indeed it
becomes only those who are without art to act in this
manner, with the ambition, though not the power,
to indulge their malevolence by disparaging what is
right in their neighbours’ works and by cavilling at
what is amiss. Now as for the attacks of this kind
that are made on the other arts, let them be repelled
by those who care to do so and can, and with regard
to those points about which they care; the present
discussion will oppose those who thus invade the art
of medicine, and it is emboldened by the nature of
those it blames, well equipped through the art it
defends, and powerful through the wisdom in which
it has been educated.
II, Now it seems to me that generally speaking
IgI
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ
192
THE ART, 1-11.
193
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΈΧΝΗΣ
199
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΈΧΝΗΣ
» c / ’ \ ” > 9 -¢ /
οὐχ Ol θεραπεύοντες αὐτοὺς αἴτιοι, AAN ἡ φύσις
ἥ τε τοῦ νοσέοντος ἥ τε τοῦ νοσήματος: ὁ μὲν
γάρ, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἣν αὐτῷ ὄψει ἰδεῖν τὸ μοχθέον οὐ
/ 5 \ > 3 > “ v ἰὃ cal Ν / ἡ δ᾽
A , a , \
ἀκοῇ πυθέσθαι, λογισμῷ μετήει. Kal yap δὴ Kal
ἃ A tei S ͵
ἃ πειρῶνται οἱ τὰ ἀφανέα νοσέοντες ἀπαγγέλλειν
περὶ τῶν νοσημάτων τοῖσι θεραπεύουσιν, δοξά-
= λον > , > X
ζοντες μᾶλλον ἢ εἰδότες ἀπαγγέλλουσιν" εἰ γὰρ
20 ἠπίσταντο, οὐκ ἂν περιέπιπτον αὐτοῖσιν" τῆς γὰρ
αὐτῆς TUVETLOS ἐστιν ἧσπερ TO εἰδέναι τῶν νούσων
lol ’ r
210
ΤΉ ΑΙΒΊ xt:
216
THE ART, xu.—x1v.
217
ton shin οὐ soikagiia, Yk, ee
ας τ τορος neckeek eae ail
“ay, Η .
eHTAGAA
INTRODUCTION
Tuts work, like 716 Art, is a sophistic essay,
probably written to be delivered to an audience.!
The two books are similar in style,? and on this
ground alone we might conjecture that they are not
widely separated in date. The subject matter too
points to the end of the fifth century s.c. as the
time when Breaths was written. Diogenes of
Apollonia, whose date indeed is very uncertain,
though he probably flourished about 430 8.c., had
revived the doctrine that air is the primal element
from which all things are derived. The writer ot
Breaths would prove that air, powerful in nature
generally, is also the prime factor in causing diseases.
He is a rhetorical sophist who, either in earnest or
perhaps merely to show his skill in supporting a
VOL. il team
INTRODUCTION
» , \ / > / \ \ » /
ἐοικέναι TA νοσήματα ἀλλήλοισι διὰ τὴν ἀλλοιό-
tTnTa® τῶν τόπων, ἔστι δὲ μία πασέων νούσων
-“ , / ,
4 After θερμότατα most MSS. have αὗται μὲν οὖν ἄλλαι (ai
ἄλαι H). Reinhold conjectured αὐτοῦ μὲν οὖν ἑάλη.
237
ΠΕΡῚ ΦΥΣΩΝ
238
BREATHS, vit.
239
ΠΕΡῚ ΦΥΣΩ͂Ν
244
BREATHS, χ.- χη.
245
ΠΕΡῚ ΦΥΣΩΝ
3 ἑτεροιουμένου A: ἐξαλλάσσοντος M.
4 After σώματι many MSS. have ὁ ὕπνος τύτε.
249
ΠΈΡΙ ΦΥΣΩ͂Ν
251
ΠΕΡῚ ΦΥΣΩ͂Ν
252
BREATHS, χιν.--χν.
253
VOL. I L
as τος sotalol
lin cad gad > .
ἥλω | ΟΤΈΧΔΝ
> oO 23° ͵ (ainsi 151, oe 481}
Ioo
Re
υῖ UE imo τὺ
>
LAW
INTRODUCTION
THe quaint little piece called Law has been
strangely neglected by scholars. Yet it presents
many fascinating problems, and its style is simple
and graceful.
