Unit IV: GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Global Interstate System. It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern
world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying
states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international system, and it is the main focus of
the field of International Relations.

Analysis
STRENGTHS
It will make travel less cheap, faster and better.
WEAKNESSES

Imposed long-term costs on the country

Cut down on competition between shippers and passenger carriers.
Rising consumption of gasoline led to air pollution and a dependence on oil that affected
consumers and foreign policy for generations to come

https://prezi.com/p/fza_ulanujw7/the-global-interstate- system/#:~:text=Global%20Interstate
%20System-,Global%20Interstate%20System,the%20field%20o f%20International%20Relations

Lesson 13: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
1. Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century

Climate change, poverty, violent conflict, intolerance and extremism present direct threats
to the unity and well-being of the international community. Bokova emphasized that we must learn,
at the heart of our cities and communities, to live together.

Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st Century

On 13 June, The Hague Institute
welcomed Irina Bokova, Director-General of
UNESCO, and candidate for the Secretary-
Generalship of the United Nations, to speak
on “Challenges of Global Governance in the
21st Century” as part of the ongoing
Distinguished Speaker Series at the Institute.

Dr. Abi Williams, President of The

Hague Institute, provided welcoming
remarks, highlighting the primordial role
of UNESCO as a defender of peace.
Through its central role in global
cooperation in
education, culture and science, UNESCO contributes to the prevention of conflicts and the
development of robust and agile responses to contemporary global challenges. Advances in
science, technology and connectivity offer new opportunities to address these challenges,
which are beyond the control of any single state.
Opening with a congratulatory message to The Hague Institute on its 5th
anniversary, Bokova reiterated the special role that The Hague, as the international city of
peace and justice, plays in confronting global challenges. This role, now amplified by the
Netherlands’ Presidency of the EU, stretches from the days of Hugo Grotius to the present.
In her remarks, Bokova noted that while new technologies have created new
pathways to prosperity, trade and inter-cultural dialogue, the increasing fragmentation of
the international community is a cause for concern. Climate change, poverty, violent
conflict, intolerance and extremism present direct threats to the unity and well-being of the
international community. Bokova emphasized that we must learn, at the heart of our cities
and communities, to live together. She mentioned The Hague Institute’s recent report on
the role of cities in conflict prevention as a good example of how to develop innovative and
sustainable practices to foster communal harmony.
Bokova also observed that the alarming number of individuals displaced by conflict,
which reached a record high in 2015, continues to put pressure on countries across the
globe. Migration to Europe has put core values to the test, while the capacities of receiving
states in the Middle East, like Lebanon and Jordan, are being pushed to the limit. Attacks on
cultural rights and cultural heritage, particularly in Syria, Iraq and Mali, threaten inter-
cultural tolerance.
Bokova suggested three points of focus for efforts to address these challenges. First,
openness of mind and out-of-the-box thinking is crucial. New ideas must be transformed
into norms. Bokova highlighted the historic changes brought about by the idea of human
rights and human dignity. In this, the United Nations must take a leading role. UNESCO, as a
facilitator of inter-cultural dialogue and proponent of education, can also effect change. Its
efforts to teach people about the history of the Holocaust, as well as programs promoting
internet literacy, help to instill common values in youth and create environments that are
conducive to respectful dialogue.
Secondly, the international community must focus on building resilient societies. By
fighting exclusion and fostering inclusion, societies become stronger. Key to this resilience is
the role of women. Currently, Bokova argues, this is the weakest aspect of the international
community’s work. To facilitate meaningful change, the international community must
improve the standing and participation of women in all sectors. Presently, only 60% of
countries have achieved gender parity in primary education, and only 38% in secondary
education. Education must also be a priority where refugees are concerned, in order to
avoid a “lost generation” of youth.
Third, Bokova urged new thinking about peacebuilding. The world urgently needs
legitimate and effective peace efforts, before, during and after conflicts. Preventive
measures are key, and must involve the soft power embodied by UNESCO’s
educational and inter- cultural programs.
In response to questions posed during the Q&A session, Bokova also discussed how
the United Nations and UNESCO could address conflicts related to water and enforce the
protection of world heritage. https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/latest-
insights/latest-insights/news-brief/challenges-of-global-governance-in-the-21st-
century/#:~:text=Climate%20change%2C%20poverty%2C%20violent%20conflict,and%20co
mmunities%2C%20to%20live%20together.
 Things To Do

Name: Date:

Section/Year: Score:

Instructions:

A. State 10 the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century

B. Why are these challenges important? Justify your claims.

Lesson 14: EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENTS RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID
GLOBALIZATION

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments
2. Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization.

