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2022
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SamsamyikGhatna
House of People
(Lok Sabha)
l Maximum
Members - 550
l Minimum Age - 25 Years
l Tenure - 5 Years
President
Vice-President
Prime Minister
Drishti 2 ( 2nd
nd
in 7 Part Series )
Council of State
(Rajya Sabha)
l Maximum
Members - 250
l Minimum Age - 30 Years
l Tenure - 6 Years
Indian Polity
188A/128, Allenganj, Churchlane, Prayagraj (Allahabad)-211002 50/-
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© Publisher
Edition - First
Edition Year - 2022
Index Preface
Writer - SSGC l The Constitutional Development There are two main objectives
M.R.P.: 50/- of India, Constituent Assembly of Pictorial Presentation of
& the Making of the various subjects of General
Printed at - Constitution, Sources of the
Studies . The First One - to gain
Core Publishing Solution Constitution of India 3-9
confidence in studying the entire
l Preamble 10-11 subjects in a short time. The Other
Contact :
l Schedules and Their Subjects, One - these facts could be imprinted
Sam-Samayik Governance System, National in the brain of the readers.
Emblems, Indian Consequently the aspirants could
Ghatna Chakra Constitution, Linguistic remember the facts within no time in
188A/128, Allenganj, Churchlane, Provinces (State
Reorganization) the examination hall. Our aim is that
Prayagraj (Allahabad) - 211002
Commission / Committee, an aspirant could be able to solve at
Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525 Citizenship 11-18 least two questions more from each
Mob.: 9335140296 topic because of imbibing this very
l Fundamental Rights ,
e-mail : [email protected] Directive Principles of effective pictorial representation.
Website : ssgcp.com State Policy and A good book is one that makes
e-shop Website : shop.ssgcp.com Fundamental Duties the reader feel and imbibe. While
18-25
presenting this subject matter, it has
Copyright 2020, by Sam-Samayik l President, Attorney been kept in mind that only the
Ghatna Chakra Private Limited. No General, Advocate important and relevant facts could
General, C.A.G. and get a place in this presentation along
Part of this publication may be Vice-President 25-34
with no factual error at all.
reproduced or distributed in any
l The Union Council of Moreover only the Purvavalokan
form or by any means, electronic, Ministers, Order of related facts have been incorporated
mechanical, photocopying, recording Precedence 34-36
here. While presenting this book
or otherwise or stored in database or l The Parliament 37-46 before the readers, we have worked
retrieval system without the prior l The Supreme Court, hard to assay all key facts with
written permission of publisher. High Courts and government data and websites.
Subordinate Courts Undoubtedly, we are in a position to
The program listings (if any) may
46-50 say that there is 99.9 percent
be entered stored and executed in a accuracy or above. This book is well
l State Executive, State
computer system, but they may Legislature and Council designed, handy, and appropriate
not be reproduced for publication. of Ministers, Legislative for revision at the eleventh hours
Assembly 51-54 of the examination, appropriate
l The Centre-State design elements, a sense of
Relation, Emergency originality.
Writer Provisions 55-56 Despite all efforts to make this
& Associates l The Constitution & book very efficacious, if any doubt
Lokpal 57-58 arises regarding facts, you all
Devashish l Local Self Government in readers are always welcomed on our
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Indian
Drishti POLITY
The Constitutional Development of India
¯ ¯ ¯
The control Secretary New name of ® The members of the legislative
Indian Councils
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Important Facts
Ø The first Governor General of Bengal was Ø The Reserve Bank of India was established
-Warren Hastings -By the Government of India Act, 1935
Ø The one who first got the powers of the chief Ø The first demand for a constituent assembly
commander was made by
-Lord Cornwallis -The Swaraj Party (In 1934)
Ø The one who was first Governor General of Ø The first person who gave the idea of
India was constitution of constituent assembly in India
-Lord William Bentinck was -M.N. Roy (in 1934)
Ø Involvement of Indian representatives in law Ø The Indian National Congress demanded a
making (to legistate) was introduced by constituent assembly first -In 1934
-Indian Councils Act, 1861 Ø The Constituent Assembly of India was
Ø Burma was separated from India elected by
-In 1937 -Indirect election
Ø For the first time, the term, responsible
government was used in
-Government of India Act, 1919
Final Meeting
24 January, 1950 Total
Women
15
Constituent
Assembly
Constitution
adopted on
First Meeting
26 November,
9 December 1946
1949
Permanent
Total
President
Sessions-11
Rajendra
Prasad
Drafting Committee
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Committee on
Union Power Rules of
Committee Procedure
Chairman : Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Jawaharlal Nehru
Committees
Union
Steering
Constitution Committee
Committee
Sardar Patel
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Provincial Constitution Committee on Committee on Minorities and
Committee Fundamental Rights Tribal and Excluded areas
Warren Hastings
Robert Clive
(1772-1774)
Governor of Bengal
Governor of Bengal
(1757-60
(1774-1785)
and
First
1765-67)
Governor General
of Bengal
Lord William
Bentinck Lord Canning
(1828-1835) (1856-1858)
Governor General of Bengal Governor General
(1833-1835) (1858-1862)
First Governor General First Viceroy
of India (by the Charter of India
Act of 1833)
From Canada
Ø Federal System with a strong centre
From The United States of America Ø Appointment of governors by the centre
Ø The Preamble Ø Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Ø Judicial Review Ø Residuary powers to be vested in the centre
Ø Independence of Judiciary
Ø Fundamental Rights, Office of
Vice-President
Ø Procedure of Impeachment
of President From Ireland
Ø Directive Principles
From Britain Ø Method of election of President
Ø Nomination of some members in
Ø Parliamentary the Rajya Sabha
form of
government
Ø Rule of Law
Ø Cabinet System From South Africa
Ø Single Citizenship
Ø Procedures Constitutional Amendment
Ø Bicameral Legislature
Ø Election of the Members of
Ø Law-making procedures
Rajya Sabha
Ø Parliamentary Privileges
Ø Prerogative Writs
From Japan
Ø Procedure established by Law
From Russia (USSR)
Ø Fundamental Duties
Ø Ideals of Justice in Preamble Exam Vision
(Social, Economic & Political)
Ø It is supreme in the Indian Political
System, that is -Constitution
Ø The provision related to Emergency was
From Australia borrowed from
Weimar Constitution of Germany
Ø Joint Sitting of both the Houses of Ø A provision that has been made for the
governor to reserve the bill for the
the Parliament, Language of Preamble,
consideration of the president
Freedom of Trade- Commerce -From the Constitution of Canada
and Intercourse, Concurrent list Ø The world's first written constitution is
of - USA
Preamble
Objective Resolution
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Presented on Present By Adopted on
¯ ¯ ¯
13 December, 1946 Jawaharlal Nehru 22 January, 1947
Main Elements
¬ Social
Status ¬ Objectives
¬ Equality ¬ of ® Justice ® ¬ Economic
Opportunity ¬ Preamble
¯ ¬ Political
Liberty
¯
Exam Vision Ø Dr. B.R. Ambedkar has called the heart & soul
Ø It is a heart & soul of constitution, that is to the article of Indian constitution, that is
-Preamble -Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article-32)
Ø The preamble as political Horoscope of Indian Ø Constitution that has been called a pious
constitution was called -By K.M. Munshi paper -By Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
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Preamble
Schedules Subjects
1- First Schedule - States & Union Territories
2- Second Schedule - The provisions relating to allowances; privilege
emoluments of president of India & others.
