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03 Current Electricity
03 Current Electricity
Current
Electricity
V
Ans. According to Kirchhoff ’s first law, the current in various branches of circuit are shown in figure.
Applying Kirchhoff ’s second law to mesh ABDA.
–10I1 – 5I3 + 5I2 = 0
⇒ 2I1 – I2 + I3 = 0 …(i)
Applying Kirchhoff ’s second law to mesh BCDB
–5(I1 – I3) +10 (I2+ I3) +5I3 = 0
⇒ 5I1 – 10I2 – 20 I3 = 0
⇒ I1 – 2I2 – 4I3=0 …(ii)
Applying Kirchhoff ’s second law to mesh ADCEFA
–5I2 – 10(I2 + I3) + 10 – 10 (I1 + I2) = 0 V
⇒ 2I1 + 5I2 + 2I3 = 2 …(iii)
From (i) I2 = 2I1 + I3 …(iv)
From (ii) I1 = 2I2 + 4I3 …(v)
Substituting I1 in (iv), we have
I2 = 2(2I2 + 4I3) + I3 ⇒ I2 = –3I3
The connections between resistors in a meter bridge are made of thick copper strips to
minimise the resistance of connection wires, because these resistances have not been
accounted in the formula.
(b) When X are Y interchanged, then l and (100 –l) will also be interchanged, so new balancing
length l′ =100 – l =100 – 39.5 = 60.5 cm
(c) If the galvanometer and the cell are interchanged, the position of balance point remains
unchanged, but the sensitivity of the bridge changes. Now the galvanometer will not shows
any current.
Q. 11. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V dc
supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during
charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
I 3.0
∴ Time, t = v = = 2.72 # 10 4 s = 7 h 33 min
d 1.1 # 10 –4
Q. 14. The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge density of 10–9 Cm–2. The potential difference
of 400 kV between the top of atmosphere and the surface results (due to the low conductivity
of lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire globe. If there were no
mechanism of sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much time (roughly) would be
required to neutralise the earth’s surface? (This never happens in practice because there is a
mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual thunder storms and lightning
in different parts of the globe). (Radius of earth = 6.37 × 106 m).
Ans. Given σ = 10–9 Cm–2, I = 1800 A, R = 6.37 × 106 m
Surface area of globe, A = 4pR2
= 4 × 3.14 × (6.37 × 106)2
= 5.1 × 1014 m2
Total charge on globe, Q = σ . A = 10–9 × 5.1 × 1014
= 5.1 × 105 C
Q 5.1×105
Charge Q = It, given t = = = 283 s
I 1800
= 4 min 43 s
Q. 15. (a) Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω are
joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current drawn
from the supply and its terminal voltage?
Ans. (a) (i) For maximum resistance, we shall connect all the resistors in series. Maximum resistance
Rmax = nR
(ii) For minimum resistance, we shall connect all the resistors in parallel.
R
Minimum resistance, Rmin =
n
Rmax nR
Ratio, = = n2
Rmin R/n
(b) The combinations are shown in figure.
Ω c= 3 + m Ω the resistance of 3 Ω is connected in
11 2
(i) For obtaining the resistance of
3 3
series with the parallel combination of resistors of 1 Ω and 2 Ω.
1 1 1 1 6
(iv) All in parallel
R AB
= + +
1 2 3
& R AB =
11
X
(c) (i) The given network consists of a series combination of 4 equivalent units.
Resistance of Each Unit: Each unit has 2 rows. The upper row contains two resistances
1 Ω, 1 Ω in series and the lower row contains two resistances 2 Ω, 2 Ω in series. These
two are mutually connected in parallel.
12 V
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
0.5 Ω
B
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
Ans. Let R be equivalent resistance between A and B.
