Lesson 1

Title: Buyayang
Form: Ballad
Diction: The poet used simple and conversational language in the text.
Organization: The poem follows a storytelling approach with a clear beginning, middle,
and end.
Selection of detail: The poem describes the daily life of the people in Mindanao,
including their struggles during the war and their simple way of living.
Imagery: The poet uses imagery to convey the beauty of the land and sea, the struggles
of the people, and the impact of war on their lives.
Language devices: The poet uses repetition for emphasis in the refrain "Buyayang
buyayang buyayang," and there is also alliteration in "bugsay bugsay bukton."
Tone: The poem has a tone of nostalgia and sadness as it talks about the hardships
faced by the people.
Speaker POV: The speaker is not identified, but it is likely a member of the community
or someone familiar with the area's history.
Lesson 2-
Title: Jovanie Garray “Time”
Character: The protagonist, an unnamed narrator
Setting: The story takes place on the 25th Sunday of the third month of the year. It is a
sunny day, the breeze is comfortable, and the birds are chirping. The protagonist travels
through a forest, and encounters an old woman who needs help.
Exposition: The narrator is returning home on a sunny day when they encounter an old
woman who collapses in front of them. They help her to regain consciousness and
decide to follow her through the forest.
Rising Action: The protagonist and the old woman walk through the forest without much
communication until they come across two doors. They enter the first door, which leads
them to witness various situations of human hope, desire, and happiness.
Climax: The protagonist asks the old woman why such things happen, but she does not
give any answer. Instead, she leads them to the second door, which symbolizes burning
fire.
Falling Action: The story ends with no resolve to the questions the protagonist has. The
old woman disappears, and the protagonist is left alone.
Denouement: There is no clear resolution or denouement to the story. The reader is left
to interpret the significance of the encounter with the old woman and the two doors.
Theme: The story conveys the idea of the fleeting nature of human existence and the
mystery of life. It suggests that life is full of struggles, hopes, and desires, and people
are left to find their own way through challenges.
Relevant lesson of the story: The story encourages readers to appreciate the time they
have and to focus on their desires, pleasures, and hopes. It also suggests that life is full
of uncertainties, and people should be prepared to face them head-on.
Lesson 3

TITLE: The Dog Eaters

AUTHOR: Lencio P. Deriada
CHARACTER/S:
•Mariana – Victor’s wife.
• A group of Men – Victor’s Friends
•Victor – Mariana’s husband. • Baby – Victor and Mariana child
•Ramir – Victor and Mariana’s pet dog • Aling Elpidia – the fish and vegetable vendor
PLOT:
O Exposition – Early in the morning, victor, mariana’s husband prepare to
Have leisure time with his friends to drink tuba and eat dog meat.
Mariana did not like what Victor’s and his friend do, in that early in the
Morning. She complained on what they do, to eat the dog. She want
That victor to find job instead of wasting his time with his friends to
Drink.
O Rising Action – Little did Victor know that Mariana os bearing another
Child of him. She want to abort the child because she said she don’t
Want a another child again for she can’t handle it in such poverty. So
Her choice is to take the medicine which the old woman give her which
She paid for only 40 pesos.
O Climax – When Victor back home and did not drink with his friends but
Brought a bottle of alcohol, Mariana raise her anger again, and voice
Out her complain. She told Victor about the medicine she bought to the
Vegetable vendor. She told him that she will drink that medicine in order
To get rid off the child in his belly. Then they fight, Victor broke the
Bottle where the medicine is.
O Falling Action – Because of Mariana’s anger, Victor left the house to
Avoid Mariana to stop the fight. But then Mariana get angrier, abd want
To take revenge to victor dog, Ramir. It was then Mariana realize that
The dog knows her plan and the dog ready to fight with her.
O Conclusion – Mariana recovered from her anger, sat in topmost of the
Stair and cried. She feel defeated and nothing else to do.
POINT OF VIEW:
SETTING:
 The other side of Artiaga Street
 In front of Sergio’s Sari- sari store
 It was 10 o’clock, Tuesday morning
STYLE:
 Fiction
THEME:
 Poverty
Lesson 4: Nakking Store
Characters: Linda, Peter, Linda's driver, Peter's bisayan girlfriend, Peter's 2 sons,
narrator (young boy)
Setting: Davao City, specifically Sta. Ana and Bajada
Exposition: The story introduces Linda and Peter, who are a Chinese couple struggling
to have a son to represent their family.
Rising Action: Linda is unable to conceive a son, so they decide to separate ways. Peter
has an affair with a "bad woman" from Bisaya who gives birth to his two sons. Linda
becomes pregnant with her driver after Peter's death in a car accident.
Climax: Their unhealthy marriage and inability to stand up for their love for each other
leads to their relationship's demise, ending with an affair.
