CHAPTER 7

MUSIC AND DANCE GENRES

Doreen Sagge Inoc’ and Reynaldo B. Inocian

“Music is the universal language of mankind.”

-Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Overview of the study of Music

Music is the universal language of people around the globe (Clapier,2014). Men and women, young
and old, rich and poor, all of us do have a sense of recognition and appreciation as regards this wonderful
creation of art – the world of music. Music is a part of art and science.
Using structure, harmony, and emotional expression, music is an art form that mixes vocal and
instrumental sounds, occasionally both. There are many distinct genres of music that are important to cultures
all around the world. When asked to describe music, musicians find it difficult to put their thoughts into
words. Every musician has something special to offer in terms of how their music affects listeners in particular
ways.

A brief history of music

The European continent was the epicenter of art. All the well-known painters, sculptors, architects,
writers, and musicians came from this side of the world.

Some of the samples:

* PAINTING
- The creation of Adam
The creation of Adam encapsulates the triumph of disegno over the lesser art of colorito.

*ARCHITECTURE
- Coliseum in Rome
The Colosseum stands today as a symbol of the power, genius, and brutality of the Roman Empire.

*SCULPTURE
- The Thinker
The pose is one of deep thought and contemplation, and the statue is often used as an image to represent
philosophy.

*LITERATURE
- Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18
 To praise his beloved’s beauty and describe all how their beauty is preferable to a summer day.

*MUSIC
- Beethoven wrote and composed the “Symphony No.9”
To impart a universal message of hope and unity to all of mankind.

*RELIGION
- A mass celebration where was used
Music was written for performance in a religious rite of worship.

*ENTERTAINMENT
- A palace get-together where music and dance were observed
Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds of performances exist in all cultures, were supported
in royal courts, developed into sophisticated forms, and over time became available to all citizens.

Music exists because of two critical reasons - Religion and Entertainment

Since music appeals to and delightfully heightens human senses, it is almost always an element of religion.
This allows people to praise either through a medium that makes worship more enjoyable.

THE PURPOSE OF MUSIC AND ITS REPERTOIRE

Praise
compe and
worship dance
titor

election theater

PURPOSE OF
wedding tribal
MUSIC

birthday
fiesta

Shows/ burial
gigs concert

Six classifications prove that this is important to the socio-cultural aspects of human life in a
civilized society.
1. MUSIC FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES
Music is used to worship in most denominations. Because music pleases and delightfully heightens
human senses, which in turn allows people to praise through a medium that makes worship more enjoyable,
music is almost universally an aspect of religion.
Examples:
 Mosque Music
 Dervish Lodge music
 Liturgical Music

2. MUSIC FOR ENTERTAINMENT

The success of entertainment is dependent on music. A sort of action known as entertainment is one
that captivates a crowd and keeps them interested or entertained. A concert or other comparable event that
includes musical performance—with or without singing or recitation—is referred to as musical entertainment.

Examples:
 Exhibition entertainment
 Live entertainment
 Mass media entertainment industry

3. MUSIC FOR TRIBAL IDENTITY

Tribal tribes use music as a part of their cultural heritage in their ceremonies and ceremonial customs.
This is the seventh justification for using music in their ceremonial dances.

Examples:
 A boat song
 Song in slow triple time
 A mournful song

4. MUSIC FOR SOCIO-CULTURAL OCCASIONS

It is joyfully celebrated during the celebrations of festivals, fiestas, weddings, and burials. The
fundamental purpose of music in our lives is to help us unwind, express ourselves, understand our emotions,
and generally be happier. It has developed into a means of self-expression and healing, frequently determining
what actions we as individuals choose to affect society.

Example:
 A song was sung at feast
 Youth culture
 Racial integration

5. MUSIC OF POLITICAL CAMPAIGN

Music is used to increase political patronage and assurance to win the election. Music has a special
ability to enliven, excite, and encourage a campaign. In addition, music has been a campaign since our nation's
founding.
Example:
 Ang Presidente – Bise Presidente
 Nais Ko
6. MUSIC FOR EARNING PRESTIGE
Enhancing one’s talent in music offers a lot of windows or opportunities. People participate in
numerous singing competitions to improve their fortunes.

