1.1 Velocity and Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion.

The velocity of a moving particle is defined as the rate of change of its displacement with respect to time and the
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with respect to time.
Let a particle A moves rectilinearly as shown in figure.

Let s be the displacement from a fixed point O along the path at time t; s is considered to be positive on right of
the point O and negative on the left of it.
Also, s is positive when s increases i.e., when the particle moves towards right.
s
Thus, if s be the increment in s in time t . The average velocity in this interval is
t
s ds
And the instantaneous velocity i.e., velocity at time t is v  lim  V V+V
t  0  t dt s
s
If the velocity varies, then there is change of velocity v in time t . O A (t) B (t+t)
v dv
Hence, the acceleration at time t  lim 
t 0 t dt

Example: 1 The distance travelled s (in metre) by a particle in t second is given by s  t 3  2t 2  t . The speed of the particle after
1 sec. will be
(a) 8 cm/sec. (b) 6 cm/sec. (c) 2 cm/sec (d) None of these
ds
Solution: (a) s  t 3  2t 2  t , v   3t 2  4 t  1
dt
Speed of the particle after 1 second
 ds 
v(t 1)     3  12  4  1  1  8 cm / sec .
 dt (t 1)

Example: 2 A particle moves in a straight line in such a way that its velocity at any point is given by v2  2  3 x , where x is measured
from a fixed point. The acceleration is
(a) Zero (b) Uniform (c) Non-uniform (d) Indeterminate
2
Solution: (b) Velocity, v  2  3 x
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dv dx dv dv 3
2v  3.  2v  3v  
dt dt dt dt 2
Hence, acceleration is uniform.
Example: 3 The position of a point in time 't' is given by x  a  bt  ct 2 , y  at  bt 2 . Its acceleration at time 't' is
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(a) b  c (b) (b  c) (c) 2b  2c (d) 2 b 2  c 2

d2x d 2y
Solution: (d) Acceleration in x-direction =   2c and acceleration in y-direction =  2b
dt 2 dt 2

Resultant acceleration is = (2c)2  (2b)2 = 2 b 2  c 2

Example: 4 If the path of a moving point is the curve x  at y  b sin at , then its acceleration at any instant
(a) Is constant (b) Varies as the distance from the axis of x
(c) Varies as the distance from the axis of y (d) Varies as the of the point from the origin
2
dx d x
Solution: (c)  vx  a   0  ax
dt dt 2
a x is acceleration in x-axis

d 2y
 ba 2 sin at  a y  a 2 y
dt 2
Hence, a y changes as y changes.

Example: 5 A stone thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the moon at velocity of 24 m/sec. reaches a height of
s  24 t  0.8 t 2m after t sec. The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2 at the surface of the moon is [MP PET 1992]
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.6 (c) 2.4 (d) 4.9
ds
Solution: (b)  velocity = 24 = 24 – 1.6 t
dt
 d 2s 
So acceleration at t, is  2   1.6
 dt 
As stone is thrown upwards, so acceleration due to gravity (which acts downwards) = 1.6.