Falling Action: None
Denouement: The young boy recalls the story years later, still haunted by the memory
of their relationship's failure.
Theme: The destructive nature of societal expectations and the importance of standing
up for love.
Relevant lesson of the story: The story teaches us that relationships shouldn't be based
on external pressures, but rather on the love and respect a couple has for each other. It
is important to make decisions based on one's own desires and beliefs, not what is
expected by society or others.
Lesson 5:
Title: Black Pearl
Character:
Betty
Bubot
Badjao
Setting:
Samal Island
Golpo sa Dabaw
Exposition:
The narrator and his friends, Betty and Bubot, are having a picnic on Samal Island when
a Badjao approaches them, selling pearls.
Rising Action:
Betty tries on several pieces of jewelry but ultimately decides not to buy any.
The Badjao offers the narrator a black pearl, but he declines.
The Badjao shows the narrator a piece of paper with a drawing of a shirt on it, which he
pulls out to reveal two large black stones that resemble pearls.
Betty buys the stones for two thousand pesos.
Climax: The narrator wonders if the pearls are genuine or not.
Falling Action:
Betty and the narrator examine the pearls further but can't determine their authenticity.
The Badjao offers to sell two more pearls for one thousand pesos, but the narrator
declines.
Denouement: The narrator eventually forgets about the pearls.
Theme:
The dangers of purchasing valuable items from unreliable sources.
The importance of determining the authenticity of valuable items before purchasing
them.
Relevant lesson: Be cautious when purchasing expensive items from potentially
untrustworthy sources. Make sure to do proper research and determine whether or not
a product is legitimate before making a purchase.
Lesson 6
Title: Bunok
Character:
Duday, Beboy, Doring
Setting:
The story takes place in a rural area where Duday and her family live.
Exposition:
The story introduces Duday as she deals with the waste problem in their area. She
observes the effects of improper waste disposal on the environment and tries to find a
solution.
Rising Action:
Duday struggles to get rid of the waste properly. She tries to burn them, but the rain
prevents the fire from igniting. She also attempts to use dead leaves and cardboard, but
they do not burn well. Duday becomes frustrated and angry with the situation.
Climax:
Beboy enters the scene and tells Duday to dispose of the waste properly in the pit.
While moving the waste, Duday accidentally touches a hot object and burns her hand.
Falling Action:
Duday tries to alleviate the pain by cooling her hand and wiping away the tears. She
then decides to dispose of the waste properly and gather other waste materials from
around the house.
Denoument:
Beboy helps Duday dispose of the waste properly. They work together to remove the
waste and clean the area. Duday reflects on the experience and realizes the importance
of proper waste disposal.
Theme:
The story emphasizes the consequences of improper waste disposal and the
importance of proper waste management practices.
Relevant lesson from the story:
Proper waste disposal is crucial in protecting the environment and preventing health
hazards. It is everyone's responsibility to dispose of waste properly

Lesson 7
TITLE: Love in the Cornhusks
AUTHOR: Aida L. Rivera
CHARACTER/S:
•Tinang the protagonist.
•Señor Amado
•Tractor driver.
•Tinang sister
•Priest Señora
•Tito
•Inggo a Bagobo
•Second child
PLOT: Tinang married Inggo a Bagobo, and its already too late that she discovers
That Amado still love her after she read the love letter from Amado.
O Exposition: One day, Constantina Tirol or Tinang, visits her former Señora,
Whom she was working for before she got married.
O Rising action: Before Tinang left from Señora’s house, she was told by her
That there is a letter for her in the drugstore, which also serve as the post
Office of the barrio. By that moment she thought that letter comes from her
Sister.
O Climax: After all, what she does is only to remember her past with Amado
And how she is admired by men in the past until the time comes when she
Needs to leave the place.
O Falling action: In the end, she leaves the place without noticing that her first
Love letter fell down among the cornhusks.
O Conclusion: After Tinang read the love letters from Amado, and remembers
The past with that man, she’s happy to have that man in her life, but she
Realize that’s all in the past now, she move on, and leave the love letter
Without noticing, she leave the letter among her past to that man that her
Love, she leave the place along with her baby.
POINT OF VIEW: The Third person summarize the story for readers.
SETTING:
 One day
 Upon getting inside the house
 Senyora’s House
 By that moment
 Muddy road to her way home
 Kamansi Tree
STYLE:
Narrative style.
THEME:
Love, acceptance, and letting go of the past.
