INPS Application of Derivative Study Material
INPS Application of Derivative Study Material
The velocity of a moving particle is defined as the rate of change of its displacement with respect to time and the
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with respect to time.
Let a particle A moves rectilinearly as shown in figure.
Let s be the displacement from a fixed point O along the path at time t; s is considered to be positive on right of
the point O and negative on the left of it.
Also, s is positive when s increases i.e., when the particle moves towards right.
s
Thus, if s be the increment in s in time t . The average velocity in this interval is
t
s ds
And the instantaneous velocity i.e., velocity at time t is v lim V V+V
t 0 t dt s
s
If the velocity varies, then there is change of velocity v in time t . O A (t) B (t+t)
v dv
Hence, the acceleration at time t lim
t 0 t dt
Example: 1 The distance travelled s (in metre) by a particle in t second is given by s t 3 2t 2 t . The speed of the particle after
1 sec. will be
(a) 8 cm/sec. (b) 6 cm/sec. (c) 2 cm/sec (d) None of these
ds
Solution: (a) s t 3 2t 2 t , v 3t 2 4 t 1
dt
Speed of the particle after 1 second
ds
v(t 1) 3 12 4 1 1 8 cm / sec .
dt (t 1)
Example: 2 A particle moves in a straight line in such a way that its velocity at any point is given by v2 2 3 x , where x is measured
from a fixed point. The acceleration is
(a) Zero (b) Uniform (c) Non-uniform (d) Indeterminate
2
Solution: (b) Velocity, v 2 3 x
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dv dx dv dv 3
2v 3. 2v 3v
dt dt dt dt 2
Hence, acceleration is uniform.
Example: 3 The position of a point in time 't' is given by x a bt ct 2 , y at bt 2 . Its acceleration at time 't' is
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d2x d 2y
Solution: (d) Acceleration in x-direction = 2c and acceleration in y-direction = 2b
dt 2 dt 2
Example: 4 If the path of a moving point is the curve x at y b sin at , then its acceleration at any instant
(a) Is constant (b) Varies as the distance from the axis of x
(c) Varies as the distance from the axis of y (d) Varies as the of the point from the origin
2
dx d x
Solution: (c) vx a 0 ax
dt dt 2
a x is acceleration in x-axis
d 2y
ba 2 sin at a y a 2 y
dt 2
Hence, a y changes as y changes.
Example: 5 A stone thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the moon at velocity of 24 m/sec. reaches a height of
s 24 t 0.8 t 2m after t sec. The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2 at the surface of the moon is [MP PET 1992]
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.6 (c) 2.4 (d) 4.9
ds
Solution: (b) velocity = 24 = 24 – 1.6 t
dt
d 2s
So acceleration at t, is 2 1.6
dt
As stone is thrown upwards, so acceleration due to gravity (which acts downwards) = 1.6.
dr
Solution: (c) Surface area s 4r 2 and 2
dt
ds dr ds
4 2r 8r 2 16r r.
dt dt dt
Example: 7 If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 900 cm2/sec. then the rate of change of radius of balloon at
instant when radius is 15 cm [in cm/sec]
22 7
(a) (b) 22 (c) (d) None of these
7 22
4 3
Solution: (c) V r
3
Differentiate with respect to t
dV 4 dr dr 1 dV
3r 2 . .
dt 3 dt dt 4r 2 dt
dr 1 1 7
900 .
dt 4 15 15 22
Example: 8 A man of height 1.8 m is moving away from a lamp post at the rate of 1.2 m/sec. If the height of the lamp post be 4.5
meter, then the rate at which the shadow of the man is lengthening
(a) 0.4 m/sec (b) 0.8 m/sec. (c) 1.2 m/sec. (d) None of these
dy A
Solution: (b) 1.2 According to the figure,
dt
2
x y P
3 4.5
dx 2 dy 1.8
.
dt 3 dt
C x Q y B
dx
Rate of length of shadow 0.8 m / s .