3- Third Schedule - It contains the forms of Oath or Affirmation.
4- Fourth Schedule - Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the
union territories.
5- Fifth Schedule - It contains provisions relating to the administration &
control of scheduled areas & scheduled tribes
6- Sixth Schedule - It contains provisions relating to the administration of
tribal areas in the state of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura &
Mizoram.
7- Seventh Schedule - This schedule deals with the union, state & concurrent
legislative lists.
8- Eights Schedule - Languages recognized by the constitution
9- Ninth Schedule - Validation of certain acts & Regulations
10- Tenth Schedule - Disqualification on the basis of defection
11- Eleventh Schedule - Provisions related to Panchayats
12- Twelfth Schedule - Provisions related to Municipalities
Governance System
¯
¯ ¯
Oldest form Modern Form
¯ ¯
Monarchy Democracy
¯ ¯
Ruler Ruler
¯ ¯
King Prime Minister/President
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Hereditary Post Source of Power Post based Source of
King himself on Merit power-public
Example Example
¯ ¯
Saudi Arabia, UAE, U.S.A., Britain, India
Oman, Qatar Bhutan etc. Canada, France etc.
¯ ¯
President
President/King Prime Minister
¯
The de-facto Head of State
¯ ¯
Nominal Head The de-facto
¯ of State Head of State
The Best Example
Exam Vision
Ø Another name for the parliamentry system of
Sovereignty government is
-The Cabinet form of Government
Ø Another name for the presidential form of
government is
-The Presidential Government System
t Po
en pu Ø The country which is considered the originator
ern
m Important lat of parliamentary form of government is
ov ion
G Elements -Britain
of State Ø The only source of power in India is
-The People
Ø India is a Republic, that means
-Head of State is Elected
Definite Ø Indian federalism is called 'cooperative
territory federalism' by
-Granville Austin
Ø India is called a 'Quasi-Federal'
-By K.C. Wheare
National Symbols
Ø Designed by
l Pingali Venkayya
The State Emblem :
Ø Length :Width
l3:2
Lion Capital of Ashoka
Ø Adopted
(Sarnath)
l On 22 July, 1947 Ø Inscribed Word
Ø Colour of Strips l Satyameva Jayate
l Saffron (Mentioned in Mundaka Upanishad)
(Symbol of strength & courage) Ø Adopted
l White l On 26 January, 1956
(Symbol of peace & truth) Ø Number of Lions
l Green l Four
Indian Constitution
Linguistic Provinces 1 2
Instantaneous
(State Reorganization) formation
Formation Date -
1 October, 1953
Commission/Committee The demise of Potti
-sriramulu after 56 days
long hunger strike
Formation
Linguistic of Andhra
Provinces Commission Pradesh
l Constituted - In June, 1948
l Chairman - S.K. Dhar
l Report Submitted 3 4
On December, 1948 Speciality Division
Recommendation First state of India Telangana separated
States were formed on the formed on linguistic basis on 2 June, 2014
basis of administrative
convenience, not
on linguistic basis Dates of Formation of Different States
J.V.P. Committee
Ø Gujarat Ø Mizoram
l Constituted - In December, 1948 1 May, 1960 20 February, 1987
l Members - Jawaharlal Nehru,
Vallabha Bhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramaiya
l Report Submitted - In April 1949 Ø Nagaland Ø Arunachal Pradesh
l Recommendation - Rejected the 1 December, 1963 20 February, 1987
demand of reorganization of
states on linguistic basis Ø Haryana Ø Goa
1 November, 1966 30 May, 1987
Citizenship
Related Facts
Citizenship
Ø There is a provision regarding the Right
Mention : From to Citizenship of some persons migrating
In Part II of the to India from Pakistan
Article 5 to 11
Constitution -Under Article 6
Ø There is a provision regarding the Right
There are two types to Citizenship of some persons migrating
Provision of of people in India from India to Pakistan -In Article 7
Single Citizenship Ø There is a provision regarding the
Friends Citizenship of certain persons of Indian
Foreigner origin residing outside India
Citizen
Enemy -In Article 8
Ø When a person voluntarily becomes a
citizen of a foreign state, his Indian
Important Facts citizenship automatically ceases under
Right to Equality 14 to 18
Right to Freedom 19 to 22
Exam Vision
Important Facts
Ø Parliament can create new states Ø To make laws related to citizenship in
India is by -Parliament
-By Simple Majority Ø Citizenship is mentioned in the Indian
Constitution under
Ø There is a right to merge any state
under the Indian Union, that is - Article 5 to 11 of Part II
Ø The Indian Constitution provides for
-Parliament citizenship
Ø The number of seats reserved for Union -Single Citizenship
Territories in the Lok Sabha is -20 Ø Citizenship is granted in the USA
-Dual Citizenship
Ø The number of States and Union
Ø According to the Indian Citizenship
Territories formed on 1 November, 1956 Act 1955, to obtain Indian Citizenship
on the recommendation of the States by registration, a person of Indian
Reorganization Commission was origin has to reside in India
-14 States & 6 Union Territories -Since 5 Years
By Birth The
By Citizenship
By Amendment
incorporation
Descent Act 2019
of territory
¯ ¯
Ways of Act will provide ® To Hindus
Acquiring the citizenship to ® To Sikhs
Citizenship
