ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP
PRACTICE

A. K. Sarathe

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Engineering Workshop Practice
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 Acknowledgement

The author is grateful to AICTE for their meticulous planning and execution to publish the technical
book for Diploma students.
I sincerely acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewer of the book Prof. Hamid
Zaheer, for making it students’ friendly and giving a better shape in an artistic manner.
This book is an outcome of various suggestions of AICTE members, experts and authors who
shared their opinion and thoughts to further develop the engineering education in our country.
It is also with great honour that I state that this book is aligned to the AICTE Model Curriculum
and in line with the guidelines of National Education Policy (NEP) -2020. Towards promoting education
in regional languages, this book is being translated in scheduled Indian regional languages.
Acknowledgements are due to the contributors and different workers in this field whose published
books, review articles, papers, photographs, footnotes, references and other valuable information
enriched us at the time of writing the book.
Finally, I like to express my sincere thanks to the publishing house, M/s. Khanna Book Publishing
Company Private Limited, New Delhi, whose entire team was always ready to cooperate on all the
aspects of publishing to make it a wonderful experience.

A. K. Sarathe

(v)
 Preface

The “Engineering Workshop Practice Manual’’ is the result of my teaching, teacher-training and
practical experience in this area. The AICTE model curriculum 2019 for diploma engineering &
technology courses has been considered in developing this manual and all the units are covered in a
proper and systematic way in this manual. All the units are supported with relevant theory, figures
and photographs to help students to understand the unit in a better way.
There are total five units in the manual. First unit deals with the carpentry, second unit is about
fitting, third unit focuses on welding, fourth unit discuss about sheet metal working and the fifth
unit deals with electrical house wiring. The manual comprises of total seventeen workshop practical
from P1 to P17 and the same are arranged in hierarchical manner from simple to complex so that
students are not only focus on completing the practical and getting the marks / grades but are also
motivated to create useful products incorporating their creative and critical thinking as well.
The manual format has been fine tuned by senior NITTTR Bhopal faculty to ensure alignment
with outcome based education philosophy. The purpose of writing this manual is to introduce basic
workshop practices to first year engineering diploma students to gain practical experience in using
tools, equipment, instruments, machinery and processes correctly in various engineering shops. Efforts
are made to present basic workshop practice in simplest possible way.
While preparing this manual, different standard text books and manuals of workshop technology
are referred to handle workshop practice problems using critical thinking and performing procedures
correctly. Students are encouraged to explore more information about workshop practice by advising
them to refer standard books on workshop technology and through online links related to workshop
activities.
I, sincerely hope that this engineering workshop practice manual will inspire students to take
active participation in learning various workshop processes, as well as it will motivate teachers to
make students learn with passion.
I am thankful to all suggestions made by stack holders to make this manual beneficial to all
concerned.
It is really a great pleasure to cover and complete this manual for students as well as for teachers.

A. K. Sarathe

(vii)
 Outcome Based Education

For the implementation of an outcome based education the first requirement is to develop an outcome
based curriculum and incorporate an outcome based assessment in the education system. By going
through outcome based assessments, evaluators will be able to evaluate whether the students have
achieved the outlined standard, specific and measurable outcomes. With the proper incorporation of
outcome based education there will be a definite commitment to achieve a minimum standard for all
learners without giving up at any level. At the end of the programme running with the aid of outcome
based education, a student will be able to arrive at the following outcomes (as per NBA guidelines):

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and
assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member

or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering
activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context
of technological changes.

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 Course Outcomes

CO-1. Use carpentry tools to make simple carpentry jobs

CO-2. Use fitting tools and instruments to make simple jobs.
CO-3. Prepare simple butt and lap joints using Arc, Gas, MIG welding equipment
CO-4. Undertake simple sheet metal jobs using relevant operations and tools safely.
CO-5. Undertake electric wiring works for various domestic applications.