1.2 Derivative as the Rate of Change.

If a variable quantity y is some function of time t i.e., y  f (t), then small change in time t have a
corresponding change y in y.
y
Thus, the average rate of change =
t
When limit t  0 is applied, the rate of change becomes instantaneous and we get the rate of change with
respect to t.
y dy
i.e., lim 
t  0 t dt
Hence, it is clear that the rate of change of any variable with respect to some other variable is derivative of first
variable with respect to other variable.
dy
Note :  The differential coefficient of y with respect to x i.e, is nothing but the rate of increase of y relative
dx
to x.
Example: 6 The rate of change of the surface area of a sphere of radius r when the radius is increasing at the rate of 2cm/sec is
proportional to
l l
(a) (b) (c) r (d) r 2
r r2
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dr
Solution: (c)  Surface area s  4r 2 and 2
dt
ds dr ds
  4  2r  8r  2  16r  r.
dt dt dt
Example: 7 If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 900 cm2/sec. then the rate of change of radius of balloon at
instant when radius is 15 cm [in cm/sec]
22 7
(a) (b) 22 (c) (d) None of these
7 22
4 3
Solution: (c) V r
3
Differentiate with respect to t
dV 4 dr dr 1 dV
  3r 2 .   .
dt 3 dt dt 4r 2 dt
dr 1 1 7
  900   .
dt 4    15  15  22
Example: 8 A man of height 1.8 m is moving away from a lamp post at the rate of 1.2 m/sec. If the height of the lamp post be 4.5
meter, then the rate at which the shadow of the man is lengthening
(a) 0.4 m/sec (b) 0.8 m/sec. (c) 1.2 m/sec. (d) None of these
dy A
Solution: (b)  1.2 According to the figure,
dt
2
x y P
3 4.5
dx 2 dy 1.8
  .
dt 3 dt
C x Q y B
dx
 Rate of length of shadow  0.8 m / s .
dt
Example: 9 A 10 cm long rod AB moves with its ends on two mutually perpendicular straight lines OX and OY. If the end A be moving
at the rate of 2 cm/sec. then when the distance of A from O is 8 cm, the rate at which the end B is moving, is
8 4 2
(a) cm/sec (b) cm / sec (c) cm / sec . (d) None of these
3 3 9
Solution: (a) By figure, x 2  y 2  100 ......(i) y
dx dy
 2x  2y 0 .....(ii) B
dt dt
x8
10 cm
y
dy 16 8
Therefore by (i) and (ii),    cm / sec .
dt 6 3
A
8 x
 B is moving at the rate cm / sec . O x
3
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Tangent and Normal

1.1 Slope of the Tangent and Normal.
(1) Slope of the tangent : If tangent is drawn on the curve y  f (x) at point P(x1, y1 ) and this tangent makes
an angle  with positive x-direction then,
y
 dy  Tangent
   tan = slope of the tangent
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) Normal

Note :  If tangent is parallel to x-axis   0   dy  0

 dx ( x1 , y1 )

  dy  x
 If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis      O
2  dx ( x1 , y1 )

(2) Slope of the normal : The normal to a curve at P(x1 , y1 ) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P and
1 1  dx 
passing through P and slope of the normal = =   
Slope of tangent dy
   dy  P ( x1 , y1 )
 
 dx  P ( x1 , y1 )

Note :  If normal is parallel to x-axis

 dx   dx 
     0 or   0
 dy ( x1 , y1 )  dy ( x1 , y1 )
 If normal is perpendicular to x-axis (for parallel to y-axis)
 dy 
   0
 dx ( x1 , y1 )

Example: 1 The slope of the tangent to the curve x 2  y 2  2c 2 at point (c, c) is

(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Solution: (b) Given x 2  y 2  2c 2
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2 x  2y 0
dx
dy dy  x  dy 
 2y  2 x       1
dx dx y  dx (c , c )

Example: 2 The line x  y  2 is tangent to the curve x 2  3  2y at its point

(a) (1, 1) (b) (–1, 1) (c) ( 3 , 0) (d) (3, – 3)

Solution: (a) Given curve x 2  3  2y

2dy dy
diff. w.r.t. x, 2 x   ;  x
dx dx
Slope of the line = – 1
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dy
  x  1 ; x  1
dx
 y  1 point (1, 1)

Example: 3 The tangent to the curve y  2 x 2  x  1 at a point P is parallel to y  3 x  4, the co-ordinate of P are
(a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (– 1, 2) (d) (2, – 1)
2
Solution: (b) Given y  2 x  x  1

 dy 
Let the co-ordinate of P is (h, k) then    4h  1
 dx (h, k )

Clearly 4 h  1  3
h  1  k  2 . P is (1, 2).

