Final Exam Topics

1. Political history of Pakistan (1947- 2023)

2. Geopolitical Significance of Pakistan
3. Democracy in Pakistan
4. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
5. Hybrid warfare
6. Current Affairs: Social issues, Economic, Crisis Political Instability

First Martial Law: 1958-1962

- Imposed by General Ayub Khan
- Ayub Khan staged a military coup on October 7, 1958, and declared martial law,
assuming control of the government as the Chief Martial Law Administrator
(CMLA). He later became the President of Pakistan.
Second Martial Law: 1969-1971
- Imposed by General Yahya Khan
- Yahya Khan took over the government through a military coup on March 25,
1969. He declared martial law and became the President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator. This period saw political unrest and ultimately led to the Bangladesh
Liberation War in 1971.
Third Martial Law: 1977-1985
- Imposed by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
- Zia-ul-Haq overthrew the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a
bloodless military coup on July 5, 1977. He declared martial law and assumed the
role of the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Zia-ul-Haq's martial law regime lasted
for a prolonged period and implemented Islamization policies.
Fourth Martial Law: 1999-2002
- Imposed by General Pervez Musharraf
- Musharraf took control of the government in a bloodless coup on October 12,
1999. He declared a state of emergency and assumed the title of Chief Executive.
Later, he became the President of Pakistan. Musharraf's military rule lasted until
2002.

It's important to note that martial law represents periods of direct military rule,
where the civilian government is suspended, and the military assumes control over
the administration and governance of the country. These periods are characterized
by the imposition of strict regulations, curtailment of civil liberties, and a
concentration of power in the hands of the military leadership.
Constitution of 1956: ( Chaudary Rehmat Ali )
- The Constitution of 1956 was the first constitution adopted by Pakistan after its
independence from British rule.
- It established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic with a parliamentary system of
government.
- The constitution defined the structure and powers of the federal government,
including the President, Prime Minister, and Parliament.
- It also provided for fundamental rights, including equality, freedom of speech, and
religious freedom.
- The 1956 constitution was short-lived and suspended in 1958 following a military
coup led by General Ayub Khan.

Constitution of 1962: ( General Ayub Khan )

- The Constitution of 1962 was introduced by General Ayub Khan, who assumed
power after the 1958 military coup.
- It replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential system, concentrating
power in the hands of the President.
- The President held extensive executive powers, including the ability to dissolve the
legislature and dismiss the Prime Minister.
- Political parties were weakened under this constitution, and a system of Basic
Democracies was introduced to ensure indirect elections.
- The 1962 constitution was abrogated in 1969 after widespread protests and
political unrest.

Constitution of 1973: ( Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto )

- The Constitution of 1973 is the current constitution of Pakistan and has been in
effect with amendments since its adoption.
- It was drafted by a constitutional committee and approved by the National
Assembly on April 10, 1973.
- The 1973 constitution re-established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic with a
parliamentary system of government.
- It provides for a federal structure with a bicameral legislature consisting of the
National Assembly and the Senate.
- The constitution guarantees fundamental rights, including equality, freedom of
speech, and the right to a fair trial.
- It also outlines the powers and functions of the President, Prime Minister, and other
constitutional offices.
- The 1973 constitution has been amended several times to address various issues
and accommodate changing political dynamics in the country.

1. 8th Amendment (1985):

- The 8th Amendment was introduced in 1985 during the military regime of General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
- It granted extensive powers to the President, including the authority to dissolve the
National Assembly and dismiss the Prime Minister.
- The amendment also empowered the President to appoint and remove the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and the chiefs of the armed forces.
- It significantly strengthened the position of the President and curtailed the powers
of the Prime Minister and Parliament.
- The 8th Amendment was highly controversial and drew criticism for consolidating
authoritarian rule.

2. 13th Amendment (1997):

- The 13th Amendment was introduced in 1997 under the government of Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif.
- It aimed to decentralize power and grant greater autonomy to the provinces.
- The amendment established local government systems at the district, tehsil, and
union council levels, giving them authority over local affairs.
- It provided for the devolution of administrative, financial, and legislative powers to
the provinces and local governments.
- The 13th Amendment aimed to promote local representation, participation, and
decision-making in governance.