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes to be done according to the matrix
given below:

EXPECTED MAPPING WITH COURSE OUTCOMES

Course (1- Weak Correlation; 2- Medium Correlation; 3- Strong Correlation)
Outcomes
PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7

CO-1 2 - - 3 1 - 1

CO-2 3 - 1 3 2 - 1

CO-3 3 1 1 3 2 - 1

CO-4 3 1 1 3 2 - 1

CO-5 2 1 2 3 2 1 1

(x)
 Abbreviations and Symbols

List of Abbreviations
Abbreviations and Symbols Full form
Amp Ampere
cm Centimeter
kW Kilowatt
m Meter
mm Millimeter
V Volt
W Watt
" Inch
' Feet

(xi)
 List of Figures
Unit 1: Carpentry
P1: Wood Working Tools and Machines
Fig. 1.1 Marking and Measuring Tools 4
Fig. 1.2 Work Holding Devices 5
Fig. 1.3 Cutting and Planning Tools 7
Fig. 1.4 Striking Tools 8
Fig. 1.5 Miscellaneous Tools 9
Fig. 1.6 Job Dimensions 10
P2: Half Lap Joint
Fig. 2.1 Finished Half Lap Joint 14
Fig. 2.2 Halving Lap Joint 15
Fig. 2.3 Cross Lap Joint 15
Fig. 2.4 Dovetail Lap Joint 15
Fig. 2.5 Mitred Half-Lap Joint 15
Fig. 2.6 End Lap Joint 15
Fig. 2.7 Half Lap Joint Dimensions 16
P3: Mortise-and-Tenon Joint
Fig. 3.1 Mortise-and-Tenon Joint 21
Fig. 3.2 Through Mortise and Tenon Joint 22
Fig. 3.3 Stub Mortise and Tenon Joint 22
Fig. 3.4 Haunched Mortise and Tenon Joint 22
Fig. 3.5 Open Slot Mortise and Tenon Joint 22
Fig. 3.6 Job Dimensions for Mortise and Tenon Joint 23
P4: Dovetail Joint
Fig. 4.1 Dovetail Joint 28
Fig. 4.2 Through Dovetail Joint 29
Fig. 4.3 Half-blind Dovetail Joint 29
Fig. 4.4 Secret Mitred Dovetail Joint 29
Fig. 4.5 Secret Double Lapped Dovetail Joint 29
Fig. 4.6 Sliding Dovetail Joint 30
Fig. 4.7 Job Dimensions for Dovetail Joint 30

Unit-2: Fitting
P5: Fitting Shop Tools
Fig. 5.1 Marking and Measuring Tools 38,39
Fig. 5.2 Work Holding Devices / Clamping Tools 40
Fig. 5.3 Cutting and Finishing Tools 41,42
Fig. 5.4 Miscellaneous Tools 43
Fig. 5.5 Fitting Job Dimensions 44
P6: Step Fitting
Fig. 6.1 Step Fitting Job Dimensions 49
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P7: Straight Fitting
Fig. 7.1 Straight Fitting Job Dimensions 54

Unit-3: Welding
P8: Welding Tools and Equipment
Fig. 8.1 Arc Welding Setup 60
Fig. 8.2 Welding Machine 60
Fig. 8.3 Electrodes 60
Fig. 8.4 Electrode Holder 60
Fig. 8.5 Earth Clamp 61
Fig. 8.6 Cable & Cable Connectors 61
Fig. 8.7 Chipping Hammer 61
Fig. 8.8 Wire Brush 61
Fig. 8.9 Welding Helmet and Hand held shield 62
Fig. 8.10 Hand Gloves 62
Fig. 8.11 Protective Clothing 62
Fig. 8.12 Gas Welding Setup 62
Fig. 8.13 Welding Torch 63
Fig. 8.14 Welding Pin 63
Fig. 8.15 Pressure Regulator 63
Fig. 8.16 Oxygen Acetylene Cylinder 63
Fig. 8.17 Spark Lighter 63
Fig. 8.18 Grill Design 64
P9: Lap Joint
Fig. 9.1 Welding Joints 70
Fig. 9.2 Welding Positions 71
Fig. 9.3 Lap Joint Welding Job Dimensions 72
P10: Butt Joint
Fig. 10.1 Principle of MIG Welding Process 78
Fig. 10.2 MIG Welding Setup 78
Fig. 10.3 Power Source 78
Fig. 10.4 MIG Welding Torch 79
Fig. 10.5 CO2 gas cylinder, Regulator and Preheater 79
Fig. 10.6 Wire Feeder System 79
Fig. 10.7 MAG Welding Principle & Equipment 80
Fig. 10.8 Types of Butt Joint 81
Fig. 10.9 Butt Welding Joint Dimensions 82
P11: Rebuilding of Broken Parts using Welding
Fig. 11.1 Broken Gate* 88