As 3 ! 1 = 3 , resistance between C and D is the same as between A and B, then equivalent
resistance of R and 1 Ω in parallel
R ×1
R1 =
R+1
C 1Ω
∴ Net resistance between A and B will be A
RAB = R1 + 1 + 1
12 V
Therefore, by hypothesis R1 + 1 + 1 = R R 1Ω
0.5 Ω
R
⇒ +2=R
R+1 D
B
1Ω
⇒ R + 2(R + 1) = R(R + 1)
⇒ 3R + 2 = R2 + R
⇒ R2 – 2R – 2 = 0
2 ! 4 – 4 ×1× (–2) 2 ! 12
⇒ R= = = (1 + 3 ) Ω
2 2
= 1 + 1.732 = 2.732 Ω
12 12
Current drawn I = = = 3.7 A
2.732 + 0.5 3.232
Q. 20. Figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and
internal resistance of 0.40 Ω maintaining a potential drop 2V 0.40
across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains
a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents upto a A B
few mA) gives a balance point at 67.3 cm length of the wire.
To ensure very low current is drawn from the standard cell, G
a very high resistance of 600 kΩ is put in series with it, 600 k
which is shorted close to the balance point. The standard
cell is then replaced by a cell of unknown emf ε and the balance point found similarly, turns
out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire.
(d) 3 × 10–3 Ω
4. In the figure a carbon resistor has bands of different 1 cm
Silver
colours on its body as mentioned in the figure. The value
of the resistance is
(a) 24 × 106 Ω ± 5%
(b) 35 × 106 Ω ± 10%
(c) 5.6 k Ω Red
(d) 24 × 105 Ω ± 10% Yellow Green
E E E E
R R R R
6. In a Wheatstone bridge, all the four arms have equal resistance R. If resistance of the
galvanometer arm is also R, then equivalent resistance of the combination is
R R
(a) R (b) 2R (c) (d)
2 4
7. A potentiometer is an accurate and versatile device to make electrical measurement of EMF
because the method involves
(a) potential gradients
(b) a condition of no current flow through the galvanometer
(c) a combination of cells, galvanometer and resistance
(d) cells
8. Consider a current carrying wire (current I ) in the shape of a circle. Note that as the current
progresses along the wire, the direction of j (current density) changes in an exact manner,
while the current I remain unaffected. The agent that is essentially responsible for is
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) source of emf.
(b) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the surface of wire.
(c) the charges just behind a given segment of wire which push them just the right way by
repulsion.
(d) the charges ahead.
9. Two batteries of emf ε1 and ε2 (ε2 > ε1) and internal resistances r1 and r2 respectively are
connected in parallel as shown in Figure. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) The equivalent emf εeq of the two cells is between ε1 and ε2,
i.e., ε1< εeq < ε2
(b) The equivalent emf εeq is smaller than ε1.
(c) The εeq is given by εeq = ε1 + ε2 always.
(d) εeq is independent of internal resistances r1 and r2.
10. The drift velocity of the free electrons in a conducting wire carrying a current i is v. If in a
wire of the same metal, but of double the radius, the current be 2I, then the drift velocity of
the electrons will be
(a) v/4 (b) v/2 (c) v (d) 4v
11. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge. Student chooses the standard resistance
S to be 100 Ω. He finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to attempt to improve the
accuracy. Which of the following is a useful way? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) He should measure l1 more accurately.
(b) He should change S to 1000 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(d) He should give up hope of a more accurate measurement with a meter bridge.
Answers
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a), (b)
19. (d) 20. (b), (d).
Answers
1. decrease 2. (temperature)–1 3. inosphere
4. increase in the current 5. 2:3 6. 4:1 7. E/2
8. conservation of energy 9. conservation of charge 10. carbon
Q. 6. Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the figure.
Identify the region of
(i) negative resistance (ii) where Ohm’s law is obeyed. [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. (i) In region DE, material GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) offers negative resistance, because slope
TV
< 0.
TI
Q. 10. Plot a graph showing the variation of current ‘I’ versus resistance ‘R’, connected to a cell of
emf E and internal resistance ‘r’.
E
Ans. I =
r+R
I
R
Q. 11. Give an example of a material each for which temperature coefficient of resistivity is
(i) positive, (ii) negative. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Ans. (i) Copper (Cu) (Temperature coefficient of resistivity (a) is positive for metals and alloys.)
(ii) Silicon (Si) (For semiconductors, a is negative)
Q. 12. Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its SI unit. [CBSE (AI) 2013]
Ans. Ratio of deflection produced in the galvanometer and the current flowing through it is called
i
current sensitivity. Si =
I
SI unit of current sensitivity Si is division/ampere or radian/ampere.