3. 17th Amendment (2003):

- The 17th Amendment was passed in 2003 during the presidency of General Pervez
Musharraf.
- It brought several amendments to the Constitution, primarily focusing on electoral
reforms and the power structure of the government.
- The amendment introduced a system of indirect presidential elections through an
Electoral College, consisting of members of the federal and provincial legislatures.
- It also provided constitutional protection to the Legal Framework Order (LFO),
which had previously been implemented through executive actions.
- The 17th Amendment sought to address political and legal issues arising from
Musharraf's military coup in 1999.

4. 18th Amendment (2010):

- The 18th Amendment was passed in 2010 under the government of President Asif
Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani.
- It aimed to restore parliamentary supremacy, strengthen federalism, and address
constitutional imbalances.
- The amendment introduced significant changes to the distribution of powers
between the federal and provincial governments.
- It increased provincial autonomy, transferring more subjects and resources from
the federal to the provincial level.
- The 18th Amendment also repealed the controversial 17th Amendment, thereby
removing several of the powers that were concentrated in the presidency.
- It restored the original parliamentary form of government, reducing the President's
authority and making the Prime Minister the chief executive.
- The amendment introduced several other reforms, including changes to the
judiciary, electoral system, and appointment processes.
 Political history of Pakistan (1947- 2023)

Phase 1: 1947-1958 (Democratic Era)

- The first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed in 1947, which worked on
drafting the country's constitution.
- The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949, declaring that Pakistan would be
an Islamic state guided by the principles of democracy, equality, and social justice.
- The disputed issue of the status of Jammu and Kashmir emerged as a significant
challenge for Pakistan's newly formed government, leading to the first Indo-Pakistani
war in 1947-1948.

Phase 2: 1958-1969 (Military Era)

- Ayub Khan's regime implemented various economic reforms, such as the
introduction of the Green Revolution, which aimed to increase agricultural
productivity.
- The 1965 Indo-Pakistani war occurred during this period, as tensions between India
and Pakistan escalated over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
- Ayub Khan's presidency faced growing criticism for political repression, leading to
the formation of opposition parties, student movements, and calls for greater
democracy.

Phase 3: 1969-1970 (Military Era)

- The Awami League, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, emerged as a strong political
force in East Pakistan, advocating for greater autonomy and rights for Bengalis.
- In 1970, the people of Pakistan were allowed to vote in elections for the first time
where everyone who was an adult could participate. These elections caused a divide
or split between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan because the
results of the elections showed that the two regions had different preferences and
opinions about who should govern the country. This led to a situation where the
country became politically divided.
- The failure of negotiations between political parties to address regional disparities
and concerns of Bengali nationalism in East Pakistan ultimately led to the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

Phase 4: 1970-1977 (Democratic Era)

- The Simla Agreement, signed between India and Pakistan in 1972, aimed to
resolve the issues arising from the 1971 war, including the repatriation of prisoners
of war and the return of occupied territories.
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government introduced land reforms, seeking to redistribute
agricultural land to alleviate rural poverty.
- The Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), a coalition of opposition parties, launched a
mass protest movement against Bhutto's government in 1977, leading to civil unrest
and eventually the military coup.

Phase 5: 1977-1988 (Military Era)

- General Zia-ul-Haq's regime implemented Islamization policies, introducing Sharia
law and promoting religious conservatism.
- Pakistan became a front-line state in the Cold War, receiving significant military and
economic aid from the United States and becoming a base for Afghan mujahideen
during the Soviet-Afghan War.
- The controversial hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979 drew international criticism
and further polarized the political landscape of Pakistan.

Phase 6: 1988-1999 (Democratic Era)

- The restoration of democracy in 1988 saw the emergence of the Muhajir Qaumi
Movement (MQM) as a major political force representing the Urdu-speaking
community in Karachi.
- Benazir Bhutto's government faced multiple corruption allegations and political
instability, leading to her dismissal in 1990 and subsequent re-election in 1993.
- The Afghan civil war in the 1990s and the rise of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan
had significant implications for Pakistan's security and foreign policy.