Unit-4: Sheet Metal Working

P12: Sheet Metal Tools and Equipment
Fig. 12.1 Trammels 95

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Fig. 12.2 Wire gauge 95
Fig. 12.3 Snips 95
Fig. 12.4 Ball Peen Hammer 95
Fig. 12.5 Raising Hammer 95
Fig. 12.6 Riveting Hammer 96
Fig. 12.7 Stakes 96
Fig. 12.8 Bench Shear 96
Fig. 12.9 Sheet Metals Joints 96
Fig. 12.10 Sheet Metal Job Dimensions 97
P13: Sheet Metal Joint
Fig. 13.1 Sheet Bending Process 103
Fig. 13.2 Sheet End Curling Process 103
Fig. 13.3 Punching & Blanking 103
Fig. 13.4 Slitting Process 104
Fig. 13.5 Notching Process 104
Fig. 13.6 Nibbling Process 104
Fig. 13.7 Perforating Process 104
Fig. 13.8 Lancing Operation 104
Fig. 13.9 Shaving Process 104
Fig. 13.10 Soldering Process 105
Fig. 13.11 Sheet Metal Joint Dimensions 106
P14: Riveted Joint
Fig. 14.1 Rivets 111
Fig. 14.2 Rivet & Rivet Heading Process 112
Fig. 14.3 Lap Joint 112
Fig. 14.4 Butt Joint 113
Fig. 14.5 Single Riveted Lap Joint 113

Unit-5: Electrical House Wring

P15: Electrical Wiring Tools and Materials
Fig. 15.1 Various Size of Wires 120
Fig. 15.2 Armoured Cable 120
Fig. 15.3 Wiring Tools and Instruments 124
Fig. 15.4 Wiring Material 124
Fig. 15.5 Other Wiring Material 125
Fig. 15.6 Circuit Diagram - One Lamp Controlled by One Switch 125
P16: Staircase Wiring
Fig. 16.1 Stair Case Wiring Diagram 132
P17: LED Tubelight Wiring
Fig. 17.1 LED Tubelight Circuit Diagram 139

(xiv)
 Guidelines for Teachers

To implement Outcome Based Education (OBE) knowledge level and skill set of the students should
be enhanced. Teachers should take a major responsibility for the proper implementation of OBE.
Some of the responsibilities (not limited to) for the teachers in OBE system may be as follows:
• Within reasonable constraint, they should manoeuvre time to the best advantage of all students.
• They should assess the students only upon certain defined criterion without considering any
other potential ineligibility to discriminate them.
• They should try to grow the learning abilities of the students to a certain level before they
leave the institute.
• They should try to ensure that all the students are equipped with the quality knowledge,
practical skills as well as competence after they finish their education.
• They should always encourage the students to develop their ultimate performance capabilities.
• They should facilitate and encourage group work and team work to consolidate newer
approach.
• They should assess the students based on suggested assessment scheme provided at the end
of all the practical. If necessary, the suggested performance indicators can be changed as
per requirement of the practical.

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Teacher should Student should be Possible Mode of

Level Check able to Assessment
Students ability to Design or Create Mini project
Creating create
Students ability to Argue or Defend Assignment
Evaluating Justify
Students ability to Differentiate or Project/Lab
Analysing distinguish Distinguish Methodology
Students ability to Operate or Technical Presentation/
Applying use information Demonstrate Demonstration
Students ability to Explain or Classify Presentation / Seminar
Understanding explain the ideas
Students ability to Define or Recall Quiz
Remembering
recall (or remember)

(xv)
 Guidelines for Students
Students should take equal responsibility for implementing the OBE. Some of the responsibilities (not
limited to) for the students in OBE system are as follows:
• Students should be well aware of each PrO before the start of each practical of every unit.
• Students should be well aware of each CO before the start of the course.
• Students should be well aware of each PO before the start of the programme.
• Students should think critically and reasonably with proper reflection and action.
• Learning of the students in practicals should be connected and integrated relevant theory
and real life situations.
• Students should be well aware of their competency at every level of OBE.