¯ ® To Buddhists
The minorities ® To Jains
By By of Afghanistan, ® To Parsis
Naturalisation Registration Pakistan,
® To Christians
Bangladesh
Fundamental Rights
Termination On
of Renunciation Ø Right to Education was made a fundamental
Citizenship of Citizenship right under Article 21(A)
-by 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002
Ø Freedom of the press is implict
-In Article 19(i)(A)
Losing Ø Maneka Gandhi's case(1978) deals
of -With the extension of Fundamental Rights
Indian guaranteed under Article 21
Citizenship Ø Wearing Kirpan by the Sikhs is considered a
part of religious freedom
-Under Article 25
Deprivation of Citizenship Ø Protector of Fundamental Rights are
-Supreme Court & High Courts
Article - 5
Citizenship at the commencement
of the constitution
Article - 6
Article - 11
Rights of citizenship of certain
Parliament to regulate the right
persons who have migrated to
of citizenship by law
India from Pakistan
Important
Articles
related to the
Citizenship
Article - 9
Article - 7
Indian citizenship automatically
Rights of citizenship of certain
ceases on taking the citizenship
migrants to Pakistan
of a foreign state
Article - 8
Citizenship of certain persons of
Indian origin residing outside India
Fundamental Rights
Article 14-18
Right to Equality
Article - 21
l Right against
l Right to speedy trial
l Right against putting
¯
Solitary stick fetters in feet l Right to choose life partner under
Confinement article 19 & 21
l The Right to live a life of dignity
l Right against l Right to Good includes the right to die in a
delay in execution Roads dignified manner [decision of the
of a death sentence petition of the common cause
l Right against l Right to Reputation (NGO)]
violence in custody
l Right against sexual harassment
of women at work place
l Right to Protection of Life
l l
Related to Article 45 of Part IV Right to Right to
Privacy Health
Û
l l
l Provision for early childhood care and Right of Medical
education by the state for children women to live Assistance
upto the age of 6 years with dignity to the
injured by
ß a doctor
l 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 l
Clean Environment- Right to live in
¯ pollution free water, air and protection
Article-21 (A) ® l The state shall against harmful industries
provide free and compulsory
education to children of the
l l
age group of 6 to 14 years
Right to Right not to
¯ travel abroad go out of state
Article 51 A (K) ® Fundamental Duties
Article- 19
Total six types of
Freedoms including
Freedom of Expression
Article- 22 Article- 20
Protection against Right to Freedom Protection in
arrest and detention respect of conviction
(in certain cases) for Offences.
Article-21
Protection
of life &
personal liberty
Article- 23 Article- 24
Right Against
Prohibition of Prohibition of
Exploitation
Traffic in Human Employment of Children
Beings & (under the age of 14) in
Forced Labour Factories etc.
Right to
Religious
Freedom
Article- 28 Article- 27
¯ ¯
Freedom as to attendance at religious Freedom as to payment of
instruction or religious worship in taxes for promotion
certain educational institutions of any particular religion
Important Facts
Ø The Supreme Court propounded the principle Ø No accused can be compelled to be a witness
of the basic structure of the constitution in against himself, is provisioned in the
- Kesavananda Bharti Vs Kerala State -Article 20(3) of the Constitution
(1973) case Ø Under the term 'Hindu' used in Article 25 of the
Ø Right to Education Act 2009 came into force on Indian constitution includes
-Buddhists, Jains & Sikhs
-1st April, 2010
Ø Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act passed by the
Ø The supreme court has held the right to Indian Parliament in -1976
information enshrined
-In Article 19(1) (A) of the constitution
Ø Under the direct imprisonment act, a person
can be imprisoned without trial for
- 3 months
Fundamental Rights
Differences between
Exam Vision
Important Facts
Ø The concept of welfare state is
included in the Indian constitution Ø There is an equal pay for equal work for
-in Preamble & Directive Principle both men & women is mentioned
of State Policy
-In Article 39(d)
Ø The equal remuneration act was
passed in the parliament Ø The number of Fundamental Duties
-in 1976 added by the 42nd Constitutional
Ø There is a provision for equal means Amendment Act, 1976 was -10
of livelihood for all citizens; man & Ø 11th Fundamental Duty were added to the
women -in the Article 39(a) constitution by
Ø The ownership and control of the
material resource of the community -The 86th Constitutional Amendment
are so distributed as best to subserve Act, 2002
the common good is mentioned Ø The total number of members in the
-in Article 39 (b) Swaran Singh Committee, including the
Ø The operation of the economic system chairman was -12
does not result in the concentration of Ø The name of the committee constituted to
wealth and means of production to the make effective the Fundamental Duties
common detriment is mentioned
-in Article 39 (c) -J.S. Verma Committee (in 1999)
11
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Article 62
Election Single
Electoral Method of
of transferable vote
College Election