Example:
 R&B
 Hip hop
THE SIX MAJOR PERIODS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC

MEDIEVAL PERIOD (450-1400)

The Medieval Period is also known as the Middles Ages (in between the ancient and the modern
period) or the Dark Ages (characterized by the attacks of the different barbaric tribes). The Middle Ages was
the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of
the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the
region of Europe and other factors).
Traveling musicians were known as troubadours (from southern Europe) and trouveres (from France)
performed secular music that focused on heroic deeds and love.

Medieval music is characterized by the following:

1. Simple tunes;
2. Chant Music;
3. Passing of music through the word of mouth;
4. Beginning to use formal notation;
5. Beginning and flourishing of music theories and
6. Beginning and development of a musical instrument

Samples:
 Rom Condeno’s “Music of Medieval Period”
 Gesmusic “Medieval Musicians”

Music Instruments during the Medieval period

Music in the Medieval Period Utilizes 3 types of musical instruments such as wind, string, and
percussion instruments.

1. WIND INSTRUMENTS – include the flute (transverse woodwind instrument), and trumpet (extremely
limited range of notes being played and used to send orders during the battles).

Samples:
 Lisa Balvanz “Medieval ancient flute”
 Victor Eijkhout “Suck but, Medieval ancient trumpet”
2. STRING INSTRUMENTS – are the lute (a large pear-shaped body with gut strings), fiddle (developed from
500 Byzantine Lyra, which turned into the violin during 1500), gittern (ancestor of guitar, similar to a lute,
plucked with a quill and strings are made of the gut).

Samples:
 Joseph W. Drexel “Sixtus Rauhwolff’s Lute 1596”
 Seraphim Protos “Fiddle in Steven Lee’s Baroque Bow and Beginners”
 Pinterest “Gitter” Rome

3. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS – include the dulcimer (plucked by striking the strings with small hammers),
tambourine (resembling a shallow drum with small metal disks around the edge), drums (barrel-shaped
instrument being struck with the sticks or hands).

Samples:
 Marcille Wallis “Dulcimer image”
 Michael Dooley “Tambourine Image” Lone starb Percussion, 1978”
 Ancient image drum

Famous Personalities Composers

The Medieval period produced musicians and composers that left legacies of music to the world like Pope
Gregory the Great, Guillaume de Machaut, and Hildegard of Bingen. Pope Gregory the Great was the founder of the
Great Gregorian Chant. Guillaume de Machaut became the founder of secular music. He was a traveling musician who
composed singing and spoken words that inspired writers. Geoffry Chaucer, a highly respected figure in the Medieval
era. Hildegard of Bingen, a German nun, herbalist, and composer produced 69 musical compositions.

Samples:
 John S. Knox “Pope Gregory the Great image “
 Guillaume de Machaut
 Hopkin, Owen, Hildegard of Bingen image

MUSICAL GENRE DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

- Religious music known as sacred music was very popular during this age.
- The most popular of these is the Gregorian chant (Named after Pope Gregory or Saint Gregory the Great and
590-604), which religious monks sang during miscalibrations.

mass

Music Genre of Madrigal

laude the spiritual
Renaissance

motet
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)
The period of turmoil brought the dark ages, and the revival of culture from Greece and Rome ushered
in the reawakening of the arts known as Renaissance or Rebirth. During the Renaissance period music
underwent development.
1. Through the improvement of the printing press, music began to circulate all over Europe.
2. Women were accepted to be with men in the musical scene.
3. Polyphonic type of music began.
4. Aristocrats and rich people could afford to hire musicians for celebrations and events.
5. Secular music became widespread as it was commercially recognized.
6. Instrumental gained its attractiveness to many compared to the vocal music
7. Vocal music still exists.

Samples:
 Michael Johnson’s “Renaissance Period Music”
 Renaissance music and dance “Female musicians”

As characterized during this period, polyphony in music gained popularity. During this period the following
terminologies were commonly used:
1. HARMONY - 2 or more notes being played at the same time;
2. TRIAD – 3 notes being played at the same time and its interval is in thirds;
3. MAJOR TRIAD – happy tune reduced (formula; 4hs, 3hs of the interval used)
4. MINOR TRIAD – sad tune is reduced (formula:4hs, 3hs)
5. WORD PAINTING – a musical representation of specific poetic images;
6. RENAISSANCE MOTET – a polyphonic chorale work set to a sacred Latin text other than the
ordinary of the mass;
7. RENAISSANCE MASS – a polyphonic chorale composition made of 5 sections; Kyrie, Gloria, Credo,
Sanctus, and Agnus Dei and
8. RENAISSANCE MADRIGAL – secular vocal sons wherein the music is set to poems in various
languages like Italian, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, and English.