LESSON 8 : SIGABOY BY MACARIU D. TIU
TITLE: SIGABOY, A Fiction story
AUTHOR: MACARIU D. TIU
CHARACTER/s:
 Young Manobo Mangulayon
Dog Toyang
 Amya the wife
Datu Tomaros
 Two groups of people
Eight elderly representatives of Amya’s
Relatives
 Oldest brother of Amya, Sumungsung, The three women
 Amya’s Father
Datu Dumblag
 Warriors
Datu Gaponggo
 Amya’s Aunt
Padre Llopart
 Padre Urious
Prudencio Garcia
 The slave Daksa
Makusang
 Bilto
Sumalay
 The Father of Datu Gaponggo
PLOT: Mangulayon, He had been totally helpless during the first few days after Amya’s
Kidnapping. He was alone among strangers, even if they were his in-laws. He had
stayed less
Than two months in Amya’s village. He had relatives in the poblacion of Sigaboy two
Kilometers away, but he hardly knew them. All his life he had stayed in Malita, coming
to
Sigaboy for the first time to marry Amya. His marriage was all arranged by his brother
Sumungsung. It was a way of extending one’s land and waters, his brother had
explained. He
Was marrying into a big Mandaya family, and the union would increase the prestige and
power
Of their clan which had branches on both sides of Davao Gulf.
O Exposition:
O The dog was leisurely running ahead of him, but it suddenly stopped, sniffing the
Ground
O nervously. Alerted by the dog, the young Manobo laid down a bound wild rooster and
Gripped his spear tightly. He looked around him, quickly scanning the trees for any
Movement. As the dog did not bark, he relaxed a bit. He inspected the ground, and
Made out several human footprints. They belonged to strangers, he thought, or his
Dog wouldn’t have acted nervously. He put his ear to the damp ground, then he raised
His head, his ears perking.
O He inspected the ground again. Mud had caked on the leaves of grass that had been
Trodden repeatedly. The intruders had passed by several hours ago, he concluded. No
Danger there. But what did they want, so near his house? He looked up. Towering
Trees filtered the rays of the late afternoon sun. He had time to investigate. He picked
Up the fowl.
O Rising action: His brother put his arm across his shoulders and led him out of the hall,
His dog following him. Back in the shade of the ilang-ilang tree Mangulayon observed
That Datu Tomaros went to the Bitaogan men who were still arguing among
Themselves. The datu talked to them, and in a very short while, the men quieted down.
O The datu brought the Bitaogan men to the hall. He did much of the talking, and
Presently, the two sides were shaking hands. The datu was truly powerful. The
Negotiation was finally over! And Mangulayon could not contain his excitement. Now,
They were preparing the ritual of the peace pact. They put a piece of fresh rattan on a
Low table, and an egg beside it. The balyan priestess who had been summoned for
The purpose made intonations, and with one quick stroke of a bolo, cut the rattan in
Two, the egg spilling its contents on the table. He was now going to get Amya back.
O Climax: He felt his anger rise inside him. Datu Gaponggo! He simply didn’t
understand
It. Datu Gaponggo already had four wives. Why did he have to steal his wife? Amya,
He called out silently. Amya! He took a handful of ilang-ilang flowers by his side and
Smelled them. He had smelled all the clothings that she had left, but it was the
Ilang-ilang that best reminded him of her. He was going to get her! But how? And
What if she really had chosen to stay in Bitaogan? No, it couldn’t be true! They had
Kept her a prisoner! He was sure of that. He must see her! He must! He crushed the
Ilang-ilang flowers in his hand and rubbed them in his face, his arms, his legs, his
Entire body. He was going to get her.
O Falling action: The father of Datu Gaponggo! He had recognized his son’s kampilan!
Mangulayon raised the kampilan higher, ready to defend himself. To his utter surprise
The old man dropped his kampilan to the ground. The act of submission confused the
Other warriors, paralyzing them.
O Conclusion: Mangulayon felt Amya’s hand pulling him. She was not pushing him, but
Pulling him. She was going away with him! He let Amya lead him. He felt so light, his
Heart pounding with excitement and joy. Amya was finally beside him, running beside
Him, tears streaming down her face. As he was running, many thoughts crowded his
Mind, but he shunted them aside. The most important thing was that Amya was
Beside him, smelling of ilang-ilang that he had missed so much for so long.
POINT OF VIEW: Third person reas the story for listeners/readers.
SETTING: Bitaogan, Davao Gulf in Malita, Tubalan, Lawa, Sumlug, Pantukan, Cuabo
Bay, Mati,
Manay, Pacific Coast, Cape San Agustin, Malita, Sigaboy, Spain, Ingrates, Baganga,
Mamacao,
And Dawan and the Moros of Tagabakid,
STYLE: Narrative style
THEME: Betrayal, revenge, love sacrifice
Lesson 9: “Dili Baya Ko Bugoy” Leoncio P. Deriada
TITLE: “Dili Baya Ko Bugoy”
AUTHOR: Leoncio P. Deriada
CHARACTER/s: The Protagonist. Mr. Peñaflorida,
Lola Pilar,
Nanay
Rudy,
Dr. Babista,
Mrs. Tenorio, .