Phase 7: 1999-2008 (Military Era)

- The Kargil conflict in 1999, fought between India and Pakistan in the Kargil region
of Jammu and Kashmir, resulted in a military confrontation and strained relations
between the two countries.
- General Pervez Musharraf's regime faced challenges from political parties, lawyers'
movements, and religious extremist groups, including the Lal Masjid operation in
Islamabad in 2007.
- The regime introduced local government reforms and initiated the construction of
mega-infrastructure projects such as the Gwadar Port and Islamabad-Muzaffarabad
Highway.

Phase 8: 2008-Present (Democratic Era)

- The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, passed in 2010, devolved greater powers
and autonomy to the provinces, aiming to strengthen federalism.
- The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) emerged as a major political force, led by
Imran Khan, campaigning against corruption and advocating for socioeconomic
reforms.
- Ongoing challenges during this phase include issues of governance, economic
stability, counterterrorism efforts, and managing relations with neighbouring
countries, particularly India and Afghanistan.

SIX POINT FORMULA OF SHEIKH MUJEEB UR RAHMAN

- Federal Parliamentary System on the basis of population.
- The Federal government would be restricted to foreign affairs, defense and
currency.
- There would be two different currencies for the two wings or a single one with
separate. Federal Reserve systems for each wing.
- The power of implementation and collection of taxes would lie with the provinces.
The federal government will be given enough shares.
- Separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each wing.
- The East Pakistan would be given the Authority to have a militia
 Geopolitical Significance of Pakistan

The geopolitical significance of Pakistan is derived from its strategic location and its
role as a gateway between South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Indian
Ocean region. Here is detailed information about the geopolitical significance of
Pakistan:

1. Strategic Location:
Pakistan is located at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle
East. It shares borders with several countries, including India, Afghanistan, Iran, and
China. Its location provides it with both challenges and opportunities in the
geopolitical arena.

2. Regional Connectivity:
Pakistan's geography positions it as a crucial connector between various regions.
The country serves as a land bridge between South Asia and Central Asia, providing
an important trade and transit route for goods and energy resources. It offers access
to the Arabian Sea, making it a vital link between landlocked Central Asian countries
and global maritime trade routes.

3. Economic Significance:
Pakistan's geopolitical location has economic implications. It has the potential to
become a regional economic hub due to its strategic position, natural resources, and
human capital. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project
under China's Belt and Road Initiative, further enhances Pakistan's economic
significance by establishing transportation and energy infrastructure linkages with
China.

4. Energy Transit:
Pakistan's location is vital for energy transit, particularly for oil and gas pipelines. It
lies in proximity to resource-rich regions such as the Middle East and Central Asia.
Projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-
India (TAPI) gas pipeline aim to utilize Pakistan's geography to meet the energy
demands of the region.

5. Influence in South Asia:

As one of the largest countries in South Asia, Pakistan holds significance in regional
dynamics. Its geopolitical position influences power relations, conflicts, and
cooperation within the region. The historical rivalry with India, the Kashmir dispute,
and Afghanistan's stability are key factors that shape Pakistan's geopolitical
influence in South Asia.

6. Security Dynamics:
Pakistan's strategic location makes it important for global and regional security
considerations. It shares a long and volatile border with Afghanistan, which affects
regional stability. Pakistan's cooperation in counterterrorism efforts and its role in the
Afghan peace process are of great interest to regional and international actors.

7. Nuclear Capability:
Pakistan's status as a nuclear-armed state adds to its geopolitical significance. Its
possession of nuclear weapons and strategic location have implications for regional
security, deterrence dynamics, and non-proliferation efforts. It shapes Pakistan's
relationships with neighboring countries and major powers.

8. Geostrategic Balance:
Pakistan's geopolitical significance contributes to maintaining a geostrategic balance
in the region. Its presence ensures that no single power dominates the region
completely. This balance of power serves the interests of both Pakistan and other
regional stakeholders.