President
Qualifications
for the
office of
President
Nomination
in the election
of the Security deposit Rs. 15,000
President
On his On removal by
Resignation impeachment process
Vacancy in the office
of the President
When the election is On his
declared invalid by death
the supreme court
In the Article 61
Constitutional Provisions
Passed Reason
¯ ¯
By both the Houses of Parliament Violation of the Constitution
separately by a majority of not by the President
less than two-thirds of the Impeachment
total members of the body Motion on
the
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Presented Notice
¯ ¯
In any House of At least 14 days prior notice
Parliament to the introduction of
the proposal
Signature on notice
¯
At least one-fourth of the
members of the house concerned
Judicial Powers
Emergency Powers
Ø Appointment of Judges of Supreme Ø National Emergency
Court & High Courts (Article 352)
Ø Pardoning Power (Article 72) Ø President's Rule
(Article 356 & 365)
Ø Power to consult Supreme Court (Article
Ø Financial Emergency
143)
(Article 360)
Presidents of India
Respite Commute
¯ ¯
A temporary suspension of Reducing by changing the
punishment nature of Punishment
(especially the death Penality) Pardoning
Powers of
the President
Reprieve Remit
¯ ¯
Reduction of Punishment Reducing the period
in special circumstances of Punishment
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® Related Article - 76
Miscellaneous
Exam Vision
Finance Appoi-
Ø The first law officer/advisor to the
Commi- ntment Chairman Tenure
government of India is
–Attorney General ssion Year
Ø The Attorney General holds his office First 1951 K.C. Neogy 1952 - 57
–During the Pleasure of the President
Second 1956 K. Santhanam 1957 - 62
Ø Not being a member of either House of
Parliament, he can take part in the proceedings Third 1960 A.K. Chanda 1962 - 66
of the House, but cannot vote, he is Fourth 1964 Dr. P.V. 1966 - 69
–Attorney General Rajamannar
Ø The one who is the first legal advisor to the
Fifth 1968 Mahaveer Tyagi 1969 - 74
state government –Advocate General
Ø The Comptroller & Auditor General is Sixth 1972 K. Brahmananda
appointed under –Article 148 Reddy 1974 - 79
Ø The Comptroller & Auditor General of Seventh 1977 J.M. Shelat 1979 - 84
India can be removed from the post office –By
Eighth 1982 Y.V. Chavan 1984 - 89
the manner on which a Judge of the
Ninth 1987 N.K.P. Salve 1989 - 95
Supreme Court is removed (By a Special
Majority of both the Houses of Parliament Tenth 1992 K.C. Pant 1995 - 2000
Ø The Audit Report of the Comptroller & Eleventh 1998 A.M. Khusro 2000 - 2005
Auditor General of India is examined
Twelfth 2002 Dr. C. Rangarajan 2005 - 2010
–By the Public Accounts Committee
Ø The CAG was separated from accounting Thirteenth 2007 Dr. Vijay L. 2010 - 2015
of the Central Government Kelkar
–In the year of 1976 Fourteenth 2013 Y.V. Reddy 2015 - 2020
Fifteenth 2017 N.K. Singh 2021 - 2026
Related Appointed
Article – 165 By the Governor of the
State concerned
Advocate
General
Tenure
During the pleasure Qualification
of Governor Qualification to be appointed
as Judge of High Court
Salary
Determined by
Governor
Constitutional Provision
Article – 148-151
Submits Report
To the President (Reports Appointed
Accounts of Center),
¯
To the Governor (Accounts
By President
of State)
Comptroller
& Auditor
Functions
¯
General
¯ ¯ (CAG)
For Central For State Salary
Government Government Pay equal to that of a
Supreme Court Judge
¯ ¯
Only Accounting &
Auditing Auditing Both
Tenure
6 years or 65 years
(whichever is earlier)
Miscellaneous
Vice-President
Salary Term of
4 Lakh Rupees per month Office 5 years from the date on
(as the Chairman of Rajya Sabha) which he enters upon his office
M. Venkaiah Naidu
(From 2017 incumbent)
13
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
(2007-2017)
(2002-2007)
11 12 {(2007-2012) (2012-2017)}
Vice-Presidents of India
&
Their tenures
Important Facts
Ø The one who administers the oath to the Vice- Ø There shall be a Vice-President of India,
President–The President or a person mentioned
appointed by the President to perform this –Under the Article 63 of the Constitution
function Ø The ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is
Ø The office of Vice-President in India has been –The Vice-President of India
created -On the lines of the Vice-President of Ø He who is empowered to discharge the functions
America of the President during his vacancy
Ø In the official order, the office of Vice-President –Vice-President
comes
–After the President
Prime Minister
Structure
Ministers of State Ministers of State
(Independent Charge)
Important Facts
Ø The one who administers oath to the Prime Ø A Minister can remain a minister without
Minister & other Ministers –The President becoming a member of Parliament for the
Ø The one who presides over the meeting of the period of –6 Months
Union Cabinet Ø The word Cabinet was used in the Constitution
–Prime Minister –Only in Clause (3) of Article 352
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Ø Article 75 (3) ® The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok
Sabha.
Ø Article 75 (4) ® The President shall administer the oath to the Ministers.