dt
Example: 9 A 10 cm long rod AB moves with its ends on two mutually perpendicular straight lines OX and OY. If the end A be moving
at the rate of 2 cm/sec. then when the distance of A from O is 8 cm, the rate at which the end B is moving, is
8 4 2
(a) cm/sec (b) cm / sec (c) cm / sec . (d) None of these
3 3 9
Solution: (a) By figure, x 2 y 2 100 ......(i) y
dx dy
2x 2y 0 .....(ii) B
dt dt
x8
10 cm
y
dy 16 8
Therefore by (i) and (ii), cm / sec .
dt 6 3
A
8 x
B is moving at the rate cm / sec . O x
3
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(2) Slope of the normal : The normal to a curve at P(x1 , y1 ) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P and
1 1 dx
passing through P and slope of the normal = =
Slope of tangent dy
dy P ( x1 , y1 )
dx P ( x1 , y1 )
dy
x 1 ; x 1
dx
y 1 point (1, 1)
Example: 3 The tangent to the curve y 2 x 2 x 1 at a point P is parallel to y 3 x 4, the co-ordinate of P are
(a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (– 1, 2) (d) (2, – 1)
2
Solution: (b) Given y 2 x x 1
dy
Let the co-ordinate of P is (h, k) then 4h 1
dx (h, k )
Clearly 4 h 1 3
h 1 k 2 . P is (1, 2).
Note : If at any point P ( x 1 , y1 ) on the curve y f (x) , the tangent makes equal angle with the axes, then at
3 dy
the point P, or . Hence, at P tan 1 .
4 4 dx
Example: 4 The equation of the tangent at (4, 4) on the curve x 2 4 y is
(a) 2x y 4 0 (b) 2x y 12 0 (c) 2x y 4 0 (d) 2x y 4 0
dy dy x dy
Solution: (d) x 2 4 y 2 x 4 2.
dx dx 2 dx (4 , 4 )
dy
We know that equation of tangent is (y y1 ) ( x x 1 ) y 4 2(x 4) 2x y 4 0 .
dx ( x1 , y1 )
x
Example: 5 The equation of the normal to the curve y sin at (1, 1) is
2
2
(a) y 1 (b) x 1 (c) yx (d) y 1 ( x 1)
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x dy dy
Solution: (b) y sin cos x 0
2 dx 2 2 dx (1,1)
1
Equation of normal is y 1 ( x 1) x 1 .
0
Example: 6 The equation of the tangent to the curve y be x / a at the point where it crosses y-axis is
x y x y
(a) ax by 1 (b) ax by 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
a b a b
Solution: (d) Curve is y be x / a
Since the curve crosses y-axis (i.e., x 0 ) y b
dy b x / a dy b
Now e . At point (0, b),
dx a dx (0, b) a
b x y
Equation of tangent is y b ( x 0) 1 .
a a b
3
Example: 7 If the normal to the curve y f (x) at the point (3, 4) makes an angle with the positive x-axis then f (3) is equal to
4
3 4
(a) – 1 (b) (c) (d) 1
4 3
1 3 1
Solution: (d) Slope of the normal tan
dy / dx 4 dy
dx (3, 4 )
dy
1 ; f (3) 1 .
dx (3, 4 )
Example: 8 The point (s) on the curve y 3 3 x 2 12y where the tangent is vertical (parallel to y-axis), is are
4 11 4
(a) , 2 (b) ,1 (c) (0, 0) (d) , 2
3 3 3
Solution: (d) y 3 3 x 2 12y
dy dy dy dy 6x dx 12 3 y 2
3y 2 . 6 x 12 . (3y 2 12) 6 x 0 2
dx dx dx dx 12 3y dy 6x
dx 4
Tangent is parallel to y-axis, 0 12 3 y 2 = 0 or y 2. Then x , for y 2
dy 3
4
y 2 does not satisfy the equation of the curve, The point is , 2
3
x y
Example: 9 At which point the line 1 touches the curve y be x / a
a b
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, a) (c) (0, b) (d) (b, 0)
Solution: (c) Let the point be (x1, y1 ) y1 be x1 / a ......(i)
dy b x / a
Also, curve y be x / a e
dx a
dy b x1 / a y1
e (by (i))
dx ( x1 , y1 ) a a
y1 x y x
Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point (x1 , y1 ) is y y1 ( x x1 ) 1 1
a a y1 a
x y x
Comparing with 1 , we get, y1 b and 1 1 1 x1 0
a b a
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Thus the angle between the tangents of the two curves y f1 ( x) and y f2 ( x)
dy dy
dx 1( x1 , y1 ) dx 2( x1 , y1 )
tan
dy dy
1
dx 1( x1 , y1 ) dx 2( x1 , y1 )
Orthogonal curves : If the angle of intersection of two curves is right angle, the two curves are said to intersect
orthogonally. The curves are called orthogonal curves. If the curves are orthogonal, then
2
dy dy
m1m2 1 1
dx 1 dx 2
Example: 11 The angle between the curves y 2 x and x 2 y at (1, 1) is
4 3
(a) tan 1 (b) tan 1 (c) 90o (d) 45o
3 4
Solution: (b) Given curve y 2 x and x 2 y
dy dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2y 1 and 2 x
dx dx
dy 1 dy
and 2
dx (1, 1) 2 dx (1, 1)
Angle between the curve
1
2
tan 2 tan 3 tan 1 3 .