Q. 13. A cell of emf ‘ε’ and internal resistance ‘r’ draws a current ‘I’.
Write the relation between terminal voltage ‘V’ in terms of ε, I
and r. [CBSE Delhi 2013]
Ans. The terminal voltage V < ε, so V = ε – Ir
V1
R1 =
I
V2
and R2 =
I
Since V2 > V1 ⇒ R2 > R1
The resistance of the wire increases with rise of temperature. Hence, T1 is lower than T2 .
Q. 21. Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a dc supply. Plot
of I –V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the
resistors and why? [CBSE Bhubaneshwer 2015]
Q. 22. The variation of potential difference V with length l in the case of two
potentiometer P and Q is as shown. Which of these two will you prefer
for comparing the emfs of two primary cells and why?
[CBSE (East) 2016] [HOTS]
V
Ans. For greater accuracy of potentiometer, the potential gradient (slope)
l
V
must be as small as possible. In the graph given the slope is smaller for
l
a potentiometer Q; hence we shall prefer potentiometer Q for comparing the emfs of two cells.
Q. 23. I – V graph for two identical conductors of different materials
A and B is shown in the figure. Which one of the two has higher
resistivity? [CBSE (Chennai) 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. The resistivity of material B is higher.
Reason: If the same amount of the current flows through them,
then VB>VA, and from Ohm’s law RB > RA. Hence the resistivity
of the material B is higher.
Q. 24. A carbon resistor is shown in the figure. Using colour code,
write the value of the resistance. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
200 V 38 Ω
190
I= = 5A
38
Alternatively: A B
The two cells are in opposition. 200 V 38 Ω
∴ Net emf = 200 V – 10 V = 190 V
V 190 V
Now, I= = =5 A
R 38 X
Q. 4. Plot a graph showing variation of voltage Vs the current drawn from
the cell. How can one get information from this plot about the emf of
the cell and its internal resistance? [CBSE (F) 2016]
f–V
Ans. V = f – Ir & r =
I
At I = 0, V = f
f
When V = 0, I = I0, r =
I0
The intercept on y-axis gives the emf of the cell. The slope of graph
gives the internal resistance.
Q. 5. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively are
connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.
[CBSE Delhi 2016]
Q. 6. When 5 V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of
electrons is 2.5 × 10–4 m/s. If the electron density in the wire is 8 × 1028 m–3, calculate the
resistivity of the material of wire. [CBSE (North) 2016]
V l
Ans. We know I = neAvd, I = and R = t
R A
V
So = neAvd
R
V RA V
nevd l
=
l
& t=
nevd l
5
t= 28 –19
Xm = 1.56 × 10–5 Ωm
8 # 10 # 1.6 # 10 # 2.5 # 10 –4 # 0.1
. 1.6 # 10 –5 Xm
Q. 7. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series
across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift
velocity of electrons in the two wires. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. In series current is same,
So, IX = IY = I = neAvd
For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same
A X = AY = A
` IX = IY & nx eAv x = n y eAv y
vx ny ny 1
Given n x = 2n y & vy
=
nx
=
2n y
=
2
Q. 8. A conductor of length ‘l’ is connected to a dc source of potential ‘V’. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping ‘V’ constant, how will (i) drift speed of
electrons and (ii) resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer. [CBSE (F) 2012]
eVx 1
Ans. (i) We know that vd = – ?
ml l
When length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes one-third.
l
(ii) R = t , ll = 3l
A
New resistance
ll 3l
Rl = t = t# = 9R ⇒ R′ = 9R
Al A/3
Hence, the new resistance will be 9 times the original.
V2 V2
R1 = and R2 =
P1 P2
(i) If these two resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance
V2 V2 1 1
Rs = R1 + R2 = + = V2 e P + P o
P1 P2 1 2
P1 + P2
Rs = V2 > H
P1 P2
V2 V2 ×P1 P2
Power dissipated, Ps = =
R s V 2 [P + P ]
1 2
P1 P2
Ps =
P1 + P2
(ii) If R1 and R2 are connected in parallel
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + 2
RP R1 R2 V2 /P V /P2
1
r =c m ×9 =
350 – 300 50
× 9 = 1. 5 X
300 300
Q. 20. In the potentiometer circuit shown, the null point is at X. State with reason, where the balance
point will be shifted when:
(a) resistance R is increased, keeping all other parameters
unchanged;
(b) resistance S is increased, keeping R constant.