Order of Precedence
Order of Precedence
(1) President (9 A)
¯ l Chairperson, Union Public Service
Commission
(2) Vice-President
l Comptroller & Auditor General of India
¯
l Chief Election Commissioner
(3) Prime Minister
¯
¯
(10)
(4) Governors of States (within their
l Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha
Respective States)
l Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha
¯
l Members of NITI AAYOG
(5) Former Presidents
l Deputy Chief Ministers of States
¯
l Ministers of State of the Union
(6)
¯
l Chief Justice of India
(11)
l Speaker of Lok Sabha
l Attorney General of India
¯
l Cabinet Secretary
(7)
l Lieutenant Governors (within their Respective
l Cabinet Ministers of the Union Union Territories)
l Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha and Lok ¯
Sabha
(12)
l Deputy Chairman of NITI AAYOG
l Chiefs of Staff holding the Rank of General or
l Former Prime Minister Equivalent Rank
l Chief Ministers of States (within their
respective States)
¯
(7 A) Note
Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration
¯ Ø The order of precedence is
(8) related to the rank order of
l Ambassadors Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary various office bearers of the
& High Commissioners of Common Wealth Central and State Governments. It
Countries accredited to India is used on the occasion of
l Governors of States (outside their respective political function.
States)
Ø The notification regarding the
l Chief Ministers of states (outside their order of precedence was issued
respective States) on 26 July, 1979.
¯
Ø The Cabinet Secretary is the
(9) highest government official of
Judges of the Supreme Court the Government of India.
The Parliament
The Parliament
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Constitutional Provisions Organs Functions
¯ ¯
Part 5 Law making
(Article 79-122)
¯ ¯ ¯
The President Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha
¯ ¯
Upper House Lower House
¯ ¯
Article 80 Article 81
On 13 May, 1952
Summons /
Ganesh Vasudev
ThePresident ¬ Prorogues First Session First Speaker ®
Mavalankar
& dissolve
Lok Sabha
¯
Minimum age
Lok Sabha Speaker ¬ Adjourner limit to become First Woman Speaker ® Meira Kumar
a member
¯
25 Years
Ø Note : The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act ceased the Reservation of Seats for Anglo-Indians
in the Lok Sabha & State Legislative Assemblies. It came into force on 25th of January 2020.
th
Ø At present, two Anglo-Indian members have been nominated in the 17 Lok Sabha, whose term will be till 2024.
1
5
4
13
5 7
1
10 2
25 80 14 1
40
2
2
26 14 1
29 42
2
11
21
48
17
2
28 25
39 1
20
Chandigarh - 1
Lakshadweep - 1
Puducherry - 1
Exam Vision
Ø The Legislative Organ of the Central Ø The speaker of the Lok Sabha
Government is - The Parliament submits his resignation to
Ø The state-wise allocation of seats in -Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
the Lok Sabha is based on the Ø The speaker of the Lok Sabha can be
-1971 Census removed - By Resolution passed by
Ø The term of Lok Sabha is 5 years the majority of all the Members of
-From the date appointed for the the Lok Sabha
First Session Ø At present, the speaker of the Lok
Ø The term of Parliament can be Sabha is - Om Birla
extended in case of emergency- Upto Ø The Lok Sabha can be dissolved
1 year at a time before the completion of its term - by
Ø There shall not be a gap between the the President on the advice of the
last sitting of first session of the Lok Council of Ministers
Sabha & the First sitting of the next Ø At present the maximum limit of
session - More than six months election expenditure for the Lok
Ø The Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha Sabha Constituencies is fixed
has a quoram of - 1/10 of the total - 95 Lakhs for bigger states & 70
members Lakhs for smaller states (As per
Ø The speaker of Lok Sabha uses his revision till 6 Jan 2022).
casting vote only -In case of tie Ø The first speaker of the Lok Sabha,
Ø After the general election, the one against whom a no-confidence
who administers the oath to the motion was brought in the Lok Sabha
newly elected members is - Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
- Protem Speaker Ø Lok Sabha Secretariat functions
Ø Protem Speaker is appointed by- directly - Under the Speaker of the
The President in the case of Lok Lok Sabha
Sabha & The Governor in the case
of Legislative Assembly
The Vice-President
Permanent House ¬ Nature Ex-Officio Chairman Minimum age to become a Member
¯
30 Years
Rajya Sabha
¯
Election Total Seats Member’s Tenure
Representation Method ¬ ¯ ¯ ¯
by Indirect Method 250 6 Years
By single transferable vote ¬
¯
¯ ¯ ® Literature
From States & Union Territories Nominated by the President ® Science
¯ ¯
® Art
238 12 ® Fields ®
® Social Service
3
7 1
3 7
5 1
3
1
10 31
16
1
1
1
11 6
11 16
1
5
10
19
1
11
12
9 18
Puducherry - 1
(Types of Bills)
(Ordinary Bill) (Money Bill)
(Fin
anc ¯
ial B
ill - I) ¯
(Constitutional Amendment Bill)
¯
(Fin
anc
ial B
ill - ¯ ¯
II) (Federal) (Non - Federal)
¯
States Consent Required
Exam Vision
1. Lok Sabha is a temporary House, which can be 6. Under Article 108, a provision has been made
dissolved by the President at any time on the for a joint sitting of both the Houses.
advice of the Prime Minister .
7. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the
2. The term of Lok Sabha is generally of 5 years. Joint Session of both the Houses.
3. At the time of emergency, the Parliament may 8. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha decides whether
by law extend the term of the Lok Sabha which a Bill is Money Bill or not.
cannot exceed one year at a time. 9. The term of the Lok Sabha lasted from April
4. The Council of Ministers is collectively 17, 1952 to April 4, 1957 while the first session
responsible to the Lok Sabha. of the Lok Sabha began on May 13, 1952.