To date it is difficult. Known to Erotian, it is
mentioned by no other ancient authority. The
internal evidence is very slight, but such as it is
it points to Stoic influence. The piece is too short
for the historian to base any argument upon general
style or subject matter, but the third chapter is so
similar to a well-known passage in Diogenes Laertius
that it is difficult to believe that they did not both
originate in the same school. For the Stoics, of all
ancient sects, were the most fond of analogy and
imagery,! deriving this fondness from the eastern
universities in which their earliest teachers were
educated,
The passage in Diogenes Laertius is VII. 40:
εἰκάζουσι δὲ Low τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, ὀστοῖς μὲν Kal νεύροις
τὸ λογικὸν προσομοιοῦντες" τοῖς δὲ σαρκωδεστέροις τὸ
ἠθικόν: τῇ δὲ ψυχῇ τὸ φυσικόν. ἢ πάλιν wo τὰ μὲν γὰρ
1 See 4. 4. Sextus Empiricus II. 7: Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεὺς ἐρωτηθεὶς
ὅτῳ διαφέρει διαλεκτικὴ ῥητορικῆς, συστρέψας" τὴν χεῖρα καὶ πάλιν
ἐξαπλώσας ἔφη τούτῳ κιτ.λ. and Cicero Academica II. 145:
(Zeno) cum extensis digitis adversam manum ostenderat,
“visum,”’ inquiebat ‘‘huiusmodi est’ etc. Compare the
‘*parabolic” teaching of the New Testament. Possibly the
characteristic was more prominent in Zeno than in other
Stoics.
257
INTRODUCTION
261
ΝΟΜΟΣ
iy ᾿Ιητρικὴ τεχνέων μὲν πασέων ἐστὶν ᾿ cmnpite
νεστάτη" διὰ δὲ ἀμαθίην τῶν τε χρεωμένων αὐτῇ."
καὶ τῶν εἰκῆ τοὺς τοιούσδε κρινόντων, πολύ τι
πασέων ἤδη τῶν τεχνέων ἀπολείπεται. ἡ δὲ
τῶνδε ἁμαρτὰς μάλιστά μοι δοκεῖ ἔχειν αἰτίην
τοιήνδε" πρόστιμον γὰρ ἰητρικῆς μούνης ἐν τῇσι
πόλεσιν οὐδὲν ὥρισται, πλὴν ἀδοξίης" αὕτη δὲ
οὐ τιτρώσκει τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῆς συγκειμένους. ὁμοιό-
τατοι γάρ εἰσιν ὃ οἱ τοιοίδε τοῖσι παρεισαγο-
10 μένοισι προσώποισιν ἐν τῇσι τραγῳδίῃσιν" ὡς
γὰρ“ ἐκεῖνοι σχῆμα μὲν ὃ καὶ στολὴν καὶ πρόσ-
ὡπον ὑποκριτοῦ ἔχουσιν, οὐκ εἰσὶν δὲὑὑποκριταί,
οὕτω καὶ οἱ ἰητροί, φήμῃ μὲν πολλοί, ἔργῳ δὲ
la πάγχυ βαιοί.
Il. Χρὴ γάρ, ὅστις μέλλει ἐἑητρικῆς σύνεσιν
ἀτρεκέως ἁρμόζεσθαι, τῶνδέ μιν ἐπήβολον ὃ yevé-
σθαι: φύσιος: διδασκαλίης" τόπου Ἴ εὐφυέος"
παιδομαθίης: φιλοπονίης: χρόνου. πρῶτον μὲν
οὖν πάντων δεῖ φύσιος" φύσιος 3γὰρ ἀντιπρησ-
σούσης κενεὰ πάντα" 19 φύσιος δὲ ἐς τὸ ἄριστον
ὁδηγεούσης, διδασκαλίη τέχνης γίνεται" ἣν μετὰ
φρονήσιος δεῖ περιποιήσασθαι, παιδομαθέα γενό-
μενον ἐν τόπῳ ὁκοῖος εὐφυὴς πρὸς μάθησιν ἔσται"
10 ἔτε δὲ φιλοπονίην προσενέγκασθαι ἐς χρόνον
' πασῶν ἐστὶν omitted by V. 2 V omits τε and αὐτῇ.
3 V places εἰσιν after τραγῳδίῃσιν.
4 V has καὶ γάρ. > V omits μέν.
262
LAW
I. Mepicine is the most distinguished of all the
arts, but through the ignorance of ‘those who practise
it, and of those who casually judge such practitioners,
it is now of all the arts by far the least esteemed.
The chief reason for this error seems to me to be
this: medicine is the only art which our states have
made subject to no penalty save that of dishonour,
and dishonour does not wound those who are com-
pacted of it. Such men in fact are very like the
supernumeraries in tragedies. Just as these have
the appearance, dress and mask of an actor without
being actors, so too with physicians; many are
physicians by repute, very few are such in reality.