(xvi)
 Contents

Foreword iii
Acknowledgement v
Preface vii
Outcome Based Education ix
Course Outcomes x
Abbreviations and Symbols xi
List of Figures xii
Guidelines for Teachers xv
Guidelines for Students xvi

Unit 1: Carpentry 1-34

Practical
Wood Working Tools and Machines 2-13
No. P1
1.1 Practical Statement 2
1.2 Practical Significance 2
1.3 Relevant Theory 2
1.3.1 Carpentry Shop Tools 2
1.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 10
1.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 10
1.6 Resources Required 10
1.7 Precautions 11
1.8 Suggested Procedure 11
1.9 Observations and Calculations 11
1.10 Results and/or Interpretation 12
1.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 12
1.12 Practical Related Questions 12
1.13 Disposal of Waste 12
1.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 12
1.15 Suggested Learning Resources 12
1.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 13
Practical
Half Lap Joint 14-20
No. P2
2.1 Practical Statement 14

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2.2 Practical Significance 14
2.3 Relevant Theory 14
2.3.1 Application of Lap Joints 14
2.3.2 Types of Lap Joints 15
2.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 16
2.5 Practical Setup (Drawing/Work Situation) 16
2.6 Resources Required 17
2.7 Precautions 17
2.8 Suggested Procedure 18
2.9 Observations and Calculations 18
2.10 Results and/or Interpretation 18
2.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 18
2.12 Practical Related Questions 19
2.13 Disposal of Waste 19
2.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 19
2.15 Suggested Learning Resources 19
2.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 19
Practical
Mortise-and-Tenon Joint 21-27
No. P3
3.1 Practical Statement 21
3.2 Practical Significance 21
3.3 Relevant Theory 21
3.3.1 Application of Mortise and Tenon Joints 21
3.3.2 Types of Mortise and Tenon Joints 22
3.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 23
3.5 Practical Setup (Drawing/Work Situation) 23
3.6 Resources Required 24
3.7 Precautions 24
3.8 Suggested Procedure 25
3.9 Observations and Calculations 25
3.10 Results and/or Interpretation 25
3.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 25
3.12 Practical Related Questions 26
3.13 Disposal of Waste 26
3.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 26

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3.15 Suggested Learning Resources 26
3.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 26
Practical
Dovetail Joint 28-34
No. P4
4.1 Practical Statement 28
4.2 Practical Significance 28
4.3 Relevant Theory 28
4.3.1 Dovetail Joint 28
4.3.2 Applications of Dovetail Joints 29
4.3.3 Types of Dovetail Joints 29
4.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 30
4.5 Practical Setup (Drawing / Work Situation) 30
4.6 Resources Required 31
4.7 Precautions 32
4.8 Suggested Procedure 32
4.9 Observations and Calculations 32
4.10 Results and/or Interpretation 32
4.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 33
4.12 Practical Related Questions 33
4.13 Disposal of Waste 33
4.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 33
4.15 Suggested Learning Resources 33
4.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 34

Unit 2: Fitting 35-57

Practical
Fitting Shop Tools 36-47
No. P5
5.1 Practical Statement 36
5.2 Practical Significance 36
5.3 Relevant Theory 36
5.3.1 Marking and Measuring Tools 36
5.3.2 Work Holding Devices / Clamping Tools 39
5.3.3 Cutting and Finishing Tools 40
5.3.4 Miscellaneous Tools 42
5.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 43

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5.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 44
5.6 Resources Required 44
5.7 Precautions 45
5.8 Suggested Procedure 45
5.9 Observations and Calculations 45
5.10 Results and/or Interpretation 45
5.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 46
5.12 Practical Related Questions 46
5.13 Disposal of Waste 46
5.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 46
5.15 Suggested Learning Resources 46
5.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 47
Practical
Step Fitting 48-52
No. P6
6.1 Practical Statement 48
6.2 Practical Significance 48
6.3 Relevant Theory 48
6.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 48
6.5 Practical Setup (Drawing/Work Situation) 49
6.6 Resources Required 49
6.7 Precautions 50
6.8 Suggested Procedure 50
6.9 Observations and Calculations 50
6.10 Results and/or Interpretation 50
6.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 51
6.12 Practical Related Questions 51
6.13 Disposal of Waste 51
6.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 51
6.15 Suggested Learning Resources 51
6.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 52
Practical
Straight Fitting 53-57
No. P7
7.1 Practical Statement 53
7.2 Practical Significance 53
7.3 Relevant Theory 53

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7.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 53
7.5 Practical Setup (Drawing/Work Situation) 54
7.6 Resources Required 54
7.7 Precautions 55
7.8 Suggested Procedure 55
7.9 Observations and Calculations 55
7.10 Results and/or Interpretation 55
7.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 55
7.12 Practical Related Questions 56
7.13 Disposal of Waste 56
7.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 56
7.15 Suggested Learning Resources 56
7.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 57