1 4 4
1 .2
2
Example: 12 If the two curves y a x and y b x intersect at , then tan equal
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dy dy 2y
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get x 2 2 xy 0
dx dx x
dy m1 m 2 3 3 3 3
3 m2 tan 3 1 (3) tan 1 .
dx (2, 3) 1 m1 m 2 2 2 11 11
y
Therefore, sub-tangent = a.
dy
dx
Example: 15 For the curve y n a n 1 x, the sub-normal at any point is constant, the value of n must be
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
dy dy a n 1
Solution: (a) y n a n 1 x nyn 1 a n 1 n 1
dx dx ny
dy ya n 1 a n 1 y 2 n
Length of the subnormal = y
dx ny n 1 n
a n 1 2 n
We also know that if the subnormal is constant, then .y should not contain y.
n
Therefore, 2 n 0 or n 2 .
y1
x-intercept OQ x1
dy O Q
X
dx ( x1 , y1 )
dy
Similarly solving (i) and (iii) we get, y-intercept OR = y1 x1
dx ( x1 , y1 )
Example: 16 The sum of intercepts on co-ordinate axes made by tangent to the curve x y a is
y X Y
Hence tangent at (x, y) is Y y ( X x ) or X y Y x xy ( x y ) axy or 1.
x a x a y
dy
y1 x 1
dx ( x1 , y1 )
p
2
dy
1
dx
Example: 17 The length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to the tangent drawn to the curve y 2 4( x 2) at point (2, 4) is
1 3 6
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 5 5
dy dy 1
Solution: (c) Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x , 2y 4 at point (2, 4)
dx dx 2
dy 1
y1 x 1 4 2
dx = 2 6
P .
dy
2 1 5
1 1
4
dx
x
O
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f(a)
f(a–h) f(a+h)
decreasing
increasing
f(b)
f(b+h)
f(b–h)
X
O a–h a a+h b–h b b–h
y = f(x)
maximum and the values at these points i.e., their y-coordinates are the local D
A
maximum values of f (x ) . The x-coordinates of points B and D are points of local B
Note : If f (a) 0 , f (a) 0, f (a) 0 then x a is not an extreme point for the function f (x ) .
If f (a) 0, f (a) 0, f (a) 0 then the sign of f (iv) (a) will determine the maximum and minimum
value of function i.e., f (x ) is maximum, if f (iv) (a) 0 and minimum if f (iv) (a) 0 .
1.5 Working rule for Finding Maxima and Minima.
(1) Find the differential coefficient of f (x ) with respect to x, i.e., f (x) and equate it to zero.
(2) Find differential real values of x by solving the equation f ( x) 0 . Let its roots be a, b, c......
(3) Find the value of f (x) and substitute the value of a1, a2 , a3 ...... in it and get the sign of f (x) for each value
of x.
(4) If f (a) 0 then the value of f (x ) is maximum at x a and if f (a) 0 then value of f (x ) will be
minimum at x a . Similarly by getting the signs of f (x) at other points b, c.....we can find the points of maxima
and minima.