II. He who is going truly to acquire an under-
standing of medicine must enjoy natural ability,
teaching, a suitable place, instruction from childhood,
diligence, and time. Now first of all natural ability
is necessary, for if nature be in opposition everything
isin vain. But when nature points the way to what
is best, then comes the teaching of the art. This
must be acquired intelligently by one who from a
child has been instructed in a place naturally suit-
able for learning. Moreover he must apply diligence
6 V has μὴν and ἐπήβολος ; so apparently Vat. Gr. 277.
7 For τόπου M has τρόπου. So too below.
8 The order in V is φύσιος" παιδομαθίης: diSackadlns: τόπου
εὐφυέος: φιλοπονίης: χρόνου. ® V has ταύτης for φύσιος.
10 V has πάντα Keved.
263
ΝΟΜΟΣ
a & } 7 uf ‘ tL. Vy 5
. MUAODAG Ὁ
INTRODUCTION
Tuis tract, so far as I can trace, is mentioned by
no ancient author.
Strange ideas are current as to its date. The
writer in Pauly-Wissowa (s.v. “ Hippocrates 16”’)
says briefly “Zeit 350 v. Chr.” It has even been
connected with Ancient Medicine.
An examination of its style and language shows
that this date is much too early. The broken
grammar, strange expressions, and queer turns are
too numerous to be explained by the corruptness of
the manuscript tradition. They indicate a late date,
and probably an imperfect knowledge of Greek. 1
would in particular call attention to the following
unusual expressions, rare compounds and ἅπαξ
λεγόμενα.
τὰς μηδὲν ἐς χρέος πιπτούσας διαλέξιας.
ἱδρῶτας τίθενται βλέποντες.
νομοθεσίην τίθενται ἀναίρεσιν.
ἀγορὴν ἐργαζόμενοι.
πικροὶ πρὸς τὰς συναντήσιας.
εὔκρητοι ** good-tempered.”
ἀνάστασις ** disturbance.”
ἀποσίγησις * silence.”
ἐνθυμηματικός “skilled in argument.”
λημματικός “ quick to seize.”
ἀποτερματίζεσθαι “ to turn towards,”
ἀπαρηγόρητος * inexorable.”
INTRODUCTION
ἀπάντησις “ pugnacity.”
ἀπεμπόλησις “sale.
ἐγκατάντλησις “‘ washing.”
παρέξοδος “traveller's case.”
παλαίωσις “a growing old.”
προδιαστέλλεσθαι “to give a positive opinion
beforehand.”
καταστολὴ “moderation.”
ἀνακυρίωσις ‘authoritative affirmation.”
ἀταρακτοποιησίη “acting with perfect com-
posure.
ἀδιάπτωτος “infallible.”
ἀβλεπτέω “not to see.”
ὑπόδεξις “solicitous attention” (as to ἃ
guest).
This list by no means exhausts the peculiar words.
I would also lay stress upon the late words εἴδησις,
εἰδῆσαι, and the constant use of the preposition πρός
im a variety of relations.!
The general tortuousness of the style is a further
indication of late date. The subject matter, again,
of the first four chapters is similar to the common-
place moralizing which was the result of Stoicism
when it became a rule of life. There is indeed
nothing in the tract peculiar to Stoic philosophy,
except perhaps the word ἡγημονικός in Chapter IV.
But the picture of the true philosopher in Chapter
III will, I think, be considered by most readers to
1 The queerness of the diction of Decorum (there is
scarcely a sentence which can fairly be called normal) con-
vinces me that we are dealing with an address purposely
written in a quaint and obscure manner. It is the language
of a secret society, and some parts are completely un-
intelligible. See pp. 272-276.
270
INTRODUCTION
274
INTRODUCTION
275
INTRODUCTION
277
ΠΕΡῚ ΕΥ̓ΣΧΗΜΟΣΎΥΎΝΗΣ
I. Οὐκ ἀλόγως οἱ προβαλλόμενοι τὴν σοφίην
πρὸς πολλὰ εἶναι χρησίμην, ταύτην δὴ" τὴν ἐν
τῷ βίῳ. αἱ γὰρ πολλαὶ πρὸς περιεργίην deslgee
ται γεγενημέναι" devo δέ, αὗται αἱ μηδὲν ἐς "
χρέος τῶν πρὸς ἃ διαλέγονται: ληφθείη δ᾽ ἂν
τουτέων “μέρεα ἐς ἐκεῖνο, ὅτι ὅπη 3 οὐκ ἀργίη, οὐδὲ
μὴν κακίη: τὸ γὰρ σχολάζον καὶ ἄπρηκτον ζητεῖ
ἐς κακίην ἃ καὶ ἀφέλκεται" ὃ τὸ δ᾽ ἐγρηγορὸς καὶ
πρός τι τὴν διάνοιαν ἐντετακὸς ἐφειλκύσατό τι
10 τῶν πρὸς καλλονὴν βίου τεινόντων. ἐῶ δὲ
τουτέων ὁτὰς μηδὲν ἐς χρέος πιπτούσας διαλέξιας" Ἷ
χαριεστέρη γὰρ καὶ ὃ mp8 ἕτερόν τι ἐς τέχνην
πεποιημένη, τέχνην δὴ1) πρὸς εὐσχημοσύνην
14 καὶ δόξαν.