1.2 Equation of the Tangent and Normal.

(1) Equation of the tangent : We know that the equation of a line passing through a point P(x1, y1) and
having slope m is y  y1  m( x  x 1 )
 dy 
Slope of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is =  
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )
The equation of the tangent to the curve y  f (x) at point P ( x 1 , y1 ) is
 dy 
y  y1    (x  x 1 )
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )
1
(2) Equation of the normal : Slope of the Normal =
 dy 
 
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )
Thus equation of the normal to the curve y  f (x) at point P ( x 1 , y1 )
1
y  y1  (x  x 1 )
 dy 
 
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )

Note :  If at any point P ( x 1 , y1 ) on the curve y  f (x) , the tangent makes equal angle with the axes, then at
 3 dy
the point P,   or . Hence, at P tan   1 .
4 4 dx
Example: 4 The equation of the tangent at (4,  4) on the curve x 2  4 y is
(a) 2x  y  4  0 (b) 2x  y  12  0 (c) 2x  y  4  0 (d) 2x  y  4  0
dy dy  x  dy 
Solution: (d) x 2  4 y  2 x  4      2.
dx dx 2  dx  (4 ,  4 )

 dy 
We know that equation of tangent is (y  y1 )    ( x  x 1 )  y  4  2(x  4)  2x  y  4  0 .
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )
x
Example: 5 The equation of the normal to the curve y  sin at (1, 1) is
2
2
(a) y 1 (b) x 1 (c) yx (d) y  1  ( x  1)

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x dy    dy 
Solution: (b) y  sin   cos x    0
2 dx 2 2  dx  (1,1)

1
 Equation of normal is y  1  ( x  1)  x  1 .
0
Example: 6 The equation of the tangent to the curve y  be  x / a at the point where it crosses y-axis is
x y x y
(a) ax  by  1 (b) ax  by  1 (c)  1 (d)  1
a b a b
Solution: (d) Curve is y  be  x / a
Since the curve crosses y-axis (i.e., x  0 )  y  b
dy b  x / a  dy  b
Now  e . At point (0, b),   
dx a  dx (0, b) a

b x y
 Equation of tangent is y  b  ( x  0)    1 .
a a b
3
Example: 7 If the normal to the curve y  f (x) at the point (3, 4) makes an angle with the positive x-axis then f (3) is equal to
4
3 4
(a) – 1 (b) (c) (d) 1
4 3
1 3 1
Solution: (d) Slope of the normal   tan 
dy / dx 4  dy 
 
 dx (3, 4 )

 dy 
    1 ; f (3)  1 .
 dx (3, 4 )

Example: 8 The point (s) on the curve y 3  3 x 2  12y where the tangent is vertical (parallel to y-axis), is are

 4   11   4 
(a)  ,  2 (b)   ,1 (c) (0, 0) (d)   , 2 
 3   3   3 
 
Solution: (d) y 3  3 x 2  12y
dy dy dy dy 6x dx 12  3 y 2
 3y 2 .  6 x  12 .  (3y 2  12)  6 x  0   2
 
dx dx dx dx 12  3y dy 6x
dx 4
Tangent is parallel to y-axis,  0  12  3 y 2 = 0 or y  2. Then x   , for y  2
dy 3
 4 
y  2 does not satisfy the equation of the curve,  The point is   , 2 
 3 
x y
Example: 9 At which point the line   1 touches the curve y  be  x / a
a b
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, a) (c) (0, b) (d) (b, 0)
Solution: (c) Let the point be (x1, y1 )  y1  be  x1 / a ......(i)
dy b  x / a
Also, curve y  be  x / a   e
dx a
 dy  b  x1 / a  y1
   e  (by (i))
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) a a

y1 x y x
Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point (x1 , y1 ) is y  y1  ( x  x1 )    1 1
a a y1 a
x y x
Comparing with   1 , we get, y1  b and 1  1  1  x1  0
a b a
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Hence, the point is (0, b).

Example: 10 The abscissa of the point, where the tangent to curve y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  5 is parallel to x-axis are
(a) 0 and 0 (b) x  1 and 1 (c) x  1 and 3 (d) x  1 and 3
dy
Solution: (d) y  x 3  3x 2  9x  5   3x 2  6x  9 .
dx
dy
We know that this equation gives the slope of the tangent to the curve. The tangent is parallel to x-axis 0
dx
Therefore, 3 x 2  6 x  9  0  x  1, 3 .