Example: 1 What are the minimum and maximum values of the function x 5 5 x 4 5 x 3 10
(a) 37, 9 (b) 10, 0
(c) It has 2 minimum and 1 maximum values (d) It has 2 maximum and 1 minimum values
Solution: (a) y x 5 5 x 4 5 x 3 10
dy
5 x 4 20 x 3 15 x 2 5 x 2 ( x 2 4 x 3) = 5 x 2 ( x 3) ( x 1)
dx
dy
0 , gives x 0, 1, 3 ......(i)
dx
3
d 2y d y 2
Now, 2
20 x 3 60 x 2 30 x 10 x(2 x 2 6 x 3) and 10(6 x 12 x 3)
dx dx
3
dy d 2y d 3y
For x 0 : 0, 2 0, 3 0 , Neither minimum nor maximum
dx dx dx
d 2y
For x 1 , 10 =negative, Maximum value ymax . 9
dx 2
d 2y
For x 3 , 90 =positive, Minimum value ymin . 37 .
dx 2
Example: 2 The maximum value of sin x(1 cos x) will be at
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
2 6 3
1
Solution: (c) y sin x(1 cos x) sin x sin 2 x
2
dy d 2y
cos x cos 2 x and sin x 2 sin 2 x
dx dx 2
dy
On putting 0, cos x cos 2 x 0 cos x cos 2 x cos( 2 x) x 2 x
dx
d 2y 1 2 3 3 3 3
x , 2 sin 2 sin = 2. which is negative.
3 dx x / 3 3 3 2 2 2
at x the function is maximum.
3
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1 1 1 2 1
(a) 1, (b) , 2 (c) 2, (d) ,
2 2 2 3 6
dy a dy
Solution: (d) 2bx 1 a 2b 1 0 a 2b 1
dx x dx x 1
dy a 2b 1 1 1 1 1 2
and 4b 1 0 4b 1 0 b 4 b 0 3b b and a 1 .
dx x 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 3
x
1
Example: 4 Maximum value of is
x
e
1
(a) (e)e (b) (e)1 / e (c) (e) e (d)
e
x x
1 1 1
Solution: (b) f ( x) f ( x) log 1
x x x
1 1 1
f (x) 0 log 1 log e e x . Therefore, maximum value of function is e 1 / e .
x x e
Example: 5 Maximum slope of the curve y x 3 3 x 2 9 x 27 is
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
3 2
Solution: (b) y f (x) x 3 x 9 x 27
The slope of this curve f ( x) 3 x 2 6 x 9
Let g( x) f ( x) 3 x 2 6 x 9
Differentiate with respect to x, g (x) 6 x 6
Put g ( x) 0 x 1
Now, g (x) 6 0 and hence at x 1, g(x)
(Slope) will have maximum value.
[g(1)]max . 3 1 6 9 12 .
x
t(e
t
Example: 6 The function f ( x) 1) (t 1) (t 2)3 (t 3)5 dt has a local minimum at x
1
For local minima, slope i.e., f (x) should change sign from – ve to +ve
f (x) 0 x 0, 1, 2, 3
If x 0 h, where h is a very small number, then f (x) ()()(1)(1)(1) ve
If x 0 h , f (x) ()()()(1)(1) ve
Hence at x 0 neither maxima nor minima.
If x 1 h , f (x) ()()()(1)(1) ve
If x 1 h , f (x) ()()()(1)(1) ve
Hence, at x 1 there is a local minima.
If x 2 h , f (x) ()(1)()()() ve
If x 2 h, f (x) ()()()()(1) ve
Hence at x 2 there is a local maxima.
If x 3 h , f (x) ()()()()() ve
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2
Example: 8 The points of extremum of the function ( x) et /2
(1 t 2 ) dt are
1
1
(a) x0 (b) x 1 (c) x (d) x 1
2
x
2 2
Solution: (b,d) ( x) et /2
(1 t 2 )dt ( x ) e x /2
(1 x 2 )
1
Now (x) 0 1 x 2 0 x 1
Hence, x 1 are points of extremum of (x) .
(i) If f (x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maxima and x
O c
one minima must lie between two equal values of x.
(ii) Maxima and minima occur alternately, that is, between two maxima there
is one minimum and vice-versa.
(iii) If f (x) as x a or b and f ( x) 0 only for one value of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is
necessarily the minimum and the least value.