According to the disciplining hypothesis,

globalization restrains by inducing increased
budgetary pressure. As a consequence,
governments shift their
expenditures in favor of transfers and subsidies
and away from capital expenditures.
According to the disciplining hypothesis,
globalization restrains governments by inducing
increased budgetary pressure. As a
consequence, governments shift their
expenditures in favor of transfers and subsidies
and away from capital expenditures. This
expenditure shift is potentially enhanced by
citizens’ preferences to be compensated for
the risks of globalization (“compensation
hypothesis”). Employing two different
datasets and various measures of
globalization, we analyze whether globalization
has indeed influenced the composition of
government expenditures. For a sample of 108
countries, we examine the development of four
broad expenditure categories for the period
1970-2001: capital expenditures; expenditures
for goods and services; interest payments; and
subsidies and other current transfers. A second
dataset provides a much more detailed
classification: public expenditures, expenditures
for defence, order, economic environment,
housing, health, recreation, education, and
social expenditures. However, this second data
set is only available since 1990 – and only for
the OECD countries. Our results show that
globalization did not influence the
composition of government
expenditures.
https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp1755.pdf
The biggest effect is a reduction of economic independence. The increasing market
size with the effects of Absolute or Comparative Advantages in manufacturing creates the
need to specialize in narrow product production or service areas to be able to compete
successfully. This requires “OPEN MARKET” policies. On the opposite end of the
spectrum, it could just as easily result in “PROTECTIONIST” policies to restrict domestic
access to markets using the tools of import quotas and/or tariffs on imported goods. The
main problem with restricting market access using such tools is RETALIATION from other
countries in implementing similar policies against that country… the popular press
refers to this as a “Trade War.” When this happens, the larger market has a distinct
advantage as its people can better afford slightly higher prices for imported goods.
Global corporations don’t generally like that an excise tax is being applied to their goods
that will impact sales volumes and profits to their shareholders. If a marketing study shows
sales volumes are significantly affected in revenue losses… Global Corporations simply
establish Wholly Owned Subsidiaries in the countries where their brands are already well-
established, and continue selling them without the the excise taxes being applied. In other
cases, third countries, not involved in such Trade Disputes… called “Terms of Trade,” are
used to funnel goods without being subject to the import tax. Cyprus is often used a
gateway to import Turkish products into the European Union without going through
procedures to declare Value Added Taxes for such goods making them far cheaper on
European markets. Spanish Sahara is often used as a colony to mfr Made In EU products
using non-EU citizens in Africa, to get around import laws for access to EU markets. The
large Spanish retail giant that owns the Bershika, Zara, and Stradavarious brands has
clothing made on a large floating platform in the Mediterranean Sea to get around EU Safety
at Work labor laws and import restrictions. Turkey sold refined Iranian petroleum to Syria
during a UN Sec Council embargo for such imports to ISIL (Da’esh). If there is a will and
a market, there is always a method to get around them. https://www.quora.com/What-are-
the- effects-of-globalization-to-governments
Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could
create an imbalance of power among nations of different economic strengths. The role of
the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global
interdependence.
The role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the
varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been defined in many
ways, globalization is generally recognized as the fading or complete disappearance of
economic, social, and cultural borders between nation-states. Some scholars have theorized
that nation- states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will
be less relevant in a globalized world.
While increasingly reduced barriers regarding international commerce and
communication are sometimes seen as a potential threat to nation-states, these trends have
existed throughout history. Air and sea transportation that made same-day travel to other
continents possible and greatly expanded trade among countries did not abolish the
sovereignty of individual nations. Instead, globalization is a force that changed the way
nation-states deal with one another, particularly in the area of international commerce.
Globalization Favors Westernization
One commonly recognized effect of globalization is that it favors Westernization,
meaning that other nation-states are at a disadvantage when dealing with the Americas and
Europe. This is particularly true in the agricultural industry, in which second- and third-world
nations face competition from Western companies. Another potential effect is that nation-
states are forced to examine their economic policies in light of the many challenges and
opportunities that multinational corporations and other entities of international commerce
present.

Multinational corporations, in particular, challenge nation-states to confront the

unique issue of foreign direct investments, forcing nation-states to determine how much
international influence they allow in their economies. Globalization also creates a sense of
 interdependence among nations, which could create an imbalance of power among nations
of different economic strengths.

The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief
factor in global interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely
unchanged, states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another
to set international commerce policies. Through various economic imbalances, these
interactions may lead to diminished roles for some states and exalted roles for others.
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/022415/what-role-nationstate-
globalization.asp#:~:text=Globalization%20also%20creates%20a%20sense,chief%20factor%
20in%20global%20interdependence.

Things To Do

Name: Date:

Section/Year: Score:

Instructions:

A. Explain the effects of globalization to the Philippines in terms of health, market trading,
jobs, laws and overseas employment

B. Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization in 500 words.