[CBSE Bhubaneshwer 2015]
Ans. Let l be the balance length of the segment AX on the
potentiometer wire for given resistance R and S.
(a) If resistance R is increased, the current flow in the main circuit (or wire AB) will decrease.
tI
From relation k = the potential gradient along the wire AB will decrease. To balance the
L
emf of the cell, the point X will shift toward the point B, i.e.,
ε = kl = k′l′
If k′ < k, so l′ > l
(b) For the given resistance R, the potential gradient along the wire remain same. Balance
length ‘l’ remain constant. ε = kl and no current flows in the resistance S. If resistance S is
increased/decreased there is no change in the balance length.
Ans. No current will flow through 2 Ω resistor, because in a closed loop, total p.d. must be zero. So
10 – 5I1 = 0 ...(i)
20 – 10I2 = 0 ...(ii)
and resistor 2 Ω is not part of any loop ABCD and EFGH
2V
10 V
Q. 35. First a set of n equal resistors of R each are connected in series to a battery of emf E and
internal resistance R. A current I is observed to flow. Then the n resistors are connected in
parallel to the same battery. It is observed that the current is increased 10 times. What is n?
[NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS]
E
Ans. When n resistors are in series, I = ;
R + nR
E
When n resistors are in parallel, = 10I
R
R+ n
1+n 1+n
= 10 & n = 10 ⇒ n = 10.
1 n+1
1+
n
Q. 36. Two cells of same emf E but internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in series to an external
resistor R (Fig.). What should be the value of R so that the potential difference across the
terminals of the first cell becomes zero. [NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS]
E+E
Ans. I=
R + r1 + r2
2E
V1 = E – Ir1 = E – r =0
r1 + r2 + R 1
2Er1
or E=
r1 + r2 + R
⇒ r1+ r2 +R=2r1
⇒ R = r1 – r2
eE
vd = 0 – x
m
ex
⇒ vd = – E
m
(ii) With rise of temperature, the rate of collision of electrons with ions of lattice increases, so
relaxation time decreases. As a result the drift velocity of electrons decreases with the rise of
temperature.
Q. 2. (a) State Kirchhoff ’s rules and explain on what basis they are justified.
(b) Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel.
Derive the expression for the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of a single equivalent cell
which can replace this combination. [CBSE Patna 2015]
Ans. (a) Kirchhoff ’s Laws
(i) First law (or junction law): The algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction is
zero, i.e., ∑I = 0
This law is based on conservation of charge.
(b)
eq
Let I1 and I2 be the currents leaving the positive, terminals of the cells, and at the point B
I = I1 + I2 …(i)
Let V be the potential difference between points A and B of the combination of the cells, so
V = E1 – I1r1 …(ii) (across the cells)
and V = E 2 – I 2r 2 …(iii)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(E1 – V) (E2 – V)
I= r1 + r2
E E2
=f 1 + p–V dr + r n
1 1
...(iv)
r1 r2 1 2
Fig. (b) shows the equivalent cell, so for the same potential difference
V = Eeq – Ireq
Eeq
V
or I= r – r ...(v)
eq eq
On comparing Eq. (iv) and (v), we get
Eeq E1 E2
req = r1 + r2
1 1 1 r1 r2
and req = r1 + r2 & req =
r1 + r2
On further solving, we have
E1 E2
Eeq d r + r n = r + r
1 1
1 2 1 2
E1 r2 + E2 r1
⇒ Eeq =
r1 + r2
Q. 3. The following table gives the length of three copper wires, their diameters, and the applied
potential difference across their ends. Arrange the wires in increasing order according to the
following:
(i) the magnitude of the electric field within them,
(ii) the drift speed of electrons through them, and
(iii) the current density within them.