In summary, Pakistan's geopolitical significance stems from its strategic location,

regional connectivity, economic potential, energy transit, influence in South Asia,
security dynamics, nuclear capability, and its role in maintaining a geostrategic
balance. These factors shape Pakistan's relationships with neighboring countries
and major powers, impacting regional stability, economic cooperation, and security
dynamics in the broader region.

Democracy in Pakistan
1. Lack of Democratic Norms:
Pakistan has faced challenges in establishing and sustaining democratic norms and
practices. Factors such as military interventions, weak political institutions, political
polarization, and limited civic participation have hindered the development of a
robust democratic culture.

2. Constitutions and Ruling Parties:

Pakistan has had several constitutions throughout its history, with periods of
democratic and military rule. The constitution provides the framework for democratic
governance, defining the roles and responsibilities of various institutions. However,
the stability and continuity of democratic governments have been disrupted by
periods of military intervention.

3. Role of Political Parties and Democracy:

Political parties play a crucial role in democratic processes by representing diverse
interests, mobilizing support, and contesting elections. In Pakistan, various political
parties have emerged and influenced the political landscape. However, there have
been allegations of corruption, nepotism, and dynastic politics within some parties,
which have affected the quality of democratic governance.

4. Role of State Institutions in Protecting Citizens:

The protection of citizens' rights and the rule of law are fundamental pillars of
democracy. State institutions, including the judiciary and law enforcement agencies,
are responsible for safeguarding these principles. In Pakistan, the independence and
effectiveness of these institutions have faced challenges, affecting the overall
democratic system.

5. Lack of Credibility of Elections:

Elections are a crucial component of democracy, providing citizens with the
opportunity to choose their representatives. However, Pakistan has faced concerns
about the credibility of elections, including allegations of irregularities, voter
manipulation, and political interference. Building trust in the electoral process is
essential for strengthening democratic institutions.

6. The Communication Gap between Political Leaders and the General Public:
Effective communication and engagement between political leaders and the general
public are vital for democratic governance. In Pakistan, there has often been a gap
between political leaders and the masses, with limited avenues for meaningful
dialogue and citizen participation. Bridging this communication gap is essential for
ensuring accountability and responsive governance.

7. Political Assassination in Pakistan:

Pakistan has experienced political assassinations, which have had a significant
impact on the democratic landscape. The targeted killings of political leaders
undermine political stability, create fear, and disrupt the democratic process.
Ensuring the safety and security of political leaders is crucial for maintaining a
conducive environment for democratic functioning.

Overall, democracy in Pakistan has faced various challenges, including military

interventions, weak democratic institutions, political polarization, and credibility
issues in elections. Strengthening democratic norms, fostering civic participation,
promoting accountability, and ensuring the independence of state institutions are key
factors in building a sustainable democratic system in Pakistan.
 Foreign Policy

Determinants of Foreign Policy:

1. Administration:
The administration of a country, including the executive branch and its various
departments, plays a critical role in formulating and implementing foreign policy. The
head of state, such as the president or prime minister, along with their advisors and
diplomats, shape the foreign policy agenda. They assess geopolitical challenges,
national interests, and diplomatic strategies to guide the country's interactions with
other nations.

2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or its equivalent, is a key institution responsible for
developing and executing a nation's foreign policy. It serves as the primary channel
for diplomatic engagements and represents the country's interests abroad. The
ministry coordinates with diplomatic missions, negotiates international agreements,
and manages diplomatic relations with other countries.

3. Intelligence Agencies:
Intelligence agencies play a crucial role in foreign policy by gathering and analyzing
information on other nations. They provide critical insights into the political,
economic, and security dynamics of foreign countries. Their assessments help
policymakers make informed decisions, assess threats, and formulate strategies to
protect national interests.

4. Political Parties and Public Pressure:

Political parties and public opinion can influence foreign policy decisions. Political
parties may have different ideological orientations or prioritize specific issues in their
international engagements. Public pressure, expressed through media, protests, or
public opinion polls, can shape the priorities and direction of foreign policy.
Governments often consider public sentiment and party positions when formulating
and adjusting their foreign policy stances.