Ad-hoc Committees
Right to
¯
Information ¯ ¯ ¯
Act, 2005 Nature Constitution Tenure
¯ ¯ ¯
Related Case Temporary For Specific Till the purpose/
Effected from
¯ ¯ purpose task is
Namit Sharma 12 October, accomplished
Vs 2005
Union of India
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Financial Committees
Committees related to Departmental
the day to day Business Standing
of the House Committees
Types of Standing
Parliamentary
Committees
House keeping
Committees or Enquiry Committees
Service Committees
Committees to Scrutinise and Control
¯
Called so far Headed
Ordinary Bill ¬ ¯ ¯
Related Bills Three Times By the Speaker of Lok Sabha
Finance Bill ¬
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
In the Dowry In the Bank Service In POTA
Prohibition Commission in 2002
Bill in 1961 (Repeal)
Bill in 1978
Parliament
Article 79 - Constitution of
Parliament - There shall be a
Parliament for the Union which shall
Provisions related to Article 79 to 122 ¬ consist of the Parliament and two
¬½
Parliament
Part 5, Chapter 2 of the Constitution Houses to be known respectively as
½ the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
¯
¯ ¯
Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
¯ Maximum number of Members - 550 Maximum number of members - 250
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Constitution Article 93 Allotment of l Generally, the senior Tenure
l Consists of l Choose Lok Seats most member of the l For a period
maximum of 530 Sabha Speaker l Statewise newly elected Lok of 5 years
representative and Deputy allotment of Sabha - Protem from the
from the states Speaker seats based on Speaker date of
and a maximum ¯ the 1971 census ¯ Functions appointment
of 20 l According to l To administer the oath for its first
representative From amongst the 84th meeting.
of office to newly
members from the members of Constitutional The
elected members after l
Lok Sabha
the union Amendment general election. President
Article 94
territories. Act, 2001, this l Article 100 (3) has the
l The Speaker
allotment will power to
tenders his ¯
resignation to remain in place dissolve
till 2026. Quorum of Lok Sabha prematurely
Deputy Speaker 1/10 of the total
and the Deputy l The seats are l Emergency
allotted on the number of members extension
speaker tenders l First session of Lok
his resignation basis of upto 1 year
population of Sabha was held On13 at a time
to the speaker. May 1952.
l The speaker is the States. l Minimum
l Ganesh Vasudev
removed by a Mavalankar was the age of 25
resolution first Speaker of Lok years to
passed by Sabha. become its
majority. l Meira Kumar was the member.
l The Lok Sabha first woman Speaker.
Secretarial l The highest number of
functions under representatives from
the speaker of
Exam Vision
Ø The members of Rajya Sabha have a tenure of Ø Money Bill can be introduced in
-6 years -Only Lok Sabha
Ø The one who decides whether a Bill is a Money Ø The article under which the privileges and
Bill or not - Lok Sabha Speaker immunities of the members of the Parliament is
Ø He who presides over the joint sitting of both determined by - Article 105
the Houses of the Parliament Ø Membership of a Member of Parliament/
- Lok Sabha Speaker Assembly is deemed to be terminated unless
Ø Rajya Sabha was constituted on -3 April, 1952 he/she determined has been absent without
informing the House
Ø First meeting of the Rajya Sabha was held on
- For 60 consecutive days
-13 May, 1952
Ø To withdraw money from the Consolidated
Ø The one who can legislate laws on Residuary Fund of India has to be passed as
Subjects -Parliament - Appropriation Bill
Important Facts
Appointment
Ø The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, ¯
1954 came into force on -1 June 1955 By the President
Ø Protection of women from Domestic Violence (On the Administers
Act, 2005 came into force on recommendation an Oath by
- 26 October, 2006 of the ¯
Ø The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Collegium) The President
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 came into
form on
- 30 January, 1990
Supreme
Court Judges
Qualification for the Office of Supreme Court Judge
Ø Be a Citizen of India.
Retirement Age Resignation
Ø Should have been a Judge of a High Court for at
least 5 years or ¯ ¯
65 Years Addressed to the
should have been an advocate in the High President
Court/different Courts together for 10 years.
Ø Distinguished Jurist in the opinion of the
President.
Article 143
Law declared by Supreme
Court to be binding on all Enforcement of decrees and
Article 141 Article 142 orders of Supreme Court of
Courts within the territory
of India. unless as to discovery, etc.
Attendance of retired
Article 128 judges at sittings of
the Supreme Court
Establishment &
Constitution Article 124 Article 125 Salaries, etc. of Judges
of Supreme Court
Importatn Facts
Ø The Supreme Court propounded the principle Ø The power of the Supreme Court of India to
of the basic structure of the constitution in adjudicate disputes between the Center and
-Keshvananda Bharti Case (1973) the States is vested under
Ø The guardian of the Indian Constitution is -Original Jurisdictions
-The Supreme Court Ø The largest ever Bench (13 Judges) at
Supreme Court has been constituted in
Ø The final authority to interpret the
Constitution is - The Supreme Court -Keshavananda Bharti Case (1973)
Ø The basis for Judicial Review in Indian Ø The Article under which a curative petition
Constitution is - Rule of Law can be filed in the Supreme Court -Article 142
Ø The power to increase the number of Judges Ø The one who has the right to obtain opinion on
in the Supreme Court is vested the matter of law from The Supreme Court is
- in Parliament -The President
Ø The Salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Ø The Supreme Court adopted the Collegium
Court are fixed system for the appointment of Judges in the
year - 1993
- By the Parliament Article 125(1)
Ø The one who is known as the mother of Public
Ø Judges of the Supreme Court can practice after
Interest Litigation - Puspa Kapila Hingorani
retirement -Not in any Court
Ø The language of the proceedings of the
Ø Appoints the acting Chief Justice of Supreme
Supreme Court and High Courts is -English
Court of India - The President
Ø The Collegium of the Supreme Court consists
of the Chief Justice and other senior Judges -4
P.I.L.
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
List Subject Original Article Description
371 Special Provision with respect to the States of
( at Present) List Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371 A Special Provision with respect to the State of
Union List 100 97 Nagaland.
371 B Special Provision with respect to the State of
State List 61 66 Assam.