Wire No. Length Diameter Potential Difference
1 L 3d V
2 2L d V
3 3L 2d 2V
Q. 4. Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity
of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between
current density and the applied electric field E.
e
Ans. The acceleration, a = – m E
eE
The average drift velocity is given by, vd = – m x
(τ = average time between collisions or relaxation time)
If n is the number of free electrons per unit volume, the current I is given by
I = neA vd
e2 A
= m xn |E|
But I = | j | A (where j= current density)
Therefore, we get
ne 2
| j |= m x | E |.
ne 2
The term m x is conductivity.
ne2 x
` v= m
& J = vE
Q. 5. A metal rod of square cross-sectional area A having length l has current I flowing through it
when a potential difference of V volt is applied across its ends (figure (i)). Now the rod is cut
parallel to its length into two identical pieces and joined as shown in figure (ii). What potential
difference must be maintained across the length 2l so that the current in the rod is still I?
[CBSE (F) 2016]
The new potential applied across the metal rod will be four times the original potential (V).
Q. 6. Two metallic wires, P1 and P2 of the same material and same length but different cross-sectional
areas, A1 and A2 are joined together and connected to a source of emf. Find the ratio of the
drift velocities of free electrons in the two wires when they are connected (i) in series, and
(ii) in parallel. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. We know that,
I
I = neAvd & vd = neA
Let R1 and R2 be resistances of P1 & P2 and A1 & A2 are their cross sectional areas respectively.
l l
∴ R1 = t and R2 = t
A1 A2
P1 P2
(i) When connected in series,
e
tl tl
vd e + o neA1
1
A1 A2 A2
∴ vd = e =
2
A1
tl tl ε
e + o neA2
A1 A2 P1
(ii) When, connected in parallel,
e 1
. P2
tl neA1
vd A1
1
vd = =1
e 1
2 .
tl neA2
ε
A2
Q. 7. Two heating elements of resistance R1 and R2 when operated at a constant supply of voltage,
V, consume powers P1 and P2 respectively. Deduce the expressions for the power of their
combination when they are, in turn, connected in (i) series and (ii) parallel across the same
voltage supply. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. (i) In series combination
Net resistance, R = R1 + R2 ...(i)
m)
t= 2 0.4
ne x
(10–8
Where m is mass of electron
0.2
t = charge density, τ = relaxation time
Resistivity
e = charge on the electron.
(i) In case of conductors with increase in
temperature, relaxation time decreases, 50 100 150
so resistivity increases.
(ii) In case of semiconductors with increase in temperature number density (n) of free electrons
increases, hence resistivity decreases.
Q. 13. Twelve wires each having a resistance of 3Ω are connected to form a cubical network. A battery
of 10 V and negligible internal resistance is connected across the diagonally opposite corners
of this network. Determine its equivalent resistance and the current along each edge of the
cube. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. Applying loop rule to ABCC'EFA
I
3I + 3 + 3I – 10 = 0
2
15
I = 10
2
2 ×10 20 4
I= = A= A
15 15 3
V 10 ×15
Req = = = 2.5 X
3I 3 × 20
4
Current = I AB (= I AA' = I AD = ID'C' = IB'C' = ICC') =A
3
2
= IDDl (= I Al Bl = I AlDl = IDC = I BC = IBBl) = A
3
Q. 14. In a meter bridge shown in the figure, the balance point
is found to be 40 cm from end A. If a resistance of 10 Ω is
connected in series with R, balance point is obtained 60 cm
from A. Calculate the value of R and S. [CBSE Patna 2015]
R 40 2S
Ans. = & 3R = 2S & R= ...(i)
S 60 3
R + 10 60
= & 2R + 20 = 3S ...(ii)
S 40
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
2S
2# + 20 = 3S
3
⇒ S = 12 Ω
From equation (i), we get
2 # 12
R= ⇒ R=8Ω
3
An unknown resistance X is now connected in parallel to the resistance S and the balance
point is found at a distance l2. Obtain a formula for X in terms of l1, l2 and S.
[CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans. (a) Working of a meter bridge is based on the principle of
balanced Wheatstone bridge.