Il. Πᾶσαι γὰρ ai μὴ μετ᾽ αἰσχροκερδείης καὶ
ἀσχημοσύνης καλαί, jor μέθοδός τις ἐοῦσα
1 δὲ M: δὴ Littré. 2 és omitted by M.
3 és ἐκεῖνα, ἢ ὕτι M: ἐς ἐκεῖνο, ὅτι ban Littré: ἐς ἐκείνην,
ὅτι Ermerins.
4 (ητέει ἐς κακίην M and Littré: ζηγτέει κακίην Ermerins.
σι
ἀφέλκεται M: ἀφέλκεσθαι Littré: ἐφέλκεται Ermerins.
6 ἑωυτοῦ: τουτέων τὰς M: ἐῶ δὲ τουτέων τὰς Littré.
7 διαλέξιας Μ and Littré: διαλέξιος Ermerins.
® καὶ πρὸς M and Ermerins: ἡ πρὸς Littré.
® After ὃἕτερον the MSS. have μέν.
10 πεποιημένην M.
11 τέχνην δὲ τὴν πρὸς M and Littré: ταύτην δὴ τὴν πρὸς
Ermerins. ἣν
12 κακείνοισι M: καλαὶ for Littréd,
278
DECORUM
I. Nor without reason are those who present
as useful for many things wisdom, that is, wisdom
applied to life. Most kinds of wisdom, indeed, have
manifestly come into being as superfluities; I mean
those which confer no advantage upon the objects
that they discuss. Parts thereof may be tolerated
up to this point, that where idleness is not neither is
there evil. Idleness and lack of occupation tend—
nay are dragged—towards evil. Alertness, however,
and exercise of the intellect, bring with them
something that helps to make life beautiful. I leave
out of account mere talk that leads to no useful
purpose.! More gracious is wisdom that even with
some other object? has been fashioned into an art,
provided that it be an art directed towards decorum
and good repute.
II. Any wisdom, in fact, wherein works some
scientific method, is honourable if it be not tainted
Ta πλεῖστα O ἰητρὸς
“ Ν lal Nak \ -“ « > \
\7 TLS, OTL Και TAUTA KAL
ἔχει.
ΥΙ. Καὶ γὰρ μάλιστα ἡ περὶ θεῶν εἴδησις ἐν
vow αὐτῇ 5 ἐμπλέκεται: ἐν γὰρ τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι
πάθεσι καὶ ἐν συμπτώμασιν εὑρίσκεται τὰ πολλὰ
πρὸς θεῶν ἐντίμως κειμένη ἡ ἰητρική. οἱ δὲ
ἰητροὶ θεοῖσι παρακεχωρήκασιν' οὐ yap ἔνι
περιττὸν ἐν αὐτῇ TO δυναστεῦον. Kal yap οὗτοί
an - \
201
M 3
ΠΕΡῚ ΕΥ̓ΣΧΗΜΟΣΥΝΗΣ
1 M reads προσδιαστέλλεσθαι.
2 ἁπάντων M: ἀπαντῶν Littré without comment. He prob-
ably followed some Paris MS. 3 Query, ἔφθασεν.
οὐ γὰρ ἣν τὸ ἐπικουρῆσον.
> \ 3
a
πολλὰ \ γὰρ
\ 5 \
ἅμα
A
τὰἊΝ
ποιέοντά τι χαλεπόν: τὸ" γὰρ καθ᾽ ἕν κατ᾽
10 ἐπακολούθησιν εὐθετώτερον καὶ ἐμπειρότερον.
XIV. ᾿Επιτηρεῖν δὲ χρὴ καὶ τὰς ἁμαρτίας τῶν
καμνόντων, δι’ ὧν πολλάκις ὃ διεψεύσαντο ἐν
/ , a / 3 ὃ ΄ >
297
ΠΕΡῚ ΕΥ̓ΣΧΗΜΟΣΥΝΗΣ
300
DECORUM, χνπι.
301
Ἰά'διοώτω Βέτρμ ἔνεσδα sepia’ pata
Chink fw ἀξέρῤον
a οὐδ we ησ pit
fay
PHYSICIAN
~
-
VAIDICYHS |
ime
=
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
In order to give a fairly complete account of what
was anciently considered good manners and good
behaviour for doctors I must add to Law, Oath,
Precepts and Decorum the first chapter of the work
Physician.