371 C Special Provision with respect to the State of
Concurrent List 52 47 Manipur.
High Courts
*map not to scale
Jammu &
Kashmir Himachal Pradesh
Utarakhand
Guwahati
Punjab & Delhi
Haryana Sikkim
Allahabad
(Prayagraj)
Rajasthan
Patna
Meghalaya
Jharkhand
Gujarat Manipur
Madhya Pradesh
Tripura
Calcutta
Bombay
Odisha
Telangana
Chhattisgarh
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Madras
Kerala
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High Court
High Court
® Top position in the Judicial
administration of the States under the
Introduction
l Of Part 6
l Under Chapter 5 Ø Appointment of Judges
l From Article 214 to 231 l By the President
® A High Court for each state Ø Holds office
(with exception)
l Till the age of 62 years
Ø Resignation letter
l By writing a letter under his hand
Subordinate Courts
addressed to the President
® In Indian Constitution Ø Removal
Provision
Salaries and
Consolidated Funds and Public Accounts of allowances
India and of the States of Speaker and Salary, allowances &
Deputy Speaker of other expenses
Lok Sabha and Chairman of the
Article 266 and Deputy Chairman President
of Rajya Sabha
Provision
Main
Consolidated expenditure
charged on
Fund of Consolidated
India Fund
¯
Rules of Procedure for Expenditure
¯ Salaries, allowances
Salaries, allowances & Pensions of
Money can be withdrawn from & Pensions etc.
the Consolidated Fund of India only after Judges of Supreme
of the Comptroller Court & Pension
the passing of an appropriation Bill by & Auditor of Judges of
the Parliament General of India High Courts
l Citizen of India
To return a Bill Ordering the
¯
® The Parliament
State Legislature l Creation or Provision by law
¯
.
Introduction
® Permanent House
Organs
® Term of Members
Ø Legislative Council
¯
l 6 years
Ø Legislative Assembly ® On the expiration of every second year
Ø The Governor ¯
.
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Proposed
68
117
70 32
90 60
70
60 60
182 81
230 294
60 40
90
147
288
119
40
224 175
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140
Puducherry - 33
Separation of Powers
Separation
of
Powers
The Executive (Article 52-78)
¯
Power to make Legislature ¯ ¯
or change laws President (Art. 52) Prime Minister
(Nominal Head) (De-Facto Chief,
¯ Leader of the
The Parliament (Article 79-122) Elected by Electoral College Majority Party
¯ ¯ in the Lok
Electoral College (Art. 54) Sabha)
¯ ¯
Rajya Sabha (Art. 80) ¯
Lok Sabha (Art. 81)
(Upper House) ¯ ¯ ¯
(Lower House)
¯ Elected Elected Elected Members
¯ Members Members of State/Union
Maximum 250 Members
Maximum 550 Members of Lok Sabha of Rajya Territories Legislative
¯ Sabha Assemblies
12 members nominated
by the President
The Governor, Article (153) The Chief Minister The Council of Minister Advocate General
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
As the Constitutional The de-facto head of Council of Ministers to aid The highest law
Head of the state & state, the leader of the officer of the State
and advise the Governor
representative of the Majority party in the
Central Government Assembly (Article. 163) (Article 165)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Appointed by the Appointed by Appointment of Appointed
President by warrant Ministers by the by the
the Governor
under his hand and seal Governor in consultation
(Article 164) Governor
(Article 155) with the Chief Minister
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Term of office is generally Holds office during the With the Resignation Tenure is not fixed, holds
5 years but actually hold pleasure of the Governor of the Chief Minister, office during the pleasure
office during the pleasure of (Till majority in the the Council of Ministers of the Governor
the President Legislative Assembly) dissolved
Mentioned ØIn Article 360 of the Indian Constitution Planning Commission (Previously known)
Basis of the Proclamation Introduction
¯ Ø Non-Constitutional Body
Ø President's Satisfaction (Administrative Body)
l Threat to the Financial Position of India Ø Advisory Body
or any Territory thereof Ø Constitution
l By a resolution of the Union Cabinet
Parliament’s Approval on Proclamation
¯ Ø Constitution date - 15 March, 1950
Ø Within 2 months from the date of Ø Ex-officio Chairman
issue of Proclamation l Prime Minister of India
l By simple Majority Ø First Chairman
l Jawaharlal Nehru
Period of Emergency
Ø First Deputy Chairman
¯
Ø In effect indefinitely l Gulzarilal Nanda
(Unless revoked by a subsequent Proclamation) Ø Major Task
l Formulation of Five Year Plans of India
Provision Ø Control of the Centre over all
the Affairs of the State
Special Ø Never Implemented in India
Niti Aayog
Finance Commission
Ø 1 January, 2015
l Replacement of Planning Commission
Ø Mentioned -
Under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution Ø Full Name -
l NITI - National Institution for Transforming India
Ø Provision -
Provision for Constitution of a Finance Commission Ø Ex-officio Chairman
by the President at the Interval of every 5 years l Prime Minister of India
or
that as per the requirement Ø Position of Deputy Chairman
l Similar to a Cabinet Minister in the
Ø Functions Government of India
l Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between
the Union & the States Ø Special
l Based on the Principle of Cooperative Federalism
l Grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of
the Consolidated Fund of India under Article 275.
