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Chapter 3a Riveted Joint
Chapter 3a Riveted Joint
Strength Calcula
lculation and Dimensioning
g of Joints
J
1. Introduction
Often small machine compone ponents are joined together to form a larger
rger machine
m part.
Design of joints is as importan
portant as that of machine components because
cause a weak joint
may spoil the utility of a carefull
arefully designed machine part.
The joints may be classifieded into the following two groups:
The permanent joints are those joints which cannot be disassem assembled without
destroying the connecting comp
components. The examples of permanent joints
ints are soldered,
brazed, welded and riveted
d join
joints.
A) Riveted joints
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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tightness is necessary in orde
order to contribute strength and to prevent nt leakage
lea as in a
boiler or in a ship hull.
When two plates are to be e faste
fastened together by a rivet as shown in Fig.2 2 (a)
(a the holes in
plates are punched and reamed
eamed or drilled. Punching is the cheapest method
metho and is used
for relatively thin plates and iin structural work. Since punching injures
njures the material
around the hole, therefore dridrilling is used in most pressure-vessell work.
work In structural
and pressure vessel riveting,
ing, th
the diameter of the rivet hole is usually 1.5 mm
m larger than
the nominal diameter of thee rive
rivet.
The plates are drilled together ther a and then separated to remove any burrs rrs or chips so as to
have tight flush joint between een th the plates. A cold rivet or a red hot rivet
et is introduced
in into
the plates and the point (i.e. ssecond head) is then formed. When a cold rivet is used,
the process is known as cold old riv
riveting and when a hot rivet is used, the e process
proc is known
as hot riveting. The cold riveting process is used for structural joints while hot riveting is
used to make leak proof joints.
oints.
The riveting may be done by ha hand or by a riveting machine. In hand riveting,
rivetin the original
rivet head is backed up byy a ha hammer or heavy bar and then the die or set, se as shown in
Fig.2(a), is placed against st the end to be headed and the blows are applied by a
hammer. This causes the shan shank to expand thus filling the hole and the tail ta is converted
into a point as shown in Fig. Fig.2 (b). As the rivet cools, it tends to contrac
ontract. The lateral
contraction will be slight, but th there will be a longitudinal tension introduce
roduced in the rivet
which holds the plates firmly ly tog
together.
In machine riveting, the die ie is a part of the hammer which is operated ed by air, hydraulic
or steam pressure.
Notes: i. For steel rivets uptopto 1 12 mm diameter, the cold riveting process ess may
m be used
while for larger diame
diameter rivets, hot riveting process is used.
ii. In case of long rivets,
ivets, only the tail is heated and not the whole le shank.
sha
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3. Types of Rivet Heads
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iii. Rivet heads for boiler
work (from 12 mm to 48
mm diameter, according
to IS: 1928 – 1961
(Reaffirmed 1996).
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4. Material of Rivets
The material of the rivets ets m
must be tough and ductile. They are usually
ually made of steel
(low carbon steel or nickel
ickel ssteel), brass, aluminium or copper, butt when strength and
a fluid tight joint is the main consideration, then the steel rivets are
e used.
used
Fig.3
5
Similarly the joints may be tripltriple riveted or quadruple riveted.
Notes: i) When the rivets in the va various rows are opposite to each other, as shown
hown in
Fig.3 (b), then the joint is said
id to bbe chain riveted. On the other hand, if the rivets in the
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Fig.5. Single riveted double
strap butt joint
Fig.6. Double riveted double strap (equa
qual) butt joints
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7. Failures of a Riveted Joint
A riveted joint may fail in the fol
following ways:
a. Tearing of the plate at an edge. A joint may fail due to tearing of the
th plate at an
edge as shown in Fig. 8. This ccan be avoided by keeping the margin,, m = 1.5d, where d
is the diameter of the rivett hole.
b. Tearing of the plate acrosscross a row of rivets. Due to the tensile stresse
tresses in the main
plates, the main plate or cover plates may tear off across a row of rivets as shown in
Fig.9. In such cases, we consid
consider only one pitch length of the plate, since every rivet is
responsible for that much length of the plate only.
The resistance offered byy the plate against tearing is known as tearing aring resistance or
tearing strength or tearing value of the plate.
Let p = Pitch of the rivets
rivets,
d = Diameter off the rrivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate, and
σ t = Permissiblee tens
tensile stress for the plate material.
We know that tearing area a per pitch length,
At = (p - d) . t
∴ Tearing resistance or pull re required to tear off the plate per pitch length,
ength,
Pt = At . σ t = (p - d) t . σ t
When the tearing resistance ce (Pt) is greater than or equal to the applied d load (P) per pitch
length, then this type of failure
ilure w
will not occur.
c. Shearing of the rivets.. The plates which are connected by the rivets exert tensile
stress on the rivets, and iff the rrivets are unable to resist the stress, they
hey are
a sheared off
as shown in Fig.10.
