Unit:9 Expert System: Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi College of Applied Business and Technology

Unit:9 Expert System
Presented By : Tekendra Nath Yogi

[email protected]
College Of Applied Business And Technology
Contd…
• Outline:
– Introduction
– Characteristics of expert systems
– Knowledge engineering
– Classic expert system
• DENDRAL
• MYCIN
• EMYCIN
– Case based reasoning
2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 2

Introduction
• An expert system is a computer system whose performance is guided by
specific, expert knowledge in solving problems.
– simulates the decision- making process of a human expert in a specific
domain.
– solves problems in a narrow problem area by using high-quality, specific
knowledge rather than an algorithm.
– used by most of the large or medium sized organization as a major tool
for improving productivity and quality.

Expert systems architecture
• The principal components of most expert systems are as shown in fig:

Fundamental characteristics of an expert system
• Useful
• Usable
• Educational when appropriate
• Explain its advice
• Respond to simple questions also
• Learn new knowledge
• Easily modifiable

The main players in the expert system development team
• An expert system is defined as “ a computer program capable of performing at
the level of a human expert in a narrow problem area.”
• For the development of such program requires a team involving the following
members:
– the domain expert,
– the knowledge engineer,
– the programmer,
– the project manager and
– the end-user.
• The success of their expert system entirely depends on how well the members
work together.

Contd…
• The basic relations in the development team are summarized in figure:

knowledge engineering
• The process of building intelligent knowledge-based systems is
called knowledge engineering. It has six basic phases:
1. Problem assessment
2. Data and knowledge acquisition
3. Development of a prototype system
4. Development of a complete system
5. Evaluation and revision of the system
6. Integration and maintenance of the system

Contd…

Classic Expert Systems
• DENDRAL
– First ES developed in late 1960
– Designed to analyze mass spectra
– Based on the mass of fragments seen in the spectra, it would be possible to

make inference as the nature of molecule tested, identifying functional
groups or even the entire molecule.
– Used Heuristic knowledge obtained from experienced chemists.
– Use forward chaining for reasoning
Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 10

• MYCIN
– Expert system for treating blood infections
– Diagnose patients based on reported symptoms and medical test results
– Could ask some more information and lab test results for diagnosis
– Recommend a course of treatment, if requested, MYCIN would explain the

reasoning that lead to its diagnosis and recommendation.
– Use about 500 production rules, MYCIN operated roughly the same level of
competence as human specialists in blood infections.
– Use backward chaining for reasoning.

• EMYCIN
– EMYCIN is an expert system shell, a framework for building programs that
record the knowledge of domain experts and use that knowledge to help
non-expert users solve problems.
– It provides an interface that helps experts define data types and rules, a
backwards-chaining reasoning algorithm, a mechanism for dealing with
uncertainty, and facilities for introspection that permit users to learn what
the system knows and what it is doing.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Expert Systems
• Advantages of Expert System
– It provides consistent answer for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks.
– Hold and maintained significant level of information.
– Encourage organization to clarify the logic of their decision making.
– Ask question like human expertise.
• Disadvantages of Expert System
– Lack of common sense needed in some decision making.
– Cannot make creative response as human expert would in unusual

circumstances.
– Error may occur in the knowledge base and lead to wrong decision.
– Cannot adopt changing environment, unless knowledgebase is changed.

Based Reasoning
• Case-based reasoning (CBR) is the process of solving new
problems based on the solutions of similar past problems.
– For Example: An auto mechanic who fixes an engine by recalling
another car that exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based
reasoning.
• Case-based reasoning is liked by many people because they feel happier with
examples rather than conclusions separated from their context.

Case Based Reasoning process
Fig: case- based reasoning process

Contd…
• In case-based reasoning (CBR) systems expertise is embodied in a library of
past cases, rather than being encoded in classical rules.
• Each case typically contains a description of the problem, plus a solution

and/or the outcome.
• The knowledge and reasoning process used by an expert to solve the problem
is not recorded, but is implicit in the solution.

Contd…
• To solve a current problem:
– The problem is matched against the cases in the case base, and similar
cases are retrieved.
– The retrieved cases are used to suggest a solution which is reused and
tested for success.
– If necessary, the solution is then revised.
– Finally the current problem and the final solution are retained as part of a
new case.

Contd…
• When to use Case Based Reasoning?
– records of previously solved problems exist
– historical cases are viewed as an asset which ought to be preserved
– remembering previous experiences is useful;
– specialists talk about their domain by giving examples;
– experience is at least as valuable as textbook knowledge.

Contd…
• Advantages and disadvantages of CBR:
– Advantages
• Solutions are quickly proposed
– Derivation form scratch is avoided
• Domains do not need to be completely understood
• Cases useful for ill-defined concepts
• Highlights important features
– Disadvantages
• Old cases may be poor
• Library may be biased
• Most appropriate cases may not be retrieved
• Retrieval/ adaptation knowledge still needed

Thank You !

Unit:9 Expert System: Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi College of Applied Business and Technology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit:9 Expert System: Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi College of Applied Business and Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit:9 Expert System

Presented By : Tekendra Nath Yogi

– Characteristics of expert systems

– Classic expert system

– Case based reasoning

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 2

– simulates the decision- making process of a human expert in a specific

– solves problems in a narrow problem area by using high-quality, specific

knowledge rather than an algorithm.

– used by most of the large or medium sized organization as a major tool

for improving productivity and quality.

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 3

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 4

• Educational when appropriate

• Explain its advice

• Respond to simple questions also

• Learn new knowledge

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 5

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 6

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 7

2. Data and knowledge acquisition

3. Development of a prototype system

4. Development of a complete system

5. Evaluation and revision of the system

6. Integration and maintenance of the system

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 8

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 9

– First ES developed in late 1960

– Designed to analyze mass spectra

– Based on the mass of fragments seen in the spectra, it would be possible to

– Used Heuristic knowledge obtained from experienced chemists.

– Use forward chaining for reasoning

Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 10

– Diagnose patients based on reported symptoms and medical test results

– Recommend a course of treatment, if requested, MYCIN would explain the

– Use backward chaining for reasoning.

Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 11

Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 12

– It provides consistent answer for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks.

– Hold and maintained significant level of information.

– Encourage organization to clarify the logic of their decision making.

– Ask question like human expertise.

• Disadvantages of Expert System

– Lack of common sense needed in some decision making.

– Cannot make creative response as human expert would in unusual

– Cannot adopt changing environment, unless knowledgebase is changed.

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 14

Fig: case- based reasoning process

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 15

• Each case typically contains a description of the problem, plus a solution

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 16

– If necessary, the solution is then revised.

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 17

– records of previously solved problems exist

– historical cases are viewed as an asset which ought to be preserved

– remembering previous experiences is useful;

– specialists talk about their domain by giving examples;

– experience is at least as valuable as textbook knowledge.

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 18

2/9/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 19

Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 20

You might also like