If f (x) as x a or b, then f (c) is necessarily the maximum and the greatest value.
Remember that a maximum value of the function f (x) in any interval [a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value
in that interval. Thus greatest value of f(x) in interval [a, b] = max. [ f (a), f (b), f (c)]
Least value of f (x) interval [a, b]= min. [ f (a), f (b), f (c)]
Where x c is a point such that f (c) 0
Example: 9 The maximum and minimum values of x 3 18 x 2 96 in interval (0, 9) are
(a) 160, 0 (b) 60, 0 (c) 160, 128 (d) 120, 28
dy
Solution: (c) Let y x 3 18 x 2 96 x 3 x 2 36 x 96 0
dx
x 2 12x 32 0 (x 4)(x 8) 0, x 4, 8
d 2y d 2y
Now, 2
6 x 36 at x 4, 2 24 36 12 0
dx dx
d 2y
at x 4 function will be maximum and [ f (x)]max . 64 288 384 160 at x 8 48 36 12 0
dx 2
at x 8 function will be minimum and [ f (x)]min . 128 .
Example: 10 The minimum value of the function 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x in 0 x is
3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) – 3
2
Solution: (d) y 2 cos 2x cos 4 x = 2 cos 2x(1 cos 2x) 1 = 4 cos 2x sin2 x 1
Obviously, sin 2 x 0
Therefore, to be least value of y, cos 2x should be least i.e., – 1. Hence least value of y is – 4 + 1 = –3.
Example: 11 On [1, e] the greatest value of x 2 log x
1 1
(a) e2 (b) log (c) e 2 log e (d) None of these
e e
Now f (x) 0 x e 1 / 2 , 0
So we only compare the value of f (x) at the end points 1 and e. We have f (1) 0, f (e) e 2
greatest value = e 2
x 1, y 1 , minimum value = x y 2 .
Example: 13 The sum of two non-zero numbers is 4. The minimum value of the sum of their reciprocals is
3 6
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
4 5
Solution: (c) Let x y 4 or y 4 x
1 1 xy 4 4
or f ( x )
x y xy xy x(4 x )
4 4
f ( x) , f ( x) . (4 2 x)
4x x2 (4 x x 2 )2
Put f (x) 0 4 2 x 0 x 2 and y 2
1 1 1 1
min. 1 .
x y 2 2
Example: 14 The real number which most exceeds its cube is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 3 2
Solution: (b) Let number = x, then cube = x 3
Now f (x) = x x 3 (Maximum) f (x) 1 3 x 2
1
Put f (x) 0 1 3 x 2 0 x
3
1
Because f (x) 6 x ve . when x .
3
(1) The area of rectangle with given perimeter is greatest when it is a square.
(2) The perimeter of a rectangle with given area is least when it is a square.
(3) The greatest rectangle inscribed in a given circle is a square.
(4) The greatest triangle inscribed in given circle is equilateral.
(5) The semi vertical angle of a cone with given slant height and maximum volume is tan 1 2
(6) The height of a cylinder of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of radius a is a 2a / 3 .
Important Tips
Cylinder: Volume = r 2h , whole surface = 2r(r h) , where r is the radius of the base and h is its height.
Example: 15 The adjacent sides of a rectangle with given perimeter as 100 cm and enclosing maximum area are
(a) 10 cm and 40 cm (b) 20 cm and 30 cm (c) 25 cm and 25 cm (d) 15 cm and 35 cm
Solution: (c) 2 x 2y 100 x y 50 .....(i)
A
Let area of rectangle is A, A xy y
x
A dA
From (i), x 50 A 50x x 2 50 2 x
x dx
dA
for maximum area 0
dx
50 2 x 0 x 25 and y 25
adjacent sides are 25 cm and 25 cm.
Example: 16 The radius of the cylinder of maximum volume, which can be inscribed a sphere of radius R is [AMU 1999]
2 2 3 3
(a) R (b) R (c) R (d) R
3 3 4 4
2
h
Solution: (b) If r be the radius and h the height, the from the figure, r 2 R 2 h2 4(R 2 r 2 )
2
Now, V r 2h 2r 2 R 2 r 2
dV 1 (2r ) D C
4r R 2 r 2 2r 2 . L
dr 2 2
R r 2
dV
For max. or min., 0 O
dr R
2r 3
4r R 2 r 2 2(R 2 r 2 ) r 2 r M B
A
R2 r 2
2 d 2V 2
2R2 3r 2 r R ve . Hence V is max. when r R.