Lokpal & Important Commission
l Measure for augmentation of the Consolidated Fund
of the State to supplement the resources of the Local
Ombudsman
Bodies (Panchayats & Municipalities) in the
Ø An Institution created for the redressal
states on the basis of the recommendations of the
of Citizen’s grievances at the International
State Finance Commission
Level
l Any other matter which the President may Ø Establishment
refer to the commission in the interest of l In 1809 AD (Sweden)
Sound finance l As an Independent Supervisory Agency
Indian Context
Important Facts ¯
Ø The Institution of Ombudsman was first Under Indian democratic system
created in -Sweden ¯
Ø The first Administrative Reforms Commission For Redressal of Public Grievances
was constituted in India in 1966. Its President ¯
was - Morarji Desai
Ø He who recommended the establishment of a Equivalent to Ombudsman
legal body called Lokpal at the Centre and ¯
Lokayuktas in the States - By Morarji Desai Lokpal & Lokayukta Act, 2013
Ø A person who is or has been the Chief Justice of (Assented by the President on 1 January, 2014)
India or a Judge of Supreme Court, is qualified ¯
-To be the Chairperson of the Lokpal
Ø The Chairperson and each member shall Provision for appointment of Lokpal at the Centre
continue to hold office - 5 years from the date Level & Lokayuktas at the State level
of joining or till the age of 70 years which-
ever is earlier Ombudsman Body
Ø The salary, allowances and other conditions of ¯
service of the Lokpal Chairperson will be same
Ø On Centre Level
as -The Chief Justice of India
Ø Statutory body with non-constitutional status
Ø Provision of a Chairperson & not
more than 8 members
An eminent Jurist to be Prime Ø Constitution of the Institution l In March 2019
nominated by the Minsiter Ø First Chairperson l Pinaki Chandra Ghose
President
Chairperson
Maharashtra
Selection
Lok ¯
Members
Committee for
Members
Vohra Committee
Parts, Subjects & Related
Related to Investigation of nexus among
Articles of the Constitution
Politicians & Criminals
Constitution Indirectly
District Council elected
Lord Ripon members
Panchayat Samiti
Father of Local Self
Government in India Gram Panchayat
Panchayati
Raj Urban Local
Local Self Government
Self Government
System Established
Constitutional Status
District Level
By 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
Block Level
or
or
(ii) That Political Party has secured a minimum of
6% of valid votes polled in a particular state & at
(ii) In Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly; the party least 1 Lok Sabha seat in the state in the last Lok
Sabha general election; or at least 1 seat for every
secures 6% of the total valid votes in at least four
25 seats in the state (or any part of the number
states and it wins at least four seats in the Lok prescribed for the state) be received.
Sabha from any state or states.
or
or
(iii) The Political Party has secured minimum 8%
of valid votes in the last Lok Sabha or
(iii) A party has got recognition as a state party Legislative Assembly general election- this
condition was added in 2011.
in at least four or more states.
l
Bhartiya Janta
Party (BJP)
Important Facts
l l
Ø The Registration of Political Parties is done by Bahujan Samaj Indian National
the Election Commission on India. Party Congress
Ø There are provision regarding the registration l At Present
of political parties under the Representation of l
Communist total 8
the People Act, 1951. Nationalist
Party of India National
Congress Party
(Marxist) Political
Ø The recognition of a Political Party as a Parties
National Party & a State Level Party is
provided by the Election Commission of India l
Communist l
only. All India
Party of India
l Trinamool
Ø Political Parties got the first Constitutional Congress
National
recognition in 1985 by the 52nd Constitutional
People’s Party
Amendment Act.
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Polity - Miscellaneous
th
Ø 11 Amendment Act, 1961—The election of Schedule were added in the Constitution.
the President or the Vice-President can't be l It gave Constitutional status to Urban Local
challenged on the basis of vacancy in the Bodies.
appropriate electoral college.
Ø 84th Amendment Act, 2001—Prohibition on
Ø 12th Amendment Act, 1962—Goa, Daman & readjustment of Lok Sabha & State Assembly
Diu incorporated into the Indian Union seats for 25 years (till 2026).
Ø 24th Amendment Act, 1971—Parliament can Ø 86th Amendment Act, 2002—Elementary
amend any part of the Constitution (including education was given the status of a
Fundamental Rights). Fundamental Rights.
Ø 31st Amendment Act, 1973—The number of l Article 21(A) provided that the states shall
Lok Sabha seats was increased from 525 to make arrangements for providing free
545. elementary education to children between the
Ø 42nd Amendment Act, 1976—By this, the age of 6 to 14 years.
worlds Socialist, 'Secular' & 'Integrity' were l The 11th fundamental duty related to this was
added in the Preamble. added under Article 51(A).
l Fundamental Duties of Citizens were added in l Changed the subject matter of Article 45, under
Part 4(A) which the state shall endeavor to provide for
l The President was compelled to heed the free and compulsory education to all children
advice of the Cabinet. til they complete the age of 6 years.
Ø 44th Amendment Act, 1978—The power to Ø 91st Amendment Act, 2003—By this, the size
send the Bill back for reconsideration was of the Council of Ministers was limited which
given to the President. can't exceed 15% of the total number of
l In the context of National Emergency, the word members of the Lok Sabha.
'Internal disturbance' was replaced by the word l In the State, Council of ministers also, the total
Armed Rebellion. number of members of the Legislative
l Right to Property was removed from the list of Assembly will not exceed 15% and shall not
Fundamental Rights & was made a Legal less than 12.
Right. Ø 97th Amendment Act, 2011—The right to form
l The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by a Co-operative Society became a Fundamental
Articles 20 & 21 can't be suspended during a Right under Article 19.
National Emergency. l A new Part 9(B) 'Co-operative Societies' has
Ø 52nd Amendment Act, 1985—Under this, been added.
there is a provision to disqualify the member of Ø 100th Amendment Act, 2015—It is related to
Parliament & State Legislature in case of the transfer of land between India &
defection. For this, the tenth Schedule is added. Bangladesh.
Ø 58th Amendment Act, 1987—The official text Ø 101st Amendment Act, 2016—It includes
of the Constitution was made available in provisions related to Goods & Services Tax
Hindi Language. (GST) .
Elephant
3. Bahujan Samaj Party
(Except in Assam)