5. Parliament:
Parliaments or legislative bodies also play a role in foreign policy. They provide
oversight, debate, and approve international agreements and treaties. Parliamentary
committees may review and examine foreign policy decisions, ensuring
accountability and democratic participation in the formulation and implementation of
foreign policy.
 Foreign Policy of Pakistan with Countries

1. India:
The foreign policy of Pakistan towards India has been characterized by a history of
conflicts and disputes, particularly centred around the issue of Kashmir. Pakistan
seeks to resolve the Kashmir issue based on the principle of self-determination for
the people of Kashmir, as enshrined in United Nations resolutions.

Diplomatic engagements between Pakistan and India have included bilateral talks,
dialogues, and efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the Kashmir dispute. However,
the relationship has been strained by issues such as cross-border terrorism,
territorial disputes, and conflicting geopolitical interests. These challenges have
impeded progress in normalizing relations and establishing lasting peace.

2. Afghanistan:
Pakistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan aims to support a stable, peaceful, and
prosperous Afghanistan. Pakistan has played a crucial role in facilitating peace talks
and reconciliation processes between the Afghan government and various factions,
including the Taliban.

Pakistan's interests in Afghanistan include countering extremism, preventing the

cross-border movement of militants, and addressing security concerns along the
shared border. Economic cooperation, including trade and investment, is another
aspect of the bilateral relationship.

Despite efforts to promote stability, the relationship between Pakistan and

Afghanistan has faced challenges. Accusations of cross-border militancy and the
flow of refugees have strained ties. However, both countries recognize the
importance of cooperation and have engaged in diplomatic efforts to address shared
concerns.

3. China:
Pakistan and China enjoy a robust and longstanding friendship, often referred to as
an "all-weather" strategic partnership. The relationship is based on mutual trust,
shared interests, and extensive cooperation in various domains.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project within the

broader framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It involves significant
investments in infrastructure development, energy projects, and industrial
cooperation. CPEC aims to enhance connectivity between Pakistan's Gwadar Port
and China's northwestern region, creating economic opportunities for both countries.

Beyond economic cooperation, Pakistan and China also collaborate on defense and
security issues, including joint military exercises and defense technology transfers.
China's support has been instrumental in enhancing Pakistan's defense capabilities.
The relationship with China is seen by Pakistan as crucial for regional stability and
as a counterbalance to India's influence. It provides Pakistan with economic support,
infrastructure development, and access to Chinese markets. China, in turn, gains
strategic advantages, such as a gateway to the Arabian Sea and increased influence
in the region.

4. Iran:
Pakistan shares a border with Iran and seeks to maintain friendly relations based on
mutual respect, economic cooperation, and regional stability. Both countries have
engaged in diplomatic efforts to address shared concerns and enhance bilateral ties.

Economic cooperation between Pakistan and Iran includes trade, energy projects,
and joint ventures. The development of the Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline, also known
as the Peace Pipeline, aims to address Pakistan's energy needs by importing natural
gas from Iran.

However, the relationship has faced challenges due to various factors. Sectarian
tensions, especially between Shia and Sunni communities, have strained ties.
Border security issues, such as cross-border smuggling and illegal migration, have
also posed challenges. Additionally, differing geopolitical alignments and external
pressures have at times affected the bilateral relationship.

Efforts to maintain open lines of communication, enhance economic cooperation,

and address shared concerns continue to shape Pakistan's foreign policy towards
Iran.

5. USA:
Pakistan's relationship with the United States has experienced fluctuations and
periods of strain, influenced by a range of factors including security concerns,
counterterrorism efforts, regional stability, and conflicting interests.

The United States has provided military and economic assistance to Pakistan,
particularly in the context of counterterrorism efforts and the war in Afghanistan.
Cooperation has included intelligence sharing, military training, and logistical
support. However, disagreements and tensions have emerged on various issues.
Concerns have been raised about Pakistan's support for certain militant groups,
nuclear explosion, and human rights issues. These factors have at times strained the
relationship between the two countries.