Unit 3: Welding 58-92

Practical
Welding Tools and Equipment 59-68
No. P8
8.1 Practical Statement 59
8.2 Practical Significance 59
8.3 Relevant Theory 59
8.3.1 Arc welding 59
8.3.1.1 Welding Machine 60
8.3.1.2 Welding Electrode 60
8.3.1.3 Electrode Holder 60
8.3.1.4 Earth Clamp 60
8.3.1.5 Cable and Cable Connectors 61
8.3.1.6 Chipping Hammer 61
8.3.1.7 Wire Brush 61
8.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 61
8.3.2.1 Welding Helmet and Hand Held Shield 61
8.3.2.2 Hand Gloves 62
8.3.2.3 Protective Clothing 62
8.3.3 Gas Welding 62
8.3.3.1 Welding torch 63
8.3.3.2 Welding Pins 63

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 8.3.3.3 Pressure Regulator 63
8.3.3.4 Oxygen Acetylene Cylinder 63
8.3.3.5 Spark Lighter 63
8.3.4 Window Grill 64
8.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 64
8.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 64
8.6 Resources Required 64
8.7 Precautions 65
8.8 Suggested Procedure 65
8.9 Observations and Calculations 66
8.10 Results and/or Interpretation 66
8.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 66
8.12 Practical Related Questions 66
8.13 Disposal of Waste 66
8.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 67
8.15 Suggested Learning Resources 67
8.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 67
Practical
Lap Joint 69-76
No. P9
9.1 Practical Statement 69
9.2 Practical Significance 69
9.3 Relevant Theory 69
9.3.1 Weld Joint 69
9.3.1.1 Butt Joint 69
9.3.1.2 Lap Joint 70
9.3.1.3 T-Joint 70
9.3.1.4 Corner Joint 70
9.3.1.5 Edge Joint 70
9.3.2 Welding Positions 70
9.3.2.1 Flat Position (F) 70
9.3.2.2 Horizontal Position(H) 70
9.3.3 Vertical Position(V) 71
9.3.4 Overhead Position(O) 71
9.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 71
9.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 72

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9.6 Resources Required 72
9.7 Precautions 73
9.8 Suggested Procedure 74
9.9 Observations and Calculations 74
9.10 Results and/or Interpretation 74
9.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 74
9.12 Practical Related Questions 74
9.13 Disposal of Waste 75
9.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 75
9.15 Suggested Learning Resources 75
9.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 75
Practical
Butt Joint 77-85
No. P10
10.1 Practical Statement 77
10.2 Practical Significance 77
10.3 Relevant Theory 77
10.3.1 MIG Welding 77
10.3.1.1 Principle of MIG Welding Process 77
10.3.1.2 MIG Welding Equipment 78
10.3.2 MAG Welding 79
10.3.2.1 MAG Welding Working Principle 79
10.3.2.2 Types of Arcs Used in MIG/MAG Welding 80
10.3.3 Difference between MIG and MAG welding 80
10.3.4 Butt Weld Joint 81
10.3.5 Types of Butt Weld Joints 81
10.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 81
10.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 82
10.6 Resources Required 82
10.7 Precautions 83
10.8 Suggested Procedure 83
10.9 Observations and Calculations 83
10.10 Results and/or Interpretation 83
10.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 84
10.12 Practical Related Questions 84
10.13 Disposal of Waste 84

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10.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 84
10.15 Suggested Learning Resources 84
10.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 85
Practical
Rebuilding of Broken Parts using Welding 86-92
No. P11
11.1 Practical Statement 86
11.2 Practical Significance 86
11.3 Relevant Theory 86
11.3.1 Repair and Maintenance 86
11.3.2 The need for Weld Repair 86
11.3.3 Selection of Welding Process & Equipment 87
11.3.4 Broken Job 87
11.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 87
11.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 87
11.6 Resources Required 88
11.7 Precautions 89
11.8 Suggested Procedure 90
11.9 Observations and Calculations 90
11.10 Results and/or Interpretation 90
11.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 90
11.12 Practical related Questions 91
11.13 Disposal of Waste 91
11.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 91
11.15 Suggested Learning Resources 91
11.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 91

Unit 4: Sheet Metal Working 93-117

Practical
Sheet Metal Tools and Equipment 93-101
No. P12
12.1 Practical Statement 94
12.2 Practical Significance 94
12.3 Relevant Theory 94
12.3.1 Sheet Metal Work 94
12.3.2 Sheet Metal Material 94
12.3.3 Sheet Metal Tools and Machines 94

