Counseling
Counseling
WHAT IS COUNSELING?
● “the process of assisting and guiding clients, by a trained person on a professional basis, to resolve personal, social
or psychological problems and difficulties”
PSYCHOTHERAPY
● is a form of treatment based on the systematic use of a relationship between therapist and patient (as distinct from
pharmacological or social methods) to produce change in feelings, thinking and behaviour.
NOTE:
● Ultimately… Our clients want to be liberated from pathogenic beliefs… they seek personal growth and control over
their lives… as they gain fuller access to themselves, they become emboldened and increase their sense of
ownership of their personhood…aligned with Positive Psychology… Psychotherapy… has grown beyond its
emphasis on eradicating the “pathological” and now aims at... increasing the clients’ breadth of positive emotions
and cognitions.”
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
Psychologists in the Philippines adhere to the following Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for
Psychologists that was adopted unanimously by the General Assembly of the International Union of Psychological
Science in Berlin on July 22, 2008 and by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Applied
Psychology in Berlin on July 26, 2008.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGISTS
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle 1: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and People
Principle 2: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples
Principle 3: Integrity
Principle 4: Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
● Psychological assessment is a process that uses a combination of techniques to help arrive at some hypotheses
about a person and their behavior, personality and capabilities.
● It is also often referred to as psychological testing, or performing a psychological battery on a person.
● Ideally, it is performed by a licensed psychologist or psychometrician or psychology intern / trainee
● Psychologists are expertly trained to perform and interpret psychological tests
● A psychological assessment is the attempt of a skilled professional, usually a psychologist, to use the techniques
and tools of psychology to learn either general or specific facts about another person, either to inform others of how
they function now, or to predict their behavior and functioning in the future
STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED
● detailed questioning of the client in a ● allow the client more control over the topic
"yes/no" or forced choice format. and direction of the interview
● Composed of different sections reflecting ● Better suited for general information
the diagnosis in question. gathering
● Use close-ended questions, which require ● Open-ended format - which ask for more
a simple pre-determined answer. explanation and elaboration on the part of
● E.g. Mental State Examination the client
3. OBSERVATIONS
● Observations of the person being referred in their natural setting — especially if it’s a child — can provide additional
valuable assessment information.
● In the case of a child, how do they behave in school settings, at home, and in the neighborhood?
● Does the teacher treat them differently than other children? How do their friends react to them?
● Often, behavior observations are some of the most important information you can gather.
● Behavioral observations may be used clinically (such as to add to interview information or to assess results of
treatment)
● It can also help the professional conducting the assessment better formulate treatment recommendations.
4. INFORMAL ASSESSMENT/OTHER TECHNIQUES
● Standardized norm-referenced tests may at times need to be supplemented with more informal assessment
procedures, as such as projective tests or even careertesting or teacher-made tests
● For example, in the case of a child, it may be valuable to obtain language samples, test the child’s ability to profit
from systematic cues, and evaluate the child’s reading skills under various conditions.
● The realm of informal assessment is vast, but informal testing must be used more cautiously since the scientific
validity of the assessment is less known
IN SUM
● PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT is a process uses a combination of techniques in order to understand a
particular person and tailor recommendations to better help one’s needs
● It is done with the help of standardized testing, interviewing, conducting observations and looking at other
relevant data.
● It starts with the REASON for REFERRAL and ends in the PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT.
● Psychological assessment is done in the EDUCATIONAL setting to assess student’s learning; in the companies or
INDUSTRY for selection and promotion of employees and in the CLINICAL setting to provide a more
comprehensive assessment of clinical cases