The Renaissance period produced famous composers who contributed their compositions to greatness. They
were:
Josquin des Perez – a Flemish composer from Hainaut (now a part of Belgium) founder of a
Renaissance Motet, contemporary of da Vinci and Columbus, and his famous work is Ave Maria… Virgo
Serena (1475);
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina – the founder of renaissance mass, devoted himself to music for the
catholic church and his famous work is Pope Marcellus Mass (1552-1553); and
Thomas Weelkes – one of the finest English Madrigals, an organist, and church composer, and his
famous work is As Vesta Was Descending (1601) in honor of Queen Elizabeth

BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750)

- The Baroque means “bizarre”. Baroque is also known in history as the “Age of Absolutism”.Art during
the Baroque period is described as flamboyant and elaborately ornamented. Group performances in
music were also popular in the period.
The Musical Genre during the Baroque period
Baroque music is known for the use of the harpsichord and the violin family instrumentation as
dominant musical instruments. This became popular until the remaining period of the 20 th century as a form of
social entertainment.

Baroque music is unique based on these characteristics:

1. Unity of mood.
What begins joyfully will remain throughout, and emotions and affections are present during
the performance of a baroque piece. A piece expressed one basic mood e.g. rhythmic patterns,
or melodic patterns.
2. Rhythm.
Rhythmic patterns are heard at the beginning of a piece and are repeated throughout the end
of the piece. Rhythmic continuity provides a compelling drive, the beat is more emphasized than
before.
3. Melody.
Like in rhythm, the opening melody of the Baroque music will be heard again and again during
the entire duration of the presentation.
4. Dynamics.
There is the presence of terraced dynamics, which are defined within the terminologies of the
song.
5. Texture.
Baroque music is predominantly polyphonic in texture that is two or more melodic lines
compete for the listener’s attention.
6. Chord and Basso Continuo.
Chords are dominantly a part of the Baroque composition in which a chord can be played
together or one note after the other.
7. Words and Music.
These often-emphasized words by writing rapid notes for a single syllable of a text in Baroque
music.

MUSIC TERMINOLOGIES OF BAROQUE

1. Basso Continuo – known as figured bass and usually done in an accompaniment manner.
2. Baroque orchestra – a combination of the musical instrument being played at the same time.
3. Movement – a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.
4. Concerto Grosso and Ritornello form – concerto Grosso is a small group of soloists pitted against a large of
players called “tutti” while itornello opens them called the refrain.
5. Fugue – a polyphonic composition based on one main theme called subject.
6. Opera – a drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment.
7. Sonata – a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments.
8. Suite – a composition that is based on a dance-inspired movement.
9. Cantata – pieces that were sung.
10. Oratorio – a large-scale composition for charus, vocal soloist, and orchestra.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS DURING THE BAROQUE PERIOD
 HARPSICHORD – defined in the renaissance period
 VIOLIN – usually has a set of four strings with f-holes and scroll and played with a bow.
 VIOLA – the alto voice of the violin family and a bit larger than the violin.
 CELLO – always be in a seated manner.
 DOUBLE BASS – the biggest of the violin family of instruments and the bass voice of the group.

FAMOUS BAROQUE COMPOSERS

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH – recognized as the most eminent organist, harpsichordist, improviser, and
master of fugue.
GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL – his triple career as an impresario, composer, and performer brought him
success and his famous work is Messiah (1741)
ANTONIO VIVALDI – was known as the “Red Priest”, violin teacher, composer, and conductor, and his
popular work-concerto for violin and string orchestra Op.8, No. 1 from the four Seasons (1725)

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1820)

The classical era is the most influential period of all time in the history of music. The focus of music
during this period was a piece of secular music.

Musical Genre During the Classical period

The orchestra during the baroque was still popular during classical music is a genre that implies
balance and utilizes a complete set of sections. Musical genres during the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque
periods were also popular during the Classical period.