Efforts to align priorities, foster cooperation, and address mutual concerns continue.
The United States remains an important partner for Pakistan in areas such as
security cooperation, economic assistance, and diplomatic engagements. Both
countries recognize the significance of maintaining a constructive relationship for
regional stability and addressing shared challenges.
 Hybrid Warfare

Hybrid warfare is a unique type of conflict that Pakistan has experienced over the
past two decades. It involves various tactics used by both internal and external
opponents to create problems for Pakistan. These challenges come from both
national and international sources.

In hybrid warfare, different strategies are combined to achieve multiple objectives,

such as creating political disturbances and spreading negative narratives about
Pakistan internationally. This includes using groups like Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
(TTP) and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) to carry out terrorist attacks, prolonged conflicts,
targeted killings, and attacks using improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

A wide range of actors, including states, state-sponsored groups, non-state actors,

and self-funded groups, have employed hybrid warfare strategies against Pakistan. It
took some time for Pakistan to fully realize the extent of this type of warfare, but in
recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the challenges it poses.

To effectively counter hybrid warfare, Pakistan needs to understand its dynamics

and develop appropriate strategies. It is worth noting that Pakistan is unique in facing
the full spectrum of hybrid warfare compared to other countries. Gaining a better
understanding of these dynamics will be crucial in developing strategies that can
address the existing challenges and work towards achieving sustainable peace.

Current Affairs: Social issues, Economic Crisis, Political Instability

Current affairs encompass a wide range of ongoing events and issues that shape the
socio-economic and political landscape of a country. In the context of Pakistan, there
are several significant current affairs related to social issues, economic challenges,
and political instability.

Social Issues:
1. Poverty and Income Inequality: Pakistan faces high levels of poverty and
income inequality, with a significant portion of the population living below the poverty
line. The government has been working to implement poverty alleviation programs
and social safety nets to address these issues.

2. Education System: Pakistan faces challenges in providing quality education to all

its citizens. Access to education, particularly for marginalized communities, remains
a concern. Efforts are being made to improve the education system through reforms
and increased investment in the sector.

3. Gender Inequality: Gender disparities persist in Pakistan, including limited

access to education and employment opportunities for women, as well as issues
related to gender-based violence. Initiatives are underway to promote gender
equality and women's empowerment.
4. Religious and Ethnic Tensions: Pakistan is a diverse country with various
religious and ethnic groups. Inter-communal tensions and conflicts occasionally
arise, requiring efforts to foster interfaith harmony and promote inclusive policies.

Economic Crisis:
1. Inflation and Cost of Living: Pakistan has experienced high inflation rates,
leading to increased costs of essential commodities and a higher cost of living for the
general population. Managing inflation and stabilizing prices remain key economic
challenges.

2. Unemployment and Youth Bulge: The country faces a significant youth bulge,
with a large portion of the population comprising young people. Providing
employment opportunities for the growing workforce is a major economic concern.

3. Energy Crisis: Pakistan has struggled with an energy crisis, including electricity
shortages and an inadequate energy infrastructure. Addressing energy needs and
diversifying the energy mix are priorities for the government.

4. External Debt and Fiscal Challenges: Pakistan faces challenges related to its
external debt burden and fiscal deficits. Balancing the budget, attracting foreign
investment, and implementing economic reforms are vital for sustained economic
growth.

Political Instability:
1. Democratic Transitions: Pakistan has experienced periods of political instability
and frequent changes in government. Smooth transitions of power and strengthening
democratic institutions are important for political stability.

2. Civil-Military Relations: The relationship between the civilian government and

the military has been a key factor in Pakistan's political landscape. Balancing the
roles and responsibilities of both entities is crucial for political stability.

3. Governance and Corruption: Issues of governance, transparency, and

corruption have affected political stability. Strengthening governance structures,
promoting accountability, and combating corruption are ongoing challenges.

4. Regional Security Concerns: Pakistan faces security challenges in its region,

including cross-border conflicts and tensions. Navigating regional dynamics and
maintaining peaceful relations with neighbouring countries are essential for political
stability.

Addressing these social, economic, and political challenges requires comprehensive

strategies, policy reforms, and sustained efforts from the government, civil society,
and international stakeholders. By actively engaging with these issues, Pakistan can
strive towards a more inclusive, prosperous, and politically stable future.