It may be noted that the rivets
ivets a are in single shear in a lap joint and in a single
sin cover butt
joint, as shown in Fig.10. But tthe rivets are in double shear in a double uble cover
c butt joint
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as shown in Fig.11. The resis
resistance offered by a rivet to be sheared ed off is known as
shearing resistance or shearing
earing strength or shearing value of the rivet.
Fig. 10
Let d = Diamet
iameter of the rivet hole,
τ = Safe pe
permissible shear stress for the rivet material
terial, and
n = Numbe
umber of rivets per pitch length.
We know that shearing area,
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Shearing resistance or pullll requ
required to shear off the rivet per pitch length,
gth,
When the shearing resistancetance (Ps) is greater than or equal to the applied
pplied load (P) per
pitch length, then this typee of fa
failure will not occur.
d. Crushing of the plate e or rivets. Sometimes, the rivets do nott actually
actu shear off
under the tensile stress, butt arare crushed as shown in Fig.12. Due to this, the rivet hole
becomes of an oval shape e and hence the joint becomes loose. The e failure
failu of rivets in
such a manner is also known own a as bearing failure. The area which resists
sts this
thi action is the
projected area of the hole or riv
rivet on diametral plane.
The resistance offered byy a rrivet to be crushed is known as crushing shing resistance or
crushing strength or bearinging va
value of the rivet.
Let d = Diam
Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thick
Thickness of the plate,
σ c = Safe permissible crushing stress for the rivet
vet or plate
mate
material, and
n = Num
Number of rivets per pitch length under crushing
shing.
We know that crushing area ea pe
per rivet (i.e. projected area per rivet),
Ac = d.t
Total crushing area, = n.d.t
and crushing resistance orr pull required to crush the rivet per pitch length,
ngth,
10
Fig
Fig.12. Crushing of a rivet.
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10. Calculation of hole
le dia
diameter and pitch
….(1)
…(2)
…(3)
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From equations below
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EXAMPLES
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Actual crushing resistance
e of th
the rivets (Pca),
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Strength of the joint
= Least of Pt, Ps and Pc = 21600 N
We know that strength of the un
unriveted or solid plate,
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3) Design a double riveted d lap joint for MS plates 9.5 mm thick. Calculate
culate the efficiency
of the joint. The permissible
le stre
stresses are :
ϭt = 90 MPa, τs = 75 MPa, ϭc = 150 MPa
Solution
The joint to be designed iss show
shown schematically in Figure below;
(b) Pitch of the Joint, p : In a double riveted joint there are 4 rivets ts in a pitch length.
The rivet diameter will be taken as diameter of the hole as difference ce between
bet them is
small. The rivets can fail in
n shea
shear or due to crushing. We will first determine
ermine the shearing
and crushing strength off a riv rivet and equate the smaller of two to o the plate tearing
strength to determine p.
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Crushing strength of one rivet
From (a) and (b) it is seen that the rivet is weaker in shear.
We will equate tearing strength
ength of plate with shearing strength of rivets
ts in a pitch length.
There are two rivets in the pitch length.
(c) The back Pitch pb : Itt must be between 2.5 d to 3.0 d. For chain riveting
rivet the higher
value is preferred for the reason of head forming
m = 28.
28.3 mm is acceptable.
Thus the design is completed
eted w
with
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the head formation processcess increases rivet diameter. We are not yet
y describing
standard hole and rivet diamete
ameters. We postpone it for the time being.
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EXERCISES
1. A single riveted lap joint is made in 15 mm thick plates with 20 mm diameter rivets.
Determine the strength of the joint, if the pitch of rivets is 60 mm. Take σt = 120 MPa;
τ = 90 MPa and σc = 160 MPa. [Ans. 28 280 N]
2.Two plates 16mm thick are joined by a double riveted lap joint. The pitch of each row
of rivets is 90 mm. The rivets are 25 mm in diameter. The permissible stresses are as
follows: σt = 140 MPa τ = 110 MPa and σc = 240 MPa
Find the efficiency of the joint. [Ans. 53.5 %]
3. A single riveted double cover butt joint is made in 10 mm thick plates with 20 mm
diameter rivets with a pitch of 60 mm. Calculate the efficiency of the joint, if
σt = 100 MPa; τ = 80 MPa and σc = 160 MPa. [Ans. 53.8%]
4. A double riveted double cover butt joint is made in 12 mm thick plates with 18 mm
diameter rivets. Find the efficiency of the joint for a pitch of 80 mm, if σt = 115 MPa; τ =
80 MPa and σc = 160 MPa. [Ans. 62.6%]
5. A double riveted lap joint with chain riveting is to be made for joining two plates 10
mm thick. The allowable stresses are: σt = 60 MPa τ = 50 MPa and σc = 80 MPa. Find
the rivet diameter, pitch of rivets and distance between rows of rivets. Also find the
efficiency of the joint. [Ans. d =20 mm ; p =73mm ; Pb = 38 mm ; η =71.7%]
REFERENCES
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