The following were the characteristics of music during the classical period;
1. CONTRAST OF MOOD – the music may change gradually or suddenly.
2. RHYTHM – classical music does have a flexibility and wide array of rhythmic patterns used.
3. TEXTURE – is being treated the same as the rhythm and usually in homophy in which there are
shifts in a gradual, or sudden manner.
4. MELODY – the most tuneful, easy to remember, and often sounds balanced.
5. DYNAMICS AN PIANO – focused on the interest of expressing shades of emotions that lead to a
wide spread of gradual dynamic changes.
6. CLASSICAL FORM – a composition that has 4 parts.

MUSIC TERMINOLOGIES OF CLASSICAL

1. SONATA FORM – consists of exposition, development, recapitulation, and coda.
2. THEME AND VARIATIONS – consists of the main theme with a variety of rhythmic patterns in which
the distinctive main theme can still be recognized.
3. CLASSICAL SYMPHONY – an extended, ambitious composition usually lasting for 20 to 40 minutes.
4. CLASSICAL CONCERTO – a three-movement work (fast, slow, and fast) for an instrumental soloist
and orchestra.
5. CLASSICAL CHAMBER MUSIC – designed for an intimate setting for a room (chamber) in a home or
palace.
The musical instrument of classical:
o HARP – has 47 strings stretched on a triangular frame.

The complete set of wind instrument constitutes of two sub-sections, the woodwind and brass section were
also used during this period.

WOODWIND SECTION BRASS SECTION

 PICCOLO  TRUMPET
 FLUTE  FRENCH HORN
 CLARINET  TROMBONE
 OBOE  TUBA
 ENGLISH HORN
 BASSOON

THE FAMOUS COMPOSER IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

1. JOSEPH HAYDN – the pathfinder of classical music a pioneer in the development of symphony and
strings quarter and known for his piece entitled “Trumpet concerto in E flat Major” (1796)
2. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART – the most versatile of all the composers, his famous work
through the years is entitled “Twinkle, Twinkle, little star”.
3. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN - he opens the realms of music expression that profoundly influenced
composers throughout the 19th century and his famous piece is entitled “Symphony No.5 (1808).

THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1802-1990)

- the period is filled with romanticism in art specifically in music.
WER- have a greater range in tone color dynamics and melody.
- romantic harmony terminologies became broader with much emphasis on terms of colorful unstable
cords.

Characteristics:
 INDIVIDUALLY OF STYLE - every composer has its own uniqueness and trademark.
 EXPRESSIVE SUBJECTS – the melodic line has a very catchy tune.
 NATIONALISM – creating music promotes national identity, using folksongs, dances, legends, the
history of their homelands, and loving one’s country or heritage.
 EXOTICISM – it is a composition where music draws inspiration from foreign influences.
 CHROMATIC HARMONY – this is the usage of chords not found within a major or minor scale.
 EXPRESSIVE RANGE OF DYNAMICS, PITCH, AND TEMPO – this is the wide array of dynamics from ffff
to pppp, a wide range of pitches from very low to highest register of tones, and gradual or sudden
change of time signature used.

TERMINOLOGIES;
1. ART SONG – it is a composition for solo voice and piano.
2. STROPHIC FORM – it is the repetition of the same music for every stanza.
3. THROUGH-COMPOSED FORM – it is the writing of new music for every stanza.
 4. PROGRAM MUSIC – it is the instrumental associated with a story, poem, idea scene, or event.
5. PIANO INSTRUMENTAL REPERTOIRE - it is an instrumental composition designed for piano.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
- It is the same step-up of musical instruments used in the classical period.

FAMOUS COMPOSERS
JOHANNES BRAHMS – composed several compositions in all forms except opera, known to fulfill the
predictions of Robert Schumana that he will be the most influential composer during his time and his
famous work- Symphony No.3 in F Major, Op.90 (1883).
FREDERIC CHOPIN – known as the only composer who has very huge hands, and had a hand cast; were
concentrated only in piano solos his popular work, fantasia impromptu (1834).
PETER ILYICH TCHAIKOVSKY – fused the national and international elements and influences to create
his music with intensive and passionate compositions; his notable work- Was the Nutcracker (1892).

THE 20TH CENTURY MUSIC (1901- 2000) AND BEYOND

 Is not much change in music in the 20th century compared to the present.
 Music during this period is described as an adventure since there is no assumption on how the tones
should relate to the other.
 50s up the present, each decade represents a trademark of music.
 No strict rule in making music.
 Present the composers are no longer known and given much attention.
 Section of symphony orchestral instrumentation are no longer practiced.
 Digital music is growing dominantly in this period.