Mrs. Balicat,
Miss. Lavilla
Mrr. Arroz
Mrs. Del Fierro,
Trining ,
Soling,
Morito, Nesto,
Dong,
Bokbok,
Cenon,
Andong,
Iduk,.
Manuel Conde,
PLOT: The Protagonist in this story, took the woman’s belongings because of the order
Of his
Acquaintance, they have conditions. After the women left, the man entered the house
Without
Permission and took the cover belonging of the woman. He thinks it’s just an
Adventure, heDoesn’t know that this could bring disaster to him.
O Exposition:
Last year, I went to school there in Davao Central Elementary School. But this
Year, My parents transferred me to Calinan because they said they would leave
Me alone in the city, I’m really greedy. It’s not true. The one who accused me of
Being a bad boy is the old villain who is supposed to be the cousin of the
Owner of the abaca plantation in Ventura where we live.
O Rising action:
Because no one knows what he did, days later, it seems like nothing bad has
Happened, they are still enjoying watching your seni as if nothing happened, he
And his friends were still talking, until they left, Until the friends got into a fight
Because of the theft of the woman’s belongings by the male protagonist.
O Climax:
The protagonist just did that, because he wanted to take a shower in Cenon’s
Shower, he didn’t want to do that, but he forced himself to do that thing, later
He regretted it.
O Falling action:
When the protagonist returns home, he feels anger, after being annoyed
And regretting what he did wrong, he starts to fear what might happen to him.
O Conclusion:
He began to pray, asking the Lord for forgiveness for what he had done wrong,
And decided to go home to his parents first, and tell the truth to his mother,
And promised to go to church every Sunday.
POINT OF VIEW: The First person tell his story to the readers
SETTING: Davao Central Elementary School, Calinan, Ventura, Davao City, Bukidnon,
Claveria
Street, Santa Ana Elementary School, and Teodoro Palma Gil Elementary School.
STYLE: Descriptive Style
THEME: Concience, and misdeed immortality.
Lesson 10
TITLE: A poem of solidarity (A poem of national unity)
FORM: Acrostic
Rhyme: Imperfect rhyme
Meter: Informal
DICTION: Concrete
ORGANIZATION: Emotional
SELECTION OF DETAILS: This poem is real
IMAGERY: Organic imagery
Sensory: Metaphor term
Category: Narrative poetry
Contrast: Emotional contrast
LANGUAGE DEVICE: Alliteration
TONE: Attitude
SPEAKER/POV: McKaughan pointed the Iranun people towards the path of being
Able to write their language, thus enabling them to capture oral literature for future
Generations. This is what they wanted: the ability to write in their language like
Others who write Malay, English, and other languages. As one Iranun recently noted,
This literature gives “insight to the community as a whole to appreciate every value
Our ancestors have passed on”.
Lesson 12: Tinaguklo Sa pag Aninaw sa Tuboran By Jovanie B. Garay
TITLE: Tinaguklo Sa pag Aninaw sa Tuboran
AUTHOR: Jovanie B. Garay
FORM: Free verse
Rhyme: End Rhymes
Meter: Informal
DICTION: Idiom
ORGANIZATION: Anapest
SELECTION OF DETAILS: Fiction
IMAGERY: Literal Imagery
Sensory: Metaphor
Category: Epic
Contrast: Subject by subject
LANGUAGE DEVICE: Enjambment
TONE: Feeling
SPEAKER/POV: Jovanie B. Garay, inside the poem it shows it is comparing the life
Lesson 13: Adidas sa Badjao By: Jovanie B. Garay
TITLE: Adidas sa Badjao
AUTHOR: Jovanie B. Garay
FORM: Elegy
Rhyme: Rich rhyme
Meter: Informal
DICTION: Slang Diction
ORGANIZATION: Imagery
SELECTION OF DETAILS: Real
IMAGERY: Kinesthetic imagery
Sensory: Metaphor
Category: Epic
Contrast: Emotional
LANGUAGE DEVICE:
Alliteration
TONE:
Expression
SPEAKER/POV:
Jovanie B. Garay, it shows survival
Lesson 4: Davao, “Unsaon Pagpatay sa Ok-ok by Errol Merquita
TITLE: Unsaon Pagpatay sa Ok-ok
AUTHOR: Errol Merquita
FORM: Free verse
Rhyme: Internal rhyme
Meter: Informal
DICTION: Prose
ORGANIZATION: Thematic
SELECTION OF DETAILS: Real story
IMAGERY: Tactile Imagery
Sensory: Metaphor
Category: Epic
Contrast: Personal contrast
LANGUAGE DEVICE: Synecdoche
TONE: Attitude
SPEAKER/POV: Errol Merquita, In the poem, cockroach can go to heaven