Very little is known about the position of Physician
in the history of medicine. “Cet opuscule,” says
Littré,’! “n’est mentionné par aucun des anciens
critiques.” And later on; “Dans le silence des
anciens commentateurs il n’est pas possible de se
faire une idée sur l’origine del’opuscule
du Médecin.’’?
After the first chapter the piece goes on to dis-
cuss the arrangement of the surgery, the preparation
of bandages, instruments, and so forth. Then follows
a short discussion of tumours and sores, and the
book finishes with a recommendation to a student
to attach himself to mercenary troops in order to
have practice in surgery *—a fairly sure indication
of a date later than 400 B.c.
1.1: 412: a J. 414:
3 Ἔν τῇσι κατὰ πόλιν diatpiBho: βραχεῖά τίς ἐστι τούτων ἣ
χρῆσις: ὀλιγάκις γὰρ ἐν παντὶ τῷ χρόνῳ γίνονται πολιτικαὶ
στρατιαὶ καὶ πολεμικαί: συμβαίνει δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα πλειστάκις
καὶ συνεχέστατα περὶ τὰς ξενικὰς στρατιὰς γίνεσθαι. τὸν μὲν
οὖν μέλλοντα χειρουργεῖν στρατεύεσθαι δεῖ καὶ παρηκολουθηκέναι
στρατεύμασι ξενικοῖς: οὕτω γὰρ ἂν εἴη γεγυμνασμένος πρὸς
ταύτην τὴν χρείαν. Chapter XIV.
395
INTRODUCTION
399
IEPI IHTPOY
CHAPTER I
Tue dignity of a physician requires that he should
look healthy, and as plump as nature intended him
to be; for the common crowd consider those who
are not of this! excellent bodily condition to be
unable to take care of others. Then he must be
clean in person, well dressed, and anointed with
sweet-smelling unguents that are not in any way
suspicious. ‘This, in fact, is pleasing to patients.
The prudent man must also be careful of certain
moral considerations?— not only to be silent,
but also of a great regularity of life since
thereby his reputation will be greatly enhanced; he
must be a gentleman in character, and being this he
must be grave and kind to all, For an over-forward
1 The οὕτως of this sentence is not otiose: ‘*those who
are not well off in these respects” (1.6. of a healthy com-
plexion and not too thin). Ermerins emendation to αὐτοί is
therefore not necessary, though it is ingenious.
* Bensel’s reading will mean ‘‘ the following are important
characteristics of a prudent soul.”
3 It is easy to understand εἶναι with εὔτακτον from the εἶναι
in the clause after the parenthesis. This understanding of
a word or phrase in a first clause, which is actually used in a
second clause, being unknown in modern English, is often a
cause of obscurity.
312
THE PHYSICIAN, 1.
obtrusiveness is despised, even though it may be
very useful. Let him look to the liberty of action
that is his; for when the same things are rarely
presented to the same persons there is content.!_ In
appearance, let him be of a serious but not harsh
countenance; for harshness is taken to mean arro-
gance and unkindness, while a man of uncontrolled
laughter and excessive gaiety is considered vulgar,
and vulgarity especially must be avoided. In every
social relation he will be fair, for fairness must be
of great service. The intimacy also between
physician and patient is close. Patients in fact
put themselves into the hands of their physician,
and at every moment he meets women, maidens
and possessions very precious indeed. So towards all
these self-control must be used. Such then should
the physician be, both in body and in soul.
1 So Littré. But it is more than doubtful if the Greek
will bear this meaning. The reading of V (σκοπὸν) points to
corruption of the text, as does the σπανίως ἔχουσιν of the
MSS.
2 Bensel’s emendation to the dative is very attractive, and
is probably right: ‘‘for on many occasions one must come to
the help of fairness.”
313
VOL. 11 N
prom nepelree Lindudtes
. mbhenca es onilts ou) After χεῤϑένρύη
}
|
ete
DENTITION
INTRODUCTION
Or this short piece Littré! says: “Ce trés court
fragment n’est cité par aucun ancien commentateur,
rien ne peut nous faire deviner de qui il est, ni ou
il a été pris.” In his Argument he begins: “Cet
opuscule est rédigé dans la forme aphoristique, et,
tout court quil est, il témoigne que l’auteur avait
étudié, non sans fruit, l’état des enfants a la
mamelle et leurs maladies.”2
Adams’? remarks are very similar: “This little
tract is destitute of any competent evidence of its
authenticity. Some of the observations contained
in it bespeak a familiar acquaintance with the
diseases of infancy.”