CHARACTERISTICS:
 CONSONANCE – these are the use of stable chords.
 DISSONANCE – it is no longer tied down to its former function but has become an entity itself and the
chords are unstable.
 NEW CHORDS – the 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, 13ths, and other forms of intervals like the fourth (from DO-FA
et al)
 COMPOUND METERS – it’s a combination of 2-time signatures and creating new set of meters used in
compositions.
 Changing of clefs and meters from time to time.
 Simple tunes yet unpredictable or catchy tunes, which are easily remembered.

TERMINOLOGIES:
 JAZZ – music rooted in improvisation, characterized by syncopation rhythm, a steady beat and unique
tome color.
 RHYTHM AND BLUES – a dance music of African Americans that fused blues, jazz, and gospel styles.
 MUSICAL – is a type of theatrical performance that fuses script, acting, spoken dialogues with music,
singing, dancing, and with the usage of costumes, scenery and spectacle.
 ROCK MUSIC – a vocal music with a hard, driving beat often featuring electric guitar accompaniment
with heavily amplified sound.
 REGGAE – a style of music that is originated in Jamaica with strongly accented beat.
  LOVE SONG – a lyrical, musical or poetic expression of romantic love
 ELECTRIC MUSIC – a music that involves electronic processing such as recording and editing and whose
reproduction involves the use of loud speakers.
 DIITAL MUSIC – music that has been recorded in or converted to a digital format.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
o Saxophone – a member of a brass family of the instrument with a single reed mouthpiece, used
especially in jazz and dance music.
o Electric guitar – a guitar with a built-in pickup or pick-ups which convert string vibrations into electrical
signal for amplification.
o Synthesizer – is an electronic musical instrument that generates audio signals.
o Digital generated sounds – any composition that involves the usage of a computer in recording format
that includes the sounds of musical instruments as well as sound effects.

FAMOUS COMPOSERS AND PERSONALITIES

Claude Debussy – won the Prix de Rome, a piano teacher, and his famous work – Claire de Lune
(composed 1890 – published 1905).
Leonard Bernstein – conductor, pianist, author, lecturer composer of orchestral works and his notable
work – West Side Story (1957).
The Beatles – the most famous English band of the 60s and popularized the hit song Hey Jude.
Michael Jackson – the most internationally known artist of all time, multitalented singer and dancer,
his one of the greatest hits – Billie Jean.

DYING TO DEAD MUSICAL GENRES

1. Soft Music – is gentle, which pleasing to the eras to listen, smooth and relaxing. Jazz is categorized by a
syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and a unique tine colors as well as the presence of performance
technique. Swing Music involves the daily activities of a local folk or individual. Country Music is a
composition of music that is intended for acoustic guitar and vocals which concentrates on “Cowboy
country-side” inspiration. Blue Grass Music has the elements of country and western styles that often
uses acoustic string instruments like guitar, banjo and etc. Funk is a rhythm-driven music genre popular
in the 70s and early 80s that link soul music to African-American form.

2. Hard Music – is a harsh and loud. Rock is vocal music with a hard, driving beat, often featuring electric
guitar accompaniment with heavily amplified sound. Hard Rock is a sub-genre of rock music typically
with a heavy aggressive vocal, distorted electric guitars, keyboard and drums. Progressive Rock is a
style of rock that begun in the 70s which characterized by classical influences thausees the keyboard
and electric guitar instruments throughout the composition. Heavy Metal is a hardcore sound its vocal
aspect is like shouting (growling) with heavy drums and amplified sounds. Death Metal is an extreme
subgenre of heavy metal that constitutes a complex style of hammy and melody of its composition as
well as unpredictable time signature.