3 dr 2 3
Example: 17 The ratio of height of a cone having maximum volume which can be inscribed in a sphere with the diameter of sphere is
2 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
Solution: (a) Let OM x
Then height of cone i.e., h x a (where a is radius of sphere)
a 4
Height of a cone h a a
3 3
4
a
2
Therefore ratio of height and diameter = 3 .
2a 3
MONOTONIC FUNCTION
1.1 Definition.
(1) Strictly increasing function : A function f(x) is said to be a strictly
y
increasing function on (a, b), if x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) for all x1, x2 (a, b).
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing on (a, b), if the values of f (x) increase with the
y = f(x)
increase in the values of x.
(2) Strictly decreasing function : A function f (x) is said to be a strictly f(x1) f(x2)
decreasing function on (a, b) , if x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) for all x1, x 2 (a, b) . Thus, x
O a x1 x2 b
f (x) is strictly decreasing on (a, b), if the values of f (x) decrease with the increase
in the values of x.
y
f(x1) f(x2)
x x
a O x1 x2 b
2
Example: 1 On the interval (1, 3) the function f ( x) 3 x is
x
(a) Strictly decreasing (b) Strictly increasing
(c) Decreasing in (2, 3) only (d) Neither increasing nor decreasing
2 2
Solution: (b) f ( x) 3 x f (x) 3 2
x x
Clearly f ( x) 0 on the interval (1, 3)
f (x) is strictly increasing.
y
Example: 2 For which value of x, the function f (x) x 2 2 x is decreasing
(a) x 1 (b) x2
(c) x 1 (d) x2 y = f(x)
(1, 0)
Solution: (c) f ( x) ( x 1)2 1 O
x
Hence decreasing in x 1
Alternative method: f (x) 2x 2 2(x 1) (1, –1)
To be decreasing, 2(x 1) 0 (x 1) 0 x 1 .
(2) Monotonic decreasing function: A function is said to be a monotonic decreasing function in defined
y y
interval, if x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
or x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
or x 1 x 2 f (x 1 ) f (x 2 )
or x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
x x
O O
(c) It is monotonically increasing every where (d) It is monotonically increasing only in (, 0)
Example: 7 The value of a for which the function (a 2)x 3 3ax 2 9ax 1 decrease monotonically throughout for all real x, are
(a) a 2 (b) a 2 (c) 3 a 0 (d) a 3
Solution: (d) If f (x) (a 2)x 3 3ax 2 9ax 1 decreases monotonically for all x R, then f (x) 0 for all x R
direction of x-axis.
dy
tan 0 0 or f ' ( x) 0 for all x (a, b).
dx
Thus, f ' (x) 0( 0) for all x (a, b) is the necessary condition for a function f (x) to be increasing (decreasing)
on a given interval (a, b). In other words, if it is given that f (x) is increasing (decreasing) on (a, b), then we can say
that f ' (x) 0 ( 0).
(2) Sufficient condition : Theorem : Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a, b).
(a) If f ' (x) 0 for all x (a, b) , then f (x) is increasing on (a, b).
(b) If f ' ( x) 0 for all x (a, b) , then f (x) is decreasing on (a, b).
Corollary : Let f (x) be a function defined on (a, b).
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(a) If f ' (x) 0 for all x (a, b) , except for a finite number of points, where f ' (x) 0, then f (x) is increasing on
(a, b).
(b) If f ' (x) 0 for all x (a, b) , except for a finite number of points, where f ' (x) 0, then f (x) is decreasing on
(a, b).
ln( x)
Example: 9 The function f ( x) is
ln(e x)
(a) Increasing on [0, ) (b) Decreasing on [0, )
(c) Decreasing on 0, and increasing on , (d) Increasing on 0, and decreasing on ,
e e e e
ln( x)
Solution: (b) Let f ( x)
ln(e x)
1 1
ln(e x) ln( x)
f (x) x e x = (e x) ln(e x) ( x) ln( x)
{ln(e x)}2 {ln(e x)}2 (e x)( x)
f (x) 0 for all x 0 { e} . Hence, f (x) is decreasing in [0, ) .