The account in Pauly-Wissowa is even scantier in
its information: “ein Blittchen iiber das Zahnen
der Kinder, wie das vorige weder von Galen noch
Erotian erwahnt.”
In spite of these rather discouraging remarks
Dentition is a work of no little interest. In the
first place it is written in aphorisms, and like most
medical aphorisms deals with prognosis rather than
treatment. Then again it is curiously short and
abrupt, and the reader wonders why it was written
in the present form, The answer to this puzzle may
1]. p. 415. 2 VIII. p. 542.
SO Violy eps 124,
317
INTRODUCTION
227
ΠΕΡῚ OAONTO®YIH2
I. Τὰ φύσει εὔτροφα τῶν παιδίων οὐκ ἀνάλογον
τῆς σαρκώσεως ἷ καὶ τὸ γάλα θηλάζει.
II. Τὰ βορὰ καὶ πολὺ ἕλκοντα γάλα οὐ πρὸς
λόγον σαρκοῦται.
III. Ta πολὺ διουρέοντα τῶν θηλαζόντων
ἥκιστα ἐπιναύσια.3
IV. Οἷσιϑ πολλὴ φέρεται ἡ κοιλίη καὶ εὐ-
πεπτοῦσιν, ὑγιεινότερα: ὁπόσοισιν ὀλίγη, βοροῖ-
σιν ἐοῦσι καὶ μὴ ἀνάλογον τρεφομένοισιν," ἐπίνοσα.
V. Ὁπόσοισιδ δὲ πολὺ γαλακτῶδες ἀπε-
μεῖται, κοιλίη συνίσταται.
VI. Ὁπόσοισιν ἐν ὀδοντοφυΐῃ ἡ κοιλίη πλείω
ὑπάγει ἧσσον σπᾶται ἢ ὅτῳ ὀλιγάκις.
VII. Ὁπόσοισιν ἐπὶ ὀδοντοφυΐῃ πυρετὸς ὀξὺς
ἐπιγίγνεται ὀλιγάκις σπῶνται.
VIIL. Ὁπόσα ὀδοντοφυεῦντα εὔτροφα μένει
καταφορικὰ ἐόντα κίνδυνος σπασμὸν ἴ ἐπιλαβεῖν.
IX. Τὰ ἐν χειμῶνι ὀδοντοφυεῦντα, τῶν ἄλλων
ὁμοίων ἐόντων, βέλτιον ἀπαλλάσσει.
1 σαρκώσεως MSS. : σαρκώσιος Mack.
2 ἐπιναύσια V, Holk. 282, C: ἐνιαύσια vulgate: ναυσίᾳ
Ermerins.
3 οἷσι V: Holk. 282 has ὁκόσοισι in the margin, but οἷσι in
the text.
4 The form of εὐπεπτοῦσιν arouses suspicion,
322
DENTITION
I, Cuttpren who are naturally well-nourished do
not suck milk in proportion to their fleshiness.
II. Children with voracious appetites, and who
suck much milk do not put on flesh in proportion.
ΠῚ. Of sucking children those that pass much
urine are the least subject to vomiting.
IV. Children that pass copious stools and have
good digestion are the more healthy; those that
pass stools scantily, and with voracious appetites are
not nourished in proportion, are unhealthy.?
V. Those that vomit copiously milky matters suffer
from constipation.
V1. Those who while teething have their bowels
moved often are less subject to convulsions than
those who have them moved seldom.
VII. Those who while teething are attacked by
acute fever seldom suffer from convulsions.
VIII. Those who while teething are lethargic
while remaining well-nourished run a risk of being
seized with convulsions.
IX. Those who teethe in winter, other things being
equal, come off better.
1 Or, ‘‘ subject to illness,”
1 For this sense of χειμὼν see e.g. Breaths XIV. τῆς νούσου
καὶ Tov παρεόντος χειμῶνος, and also Ermerins’ note on this
passage. The meaning seems to be that during teething
stormy ‘‘tantrums” on the part of the child are a better
sign than a subdued, semi-comatose state.
3 Perhaps πρὸς λόγον goes with διαχωρεῦντα, though the
order of words is against this, The sense, however, would
be improved. ‘‘ Those who, in proportion, pass more urine
than faeces are better nourished.” So Littré,
324
DENTITION, x.-xvu
327
ΠΕΡῚ ΟΔΟΝΤΟΦΥΙΗΣ
In M we have:
οἱ δε ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ τὰ οὔατα καὶ ἢ γλῶσσα καὶ αἱ
ε 3 ‘ Ν Ἂν » ‘ ε Lol Ν ε
n a
τε. ὡς ἂν μετέχη τοῦ ἠέρος" és δὲ τὴν σύνεσιν. ὁ
ἐγκέφαλός ἐστιν 6 διαγγέλλων.