20TH CENTURY MUSICAL GENRES KEEP RINGING IN THE 21st CENTURY

- The disappearance of these musical genres was gradual until the music public and the music industry
adapted the music public and the music industry adapted the latest genres appropriate for the 21 st
century.
 1. SOFT MUSIC
- Rhythms and blues or R&B showcase primarily the vocal expertise of a singer that constitutes most of
the time “the runs” passages of the melodic lines. Pop Music refers to any kind of popular current
trend or tunes appealing to many, usually using digitally generated sounds, authentic musical
instruments, or a combination of both. Reggae is a style of pop music that has a strong accented beat
originally from Jamaica. K-pop music is popular music composed and performed by Korean artists that
are usually with the presence of digitally generated sounds with dance-like catchy tunes. New Weave
is the end result of combining different sub-genres of pop music. Soul music started typically with
African-American influences which concentrates on the elements of R&B and religious music.
Electronic music is a music composition that concentrates on the usage of purely digital generated
sounds accompaniment. House Music is a dance-like beat composition that deals with the usage of
digital generated sounds which has a mixing aspect meant for relaxation. Instrumental music is soft
music for relaxation of requires no lyrics, purely with the use of authentic musical instruments like a
piano. Ambient Music is a style of genre that focuses in electronic instrumental music with no
persistent beat, use to create or enhance a mood or atmosphere of a place like hotel lobbies. Trans
Music is a British new age music that uses typically a fast rhythm between 120-160 beats per minutes
(BPM) which dance-like aspects. Jazz fusion Jazz is a dominant contribution of the Americans in the
field of music mixed with other genres produced another music flavor. Official soundtrack is a theme
song used for movies and telenovela. Independent Music is a recorded and published music that is not
under any recording company which constitutes usually of pop element. Ska is a kind of music that
uses brass instrument namely-trumpet, trombone and saxophone with a show band set of instruction
which is usually in a faster beat than reggae.

2. Hard music
- Punk music is a sub-genre of rock in which trash words and/or vulgar terms are used for the lyrics in
order to express oneself with major utilization of electric guitars. Pop Rock is a sub-genre of rock that
has a mix of catchy popular style of light lyrics typically with electric guitar-based aspect. Disco is a
composition of music that has a dance-like rhythm. Alternative rock music refers to sub-genre of rock
that is distinctive underground mainstream music which started in 70s and popularized in the 80s. Rap
music is a style of popular music, develop by disc jockeys and urban blacks in the late 70s in which an
instant, recurring beat pattern provides the background and counterpoint for rapped, slangy, and often
boastful rhyming words by a vocalist. Grunge is a kind of rock that is considered hybrid in nature which
constitutes the elements of punk and metal

THE PHILIPPINES TRADITIONAL INDIGENOUS MUSIC

Word of mouth is the medium used to pass on legacy of every tribe from one generation to another
generation. Every region in country contributes a unique musical piece that we claim our own music. Every
occasion in the tribe is celebrated with a piece of corresponding music. Lullaby and songs for courtship,
bravery, birthday and wedding remain peculiar in every tribal community.

The list of notable traditional indigenous musical instruments of the Philippines, which are classified
into three sets instruments. These tribal instruments vary according to size, shape, and usage.
 IDIOPHONES or AEROPHONES MEMBRANOPHONES
CHRORDOPHONES (wind instruments) (percussion instruments)
(string instruments)

Buktot is made of coconut shell Bansik is a bamboo flute with 3 Dabakan is an hourglass-shaped
with a piece of wood and a holes from the Negrito of drum.
fingerboard to hold the string. Zambales.
Gansa is a hand-held gong.
Kudyapi is a 2-stringed boat lute Ulali is a flute with 6 holes.
with horse hair. Bunkaka is made of bamboo with
Palensag is a nose flute of Kalinga. slit that produces a buzzing sound.
Bamboo biolin is a 3-stringed
violin of the Aeta people. Suling is a vertical flute. Kulintang is a set of 8 embossed
gongs placed within a wooden frame.
Kolitong is a bamboo zither. Tambuli is made from a horn of
an animal. Agong is a large gong placed hanging
within its frame.
Sahunay is a bamboo flute with a
Kubing is a piece of thin bamboo with
cone-shaped bell.
a slit at the center.

ORIGINAL PINOY MUSIC (OPM)

The original Pilipino Music or otherwise popularly known as Original Pinoy Music (OPM). When
Western colonizers influenced the Filipinos in terms of culture and tradition, music was not an exception.
Sample:
Regine Velasquez
The Eraserheads
Moira Dela Torre

Movement in music
Movement is a terminology that refers to a self-contained part of a musical composition or musical
form. Performance of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in succession.