Example: 10 Which of the following is not a decreasing function on the interval 0,
2
(a) cos x (b) cos 2 x (c) cos 3 x (d) cot x
d
Solution: (c) Obviously, here cos 3 x in not decreasing in 0, because cos 3 x 3 sin 3 x .
2 dx
2 x
Solution: (b, d) We have f ( x ) x e x tan f ( x) 1 e
7
+
– –
– 1/2 1
1 1
f (x) 0, if x , 1 , because e x(1 x) is always positive. So, f (x) is increasing on 2 ,1 .
2
Example: 13 x tends 0 to then the given function f ( x) x sin x cos x cos 2 x is
(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing
(c) Neither increasing nor decreasing (d) None of these
2
Solution: (b) f ( x) x sin x cos x cos x
f (x) sin x x cos x sin x 2 cos x sin x = cos x(x 2 sin x)
Hence x 0 to , then f (x) 0 , i.e., f (x) is decreasing function.
dy
2 xe x x 2 e x e x (2 x x 2 )
dx
Hence f (x) 0 for every x [0, 2] , therefore it is non-decreasing in [0, 2].
3 3 5 5 3
(a) 0x (b) x (c) x (d) x
8 4 8 8 8 8 4
1 cos 4 x 3 1
= 1 cos 4 x
4 4 4
3 3
Hence 4 x or x .
2 4 8
ROLLE’S THEOREM
1.1 Definition.
Let f be a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] such that,
(1) f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]
(2) f (x) is differentiable in the open interval ]a, b[ and
(3) f (a) f (b)
Then there is atleast one value c of x in open interval ]a, b[ for which f (c) 0 .
1.2 Analytical Interpretation.
Now, Rolle's theorem is valid for a function such that y
Case I: f(x) is constant in the interval [a, b] then f ( x) 0 for all x [a, b] . Hence, Rolle's theorem follows, and
we can say, f (c) 0, where a c b
y
Case II: f(x) is not constant in the interval [a, b] and since f (a) f (b) .
C
Increase decrease
B
A
x
O x=a x=cx=b
positive
The function should either increase or decrease when x takes values slightly greater than a.
P a g e | 25
A B
Increase
ee
Decreas
minimum
x
O x=a x=cx=b
Similarly, the case where f (x) decreases in the interval a x c and then increases in the interval
c x b, f (c) 0 . But when x c, the minimum value of f (x) exists in the interval [a, b].
1.3 Geometrical Interpretation.
Consider the portion AB of the curve y f (x) , lying between x a and x b y
, such that
(1) It goes continuously from A to B. C1 C2
From figure, it is clear that f (x) increases in the interval AC1 , which implies x
O x=a x=c x=b
that f ( x) 0 in this region and decreases in the interval C1 B which implies
f (x) 0 in this region. Now, since there is unique tangent to be drawn on the
curve lying in between A and B and since each of them has a unique slope i.e., unique value of f (x) .
P a g e | 26
Due to continuity and differentiability of the function f (x) in the region A to B. There is a point x c where
f (c) 0 . Hence, f (c) 0 where a c b
Thus Rolle's theorem is proved.
Similarly the other parts of the figure given above can be explained, establishing Rolle's theorem throughout.
Note : On Rolle's theorem generally two types of problems are formulated.
To check the applicability of Rolle's theorem to a given function on a given interval.
To verify Rolle's theorem for a given function in a given interval.
In both types of problems we first check whether f(x) satisfies the condition of Rolle's theorem or not.
The following results are very helpful in doing so.
(i) A polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable.
(ii) The exponential function, sine and cosine functions are everywhere continuous and differentiable.
(iii) Logarithmic functions is continuos and differentiable in its domain.
3 5
(iv) tan x is not continuous and differentiable at x , , ,.......
2 2 2
(v) |x| is not differentiable at x 0 .
(vi) If f (x) tends to as x K , then f (x) is not differentiable at x K .
1 1
For example, if f ( x ) (2 x 1)1 / 2 , then f (x) is such that as x f ( x )
2x 1 2
1
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x .