According to the principle, the balancing condition is
P R
= (When Ig = 0)
Q S
For balancing lengths in a meter bridge,
P R l R
= & =
Q S 100 – l S
100 – l
` S= R
l
10 m
A B
l
RAB = 50 Ω
300 mV
Ans. (a) The potentiometer is preferred over the voltmeter for measurement of emf of a cell because
potentiometer draws no current from the voltage source being measured.
4Ω
E F
Ans. (a) (i) Thick copper strips are used to minimize resistance of connections which are not
accounted for in the bridge formula.
(ii) Balance point is preferred near midpoint of bridge wire to minimize percentage error
in resistance (R).
(b) I = I1 + I2 ...(i)
In loop ABCDA
−8+ 2I1 −1 × I2 + 6 = 0 ...(ii)
In loop DEFCD
−4I −1 × I2 + 6 =0 I1 8V
2Ω
A B
4I + I2 =6
I2 6V 1Ω
4(I1 + I2 ) + I2 =6 D C
4I1 +5I2= 6 ...(iii)
I
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get 4Ω
8 2 10 E F
I1 = A, I2 = A, I = A
7 7 7
Potential difference across resistor 4Ω is:
10 40
V= ×4= volt
7 7
Q. 27. (a) Draw a graph showing the variation of current versus
0.16
voltage in an electrolyte when an external resistance is
also connected.
R (Ω)
0.08
(b) The graph between resistance (R) and temperature (T) for Hg TC
is shown in the figure. Explain the behaviour of Hg near 4K.
0 2 4 6 8
[CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
T(K)
I I
OR
V V
This acceleration remains constant only for a very short duration, since there are random forces
which deflect the electron in random manner. These deflections may arise as
(i) ions of metallic crystal vibrate simple harmonically around their mean positions. Different
ions vibrate in different directions and may be displaced by different amounts.
(ii) direct collisions of electrons with atoms of metallic crystal lattice.
In any way after a short duration called relaxation time, the motion of electrons become random.
Thus, we can imagine that the electrons are accelerated only for a short duration. As average
velocity of random motion is zero, if we consider the average motion of an electron, then its
→
initial velocity is zero, so the velocity of electron after time τ (i.e., drift velocity v d) is given by the
→ → →
relation v = u+ a t
eE
(here u = 0, v = v d, t = x, a = – m )
eE ex
v d = 0 – m x & vd = – m E …(ii)
At given temperature, the relaxation time τ remains constant, so drift velocity remains constant.
ne2 x
Current density J e= o=
I A
V.
A ml
This is relation between current density J and applied
potential difference V. l
ε ε
Ans. (i) I = for set A and I = for set B
ρl ρ1 l ρl
R+ 1 R+ + 2
A1 2 A1 2 A2
Equating the above two expressions, we have
ε ε
=
ρl ρ1 l ρl
R+ 1 R+ + 2
2 A1 2 A1 2 A2
ρ1 l ρ1 l ρ2 l ρ1 l ρ1l ρ2 l
⇒ R+ = R+ + ⇒ − = ...(i)
A1 2 A1 2 A2 A1 2 A1 2 A2
t1 t2
& A1
=
A2
ρ1
(ii) Potential gradient of the potentiometer wire for set A, K = I
A1
Potential drop across the potentiometer wire in set B
t1 l t2l I t1 t2
V=I
2A1
+
2A 2
& V=
2 A1
+
A2
l
I t1 t2
Kl = + , using the condition (i), we get
2 A1 A2
ρ1
K' = I , which is equal to K.
A1
Therefore, balancing length obtained in the two sets is same.
6. It is found that when R = 4 Ω, the current is 1 A and when R is increased to 9 Ω , the current
reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of the emf E and internal resistance r. 2
7. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph
showing variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ of the cell versus the current ‘I’. Using the plot, show
how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined. 2
8. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional
area 2.5 × 10–7m2 carrying a current of 1.8A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be
9 × 1028m–3. 2
40 Ω
D C
10 Ω
E + – F
40 V
Answers
1. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) 2. (i) same order (ii) 2.5
–4
5. 5 A 6. r = 1 Ω, E = 5 V 8. vd = 5 × 10 m/s 9. 0.2 A
1
10. 0 A, 4 A 11. A
3
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