> , / > «ε /
-τ-τ
τττρρρτ͵ὖὃὋὃἮΒὃϑ
τ
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(Vols. I-IV. 2nd lmp.)
Dioporvus Sicutus. 12 Vols. Vols. IVI. C. H. Oldfather.
Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. Vols. 1X. and X. R. M. Geer.
Vol. XI. F.Walton. (Vol. 1. 3rd Imp., Vols. 11.-IV. 2nd Imp.)
Diocrnrs Larrrius. R.D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (5th Imp.).
Dionysius or HaricarNaAssus: Roman ANTIQUITIES. Spel-
man’s translation revised by Εἰ. Cary. 7 Vols. (Vols. 1.-V.
2nd Imp.)
δ
Epictetus. W. A. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.)
Evuripipes. A.S.Way. 4Vols. (Vols. I.and 1V. 7th Imp., Vol.
11. 8th Imp., Vol. 111. 6th Imp.) Verse trans.
Evsepius: Ecctrsiastican History. Kirsopp Lake and
J.E.L. Oulton. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1. 37d Imp., Vol. 11. 5th Imp.)
GALEN: ON THE Natrurat Facurtizs. A.J.Brock. (4th Imp.)
THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. W.R. Paton. 6 Vols. (Vols. 1.-IV.
5th Imp., Vol. V. 3rd Imp.)
GREEK ELEGY AND JAamBUs with the ANACREONTEA. J. M.
Edmonds. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1. 3rd Imp., Vol. 11. 2nd Imp.)
THE GREEK Bucoric Ports (THEOcRITUs, Bion, Moscuus).
J.M. Edmonds. (7th Imp. revised.)
GREEK MATHEMATICAL WoRKs. Ivor Thomas. 2 Vols. (3rd
Imp.)
Heropes. Cf. THEOpHRASTUS: CHARACTERS.
Heropotus. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4th Imp., Vols.
11. and 1117. 5th Imp., Vol. 1V. 3rd Imp.)
Hesiop anD THE Homeric Hymns. H. G. Evelyn White.
(Τῶν Imp. revised and enlarged.) ἡ
Hippocrates and the FraGMENTS OF H¥reractEitus. W.H.S.
Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4th Imp.,
Vols. 11.---τσῸ. 8rd Imp.)
Homer: Iniap. A. ΤῸ Murray. 2 Vols. (7th Imp.)
Homer: Opysspy. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (8h Imp.)
lJsarus. E. W. Forster. (3rd Imp.)
IsocratEs. George Norlin and LaRue Van Hook. 3 Vols.
(2nd Imp.)
Sr. JoHN DAMASCENE: BARLAAM AND JoAsapH. Rev. G. R.
Woodward and Harold Mattingly. (3rd Imp. revised.)
JosrErpHus. H. Si. J. Thackeray and Ralph Marcus. 9 Vols.
Vols.1-VII. (Vol. V.4th Imp., Vol. Vi. 3rd Imp., Vols. 1.-l1V.
and VII. 2nd Imp.)
JutiaNn Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols. (Vols. I. and 11.
3rd Imp., Vol. 111. 2nd Imp.)
Lucian. A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. 1—V. (Vols. I. and
11. 4th Imp., Vol. 111. 3rd Imp., Vols. 1V. and V. 2nd imp.)
LycopHron. Ci. CALLIMACHUS.
Lyra Grarca. J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I. 5th Imp.
Vol. 11 revised and enlarged, and 111. 4th Imp.)
Lystas. W.R.M. Lamb. (3rd Imp.)
Manetruo. W. G. Waddell: Protemy: Trrrasrstos. F. ἘΠ
Robbins. (3rd Imp.)
Marcus AurE.tius. C.R. Haines. (4th Imp. revised.)
MENANDER. F.G. Allinson. (3rd Imp. revised.)
Minor Arric Oratrors (ANTIPHON, ANDOCIDEs, LycuRGUs,
Demapes, DinarcHus, Hyprreipes). Κα. J. Maidment and
J.O. Burrt. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1. 2nd Imp.)
Nonnos: Dionysiaca. W.H.D. Rouse. 3 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
Oppian, CoLLUTHUS, TRyPHIODORUS. A.W. Mair. (2nd /mp.)
Parpyri. Non-Lirerary SeLectrions. A. 5. Hunt and C. C.
Edgar. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) LirERARY SELECTIONS.
(Poetry). D.L. Page. (3rd Imp.)
6
ParTHENIUsS. Cf. DAPHNIS AND CHLOE.
PAUSANIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. W. H. 5. Jones. 5
Vols. and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley.
(Vols. 1. and III. 3rd Imp., Vols. IL., 1V. and V. 2nd Imp.)