The usage of movements can be traced within the Baroque period. Their movement of tone colors, rich
in dynamics and very melodious in terms of the themes as shown in their compositions during their era.
Sample Musical Movement Orchestration in Different periods.

Baroque period Classical period Romantic period

The Four Seasons by Vivaldi Symphony No.5 by Beethoven Concerto for violin and orchestra
(1725) (1808) in E Minor by Mendelssohn (1844)

The most popular movements are The most popular movement is The most popular movement is
the Spring and Winter the 1st movement – Allegro con the 1st movement – Allegro molto
movements. brio appassionato

1st Movement – Spring 1st Movement – Allegro con brio 1st Movement – Allegro moto
2nd Movement – Summer 2nd Movement – Andante con appassionato
3rd Movement – Autumn moto 2nd Movement – Andante
4th Movement – Winter 3rd Movement – Allegro scherzo 3rd Movement – Allegro molto
4th Movement – Allegro vivace
4th Movement – Allegro non
troppo

Translating sounds into movements as New Art Form

Sounds are vibrations that travel through the air from a device and can be heard through a person’s
auditory system. Some compositions also utilize sounds from digital or from other sources.
 Digital-generated sounds;
 Sounds from vehicles;
 Sounds from nature like animal sounds and sounds of nature like sea breeze, striking winds;
 Sounds of movements (opening of a door or dragging the chair and the like);
 Sounds of body parts (clapping, stamping of the feet, and the like);
 Sounds from crumple papers;
 Sounds from a thing or object being hit and
 Ant sound that can be generated in creative ways.

Texture in Music

Kinds of
texture
Polypho Partner
ny song

Kinds of
texture

Heterop Round
hony song

Homophony
Music Ensemble
Music ensemble is otherwise known as music group or musical group of people who perform using
musical instruments or vocals or both. The group members comprise at least four (quarter) and above.

Kinds
Music Ensemble is classified into different kinds such as:
 Band
 Chamber music
 Chorale
 Jazz
 Quartet
 Quintet
 Orchestra
 Symphony
To organize a music ensemble, do the following:
(1) Decide what kind of musical ensemble you like to come up with,
(2) identify your members – usually there is an audition foe this to come up with the best selections of
members;
(3) be sure to come up with your group’s rules or regulations,
(4) determine the genre of music you want to perform;
(5) start to gather the music,
(6) begin to do rehearsal s or practices,
(7) involves yourselves in making cover recordings or videos and have your group’s own identity or
trademark and
(8) in dealing with ensemble, be reminded that your group must have cooperation, unity, and teamwork in
order to achieve success.

DANCE
Dance is a non-verbal communication art that uses primarily body movements with the use of music.
Dance is a medium of expression, social interaction and presentation in a spiritual or performative setting. It
involves choreography of body actions with company of music.

Purpose of dance ceremo

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art ritual

Social
pleasur Purpose of Dance prayer
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supersti
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m entertai
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Elements of Dance

body

energy action
B.A.S.T.E

time space

Body is a very essential element without it there is no possible movement. Action refers to the movement of
the execution of the dance using projections, balance, sway, wiggle, and other movements depending on the
chosen dance genre. Space refers to dance hall or the stage where the dance is presented. Time element for
dance refers to speed of the execution depending on how slow and how fast the dance genre is to be executed. Dance
performance is dependent on the energy of the dancers.

CLASSIFICATION OF DANCE

 SOLO DANCE – are performed by only one dancer, just like an interpretative dance in a ballet.
 PARTNER DANCE – require two dancers to pair in the dance presentation, this a typical among ball dances.
 GROUP DANCES – require more than two dancers in the presentation. Folk dances and festival dances.

KINDS OF DANCES

Dance is classified into two competitive dances and the dance-sports. Competitive dances include: ballet, jazz, and hip
hop. Dance-sports is classified into three: the international standard, international Latin, and the open competition.

o Dance sport - includes Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Foxtrot and Quickstep.
o International Latin – includes Samba, Cha-cha-cha, Rumba, Paso Doble and Jive.
o Open Competition – includes the World of dance, so you think you can dance.

Occupations and benefits of dance

Occupations Health Benefits
 Dancer  Burn calories
 Dance teacher/instructor  Strong bones
 Dancesport coaches  Cardiovascular conditioning
 Choreographer  Sociability
 Zumba dance instructor
 Aqua Zumba instructor
 Festival dance