2
Example: 1 The function f ( x) x( x 3)e 1 / 2 x satisfies all the condition of Rolle's theorem in [– 3, 0]. The value of c is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 2 (d) – 3
Solution: (c) To determine 'c' in Rolle's theorem, f (c) 0
1 1 1
Here f ( x ) ( x 2 3 x )e (1 / 2) x . (2 x 3)e (1 / 2) x = e (1 / 2) x ( x 2 3 x ) 2 x 3 = e ( x / 2) x 2 x 6
2
2 2
f (c) 0 c 2 c 6 0 c 3, 2 .
But c 3 [3, 0] , Hence c = –2.
2 3 1
Example: 2 If the function f ( x) x 3 6 x 2 ax b satisfies Rolle's theorem in the interval [1, 3] and f 0 then
3
(a) a 11 (b) a 6 (c) a6 (d) a 1
Solution: (a) f ( x) x 3 6 x 2 ax b f ( x) 3 x 2 12 x a
2
1 1 1
f (c) 0 f 2 0 3 2
12 2
a0
3
3 3
1 4 1
3 4 12 2
a 0 12 1 4 3 24 4 3 a 0 a 11 .
3 3 3
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LMVT
1.1 Definition.
If a function f (x) ,
(1) Is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] and
(2) Is differentiable in the open interval (a, b)
f (b) f (a)
Then there is atleast one value c (a, b) , such that; f (c)
ba
1.2 Analytical Interpretation.
f (b) f (a)
First form: Consider the function, ( x ) f ( x ) x
ba
Since, f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
(x) is also continuous in [a,b]
f (b) f (a)
since, f (x) exists in (a, b) hence (x) also exists in (a, b) and ( x) f ( x) .....(i)
ba
Clearly, (x) satisfies all the condition of Rolle's theorem
There is atleast one value of c of x between a and b such that (c) 0 substituting x c in (i) we get,
f (b) f (a)
f (c) which proves the theorem.
ba
Second form: If we write b a h then a c b, c a h where 0 1
Thus, the mean value theorem can be stated as follows:
If (i) f (x) is continuous in closed interval [a, a+h]
(ii) f (x) exists in the open interval (a, a h) then there exists at least one number (0 1)
Such that f (a h) f (a) hf (a h) .
1.3 Geometrical Interpretation.
Let f (x) be a function defined on [a, b] and let APB be the curve represented by y f (x) . Then co-ordinates of
A and B are (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) respectively. Suppose the chord AB makes an angle with the axis of x. Then
from the triangle ARB, we have
BR f (b) f (a)
tan
tan
AR ba
f (b) f (a)
By Lagrange's Mean value theorem, we have, f (c) tan f (c)
ba
y
B[b, f(b)]
x
O M N
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f (b) f (a) 1
Example: 1 In the mean-value theorem f (c) , if a 0 , b and f (x) x(x 1)(x 2), the value of c is
ba 2
15 21
(a) 1 (b) 1 15 (c) 1 (d) 1 21
6 6
f (b) f (a)
Solution: (c) From mean value theorem f (c)
ba
1 3
a 0, f (a) 0 b , f (b)
2 8
f (x) (x 1)(x 2) x(x 2) x(x 1) ,
f (c) (c 1)(c 2) c(c 2) c(c 1) = c 2 3c 2 c 2 2c c 2 c , f (c) 3c 2 6c 2
According to mean value theorem
3
0
f (b) f (a) 8 3 5
f (c) 3c 2 6 c 2 3c 2 6 c 0
ba 1 4 4
0
2
6 36 15 6 21 21
c 1 .
2 3 6 6
1
Example: 2 From mean value theorem f (b) f (a) (b a) f (x1 ), a x1 b if f (x) then x1
x
2ab ab ba
(a) ab (b) (c) (d)
ab 2 ba
1 1
1 1 b a 1
Solution: (a) f ( x1 ) 2 , 2 x1 ab .
x1 x1 ba ab
Example: 3 The abscissae of the points of the curve y x 3 in the interval [–2, 2], where the slope of the tangent can be obtained by
mean value theorem for the interval [– 2, 2] are
2 3
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 0
3 2
******