Puito. 10 Vols. Vols. 1—-V.; F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H.
Whitaker Vols. VI.-IX.; F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-II., V.-
VII., 3rd Imp., Vol. IV. 4th Imp., Vols. III., Ν111., and LX.
2nd Imp.)
Puito: two supplementary Vols. (Translation only.) Ralph
Marcus.
PuiLtostratus: THE Lire or AppoLuontus or Tyana. F. C.
Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1. 4th Imp., Vol. 11. 37d Imp.)
PHILOSTRATUS: IMAGINES; CALLISTRATUS: DESCRIPTIONS.
A. Fairbanks. (2nd Imp.)
PurLtostratus and Eunarrius: Lives or THE SopuHists.
Wilmer Cave Wright. (2nd Imp.)
Pinpar. Sir J. E. Sandys. (8th imp. revised.)
PLavo: CHARMIDEs, ALCIBIADES, HipparcHus, THE LOvERs,
THEAGEs, Minos and Eprnomis. W. R. M. Lamb. (2nd
imp.)
Puaro: CrRAtTyLus, PARMENIDES, GREATER ΗἸΡΡΙΑΒ, LESSER
Hippras. H.N. Fowler. (4th Imp.)
Prato: EuraypHro, Apotoay, Criro, PHArDO, PHAEDRUs.
H.N. Fowler. (11th Imp.)
Prato: Lacuss, Proracoras, Meno, EurpyprEmus. W.R. M.
Lamb. (3rd Imp. revised.)
Prato: Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.)
Praro: Lysis, Sympostum Goreras. W. R. M. Lamb. (5th
Imp. revised.)
Prato: Repusric. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 5th Imp.,
Vol. 11. 4th Imp.)
Prato: STATESMAN, PHILEBUs. H.N. Fowler; Ion. W.R. M.
Lamb. (4th Imp.)
Prato: THEArTetus and Sornist. H. N. Fowler. (4th Imp.)
Prato: TimagEus, Cririas, CLIrOopHO, MENEXENUS, EPISTULAE.
Rev. R. G. Bury. (3rd Imp.)
PrurarcH: Moratia. 14 Vols. Vols. I1.-V. F. C. Babbitt.
Vol. VI. W.C. Helmbold. Vol. VII. P. ἘΠ De Lacy and
B. Kinarson. Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. Vol. XII. H.
Cherniss and W.C Helmbold. (Vols. I.-VI. and X. 2nd Imp.)
PiurarcH: THE ParanueL Lives. B. Perrin. 11 Vols.
(Vols. I., I1., VI., VII., and XI. 3rd Imp., Vols. III.-V. and
VIII.-X. 2nd Imp.)
Potysius. W.R. Paton. 6 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
Procopius: History or THE Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols.
(Vol. I. 3rd Imp., Vols. I1.-VII. 2nd Imp.)
Protemy: TETRABIBLOS. Cf. MANETHO.
Quintus SMyrnaEus. Α. 5. Way. Verse trans. (3rd Imp.)
Sextus Empiricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4th
Imp., Vols. 11. and 111. 2nd Imp.)
SopHocites. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1. 10¢h Imp. Vol. IL. 6th
Imp.) Verse trans.
Srraso: ΟΕΟΟΘΒΑΡΗΥ. Horace L. Jones. 8Vols. (Vols. 1. V.,
and VIII. 3rd Imp., Vols. 11., I11., IV., VI., and VIL. 2nd Imp.)
THrorpHrAstTus: CHaAraAcrrers. J. M. Edmonds. Herropsgs,
ete. A. D. Knox. (3rd Imp.)
THEOPHEASTUS: ENQuiryY INTO PuLANts. Sir Arthur Hort,
Bart. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
THucypipEs. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 5th Imp., Vols.
11. and IV. 4th Imp., Vol. 11|., 3rd Imp. revised.)
TrypHioporus. Cf. ΟΡΡΙΑΝ.
XENOPHON: CyropaEpIA. Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I.
4th Imp., Vol. 11. 3rd Imp.)
XENOPHON: HELLENICA, ANABASIS, APOLOGY, and Symposium.
C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 38 Vols. (Vols. I. and Ili
3rd Imp., Vol. 11. 4th Imp.)
XENOPHON: MreMORABILIA and Oxconomicus. Εἰ. C. Marchant
(3rd Imp.)
XENOPHON: Scripta Minora. E. C. Marchant. (γι Imp.)
IN PREPARATION
Greek Authors
ARISTOTLE: History or AnimaAts. A, L. Peck.
Prorinus: A. H. Armstrong.
Latin Authors
Basrius AND PHAEDRUS. Ben HE. Perry.
Hippocrates.
oo