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 12.3.4 Sheet Metal Joints 96
12.3.5 Riveting 96
12.3.6 Sheet Metal Screws 96
12.3.7 Soldering 96
12.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 97
12.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 97
12.6 Resources Required 98
12.7 Precautions 98
12.8 Suggested Procedure 99
12.9 Observations and Calculations 99
12.10 Results and/or Interpretation 99
12.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 99
12.12 Practical related Questions 99
12.13 Disposal of Waste 100
12.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 100
12.15 Suggested Learning Resources 100
12.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 100
Practical
Sheet Metal Joint 102-109
No. P13
13.1 Practical Statement 102
13.2 Practical Significance 102
13.3 Relevant Theory 102
13.3.1 Sheet Metal Operations 102
13.3.2 Different Sheet Metal Operations 102
13.3.3 Sheet Metal Joining Process 105
13.3.3.1 Brazing Process 105
13.3.3.2 Soldering Process 105
13.3.3.3 Riveting Process 106
13.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 106
13.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 106
13.6 Resources Required 107
13.7 Precautions 108
13.8 Suggested Procedure 108
13.9 Observations and Calculations 108
13.10 Results and/or Interpretation 108

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13.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 109
13.12 Practical Related Questions 109
13.13 Disposal of Waste 109
13.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 109
13.15 Suggested Learning Resources 109
13.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 110
Practical
Riveted Joint 111-117
No. P14
14.1 Practical Statement 111
14.2 Practical Significance 111
14.3 Relevant Theory 111
14.3.1 Rivets Joint 111
14.3.2 Rivets and Riveting 112
14.3.3 Types of Rivet Joints 112
14.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 113
14.5 Practical Setup (Sketch/Work Situation) 113
14.6 Resources Required 114
14.7 Precautions 115
14.8 Suggested Procedure 115
14.9 Observations and Calculations 115
14.10 Results and/or Interpretation 115
14.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 115
14.12 Practical Related Questions 116
14.13 Disposal of Waste 116
14.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 116
14.15 Suggested Learning Resources 116
14.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 117

Unit 5: Electrical House Wiring 118-143

Practical
Electrical Wiring Tools and Materials 118-130
No. P15
15.1 Practical Statement 119
15.2 Practical Significance 119
15.3 Relevant Theory 119
15.3.1 Electrical Wiring 119

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 15.3.1.1 Types of electrical wiring 119
15.3.1.2 Tools, Instruments and Material 120
15.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 125
15.5 Practical Setup (Circuit Diagram/Work Situation) 125
15.6 Resources Required 126
15.7 Precautions 127
15.8 Suggested Procedure 127
15.9 Observations and Calculations 128
15.10 Results and/or Interpretation 128
15.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 128
15.12 Practical Related Questions 128
15.13 Disposal of Waste 129
15.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 129
15.15 Suggested Learning Resources 129
15.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 129
Practical
Staircase Wiring 131-137
No. P16
16.1 Practical Statement 131
16.2 Practical Significance 131
16.3 Relevant Theory 131
16.3.1 Staircase Wiring 131
16.3.2 Tools and Instruments 132
16.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 132
16.5 Practical Setup (Circuit Diagram/Work Situation) 132
16.6 Resources Required 133
16.7 Precautions 134
16.8 Suggested Procedure 135
16.9 Observations and Calculations 135
16.10 Results and/or Interpretation 135
16.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 135
16.12 Practical Related Questions 136
16.13 Disposal of Waste 136
16.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 136
16.15 Suggested Learning Resources 136

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16.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 136
Practical
LED Tubelight Wiring 138-142
No. P17
17.1 Practical Statement 138
17.2 Practical Significance 138
17.3 Relevant Theory 138
17.3.1 LED 138
17.3.2 Tools and Instruments 138
17.4 Practical Outcomes (PrO) 139
17.5 Practical Setup (Circuit Diagram/Work Situation) 139
17.6 Resources Required 139
17.7 Precautions 140
17.8 Suggested Procedure 141
17.9 Observations and Calculations 141
17.10 Results and/or Interpretation 141
17.11 Conclusions and/or Validation 141
17.12 Practical Related Questions 141
17.13 Disposal of Waste 142
17.14 Environment Friendly Approach: Reuse, Reduce and Recycle 142
17.15 Suggested Learning Resources 142
17.16 Suggested Assessment Scheme 142
Index 145-148

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