1.3 Angle of Intersection of Two Curves.

The angle of intersection of two curves is defined to be the angle between the tangents to the two curves at their
point of intersection.
We know that the angle between two straight lines having slopes m1 and m2 y
y = f2x
m1  m2 y = f1x
  tan 1
1  m1m2
Also slope of the tangent at P( x1 , y1 ) P

 dy   dy 
m1    , m2    x
 dx  1( x1 , y1 )  dx  2( x1 , y1 ) O

Thus the angle between the tangents of the two curves y  f1 ( x) and y  f2 ( x)
 dy   dy 
   
 dx 1( x1 , y1 )  dx  2( x1 , y1 )
tan  
 dy   dy 
1    
 dx 1( x1 , y1 )  dx  2( x1 , y1 )
Orthogonal curves : If the angle of intersection of two curves is right angle, the two curves are said to intersect

orthogonally. The curves are called orthogonal curves. If the curves are orthogonal, then  
2
 dy   dy 
m1m2  1       1
 dx  1  dx  2
Example: 11 The angle between the curves y 2  x and x 2  y at (1, 1) is
4 3
(a) tan 1 (b) tan 1 (c) 90o (d) 45o
3 4
Solution: (b) Given curve y 2  x and x 2  y
dy dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2y  1 and 2 x 
dx dx
 dy  1  dy 
   and   2
 dx (1, 1) 2  dx (1, 1)
Angle between the curve
1
2
 tan   2  tan   3    tan 1 3 .
1 4 4
1  .2
2
Example: 12 If the two curves y  a x and y  b x intersect at  , then tan  equal
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log a  log b log a  log b log a  log b

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
1  log a log b 1  log a log b 1  log a log b
Solution: (a) Clearly the point of intersection of curves is (0, 1)
dy  dy 
Now, slope of tangent of first curve, m1   a x log a     m1  log a
dx  dx  (0, 1)
dy  dy 
Slope of tangent of second curve, m2   b x log b  m2     log b
dx  dx (0, 1)
m1  m2 log a  log b
 tan    .
1  m1m2 1  log a log b

Example: 13 The angle of intersection between curve xy  6 and x 2 y  12

3  3   11 
(a) tan 1   (b) tan 1   (c) tan 1   (d) 0 o
4  11   3 
6
Solution: (b) The equation of two curves are xy  6 and x 2 y  12 from (i) we obtain y  putting this value of y in equation (ii) to
x
6
obtain x 2    12  6 x  12  x  2
x
Putting x  2 in (i) or (ii) we get, y  3. Thus, the two curves intersect at P(2, 3)
dy dy  y  dy  3
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get x y0         m1
dx dx x  dx ( 2, 3) 2

dy dy 2y
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get x 2  2 xy  0  
dx dx x

 dy  m1  m 2 3    3  3 3
    3  m2  tan      3   1   (3)      tan 1 .
 dx (2, 3) 1  m1 m 2  2    2   11 11

1.4 Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent and Subnormal .

Let the tangent and normal at point P(x, y) on the curve y  f (x) meet the x-axis at points A and B
respectively. Then PA and PB are called length of tangent and normal respectively at point P. If PC be the
perpendicular from P on x-axis, the AC and BC are called length of subtangent and subnormal respectively at P. If
dy
PA makes angle  with x-axis, then tan   from fig., we find that
dx y
2
 dy  Tange
1   Norm
nt
 dx  al
(1) Length of tangent PA  ycosec  y
 dy  P (x,
  y)
 dx  

x
2 O A C B
 dy 
(2) Length of normal PB  y sec   y 1   
 dx 
y
(3) Length of subtangent AC  y cot  
 dy 
 
 dx 
 dy 
(4) Length of subnormal BC  y tan   y  
 dx 
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Example: 14 The length of subtangent to the curve x 2 y 2  a 4 at the point (a, a) is

(a) 3a (b) 2a (c) a (d) 4a
2 2 4
Solution: (c) Equation of the curve x y  a .
Differentiating the given equation,
dy dy  y  dy   a 
x 2 2y  y 2 2x  0         1
dx dx x  dx ( a, a) a

y
Therefore, sub-tangent = a.
 dy 
 
 dx 

Example: 15 For the curve y n  a n 1 x, the sub-normal at any point is constant, the value of n must be
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
dy  dy  a n 1
Solution: (a) y n  a n 1 x  nyn 1  a n 1     n  1
dx  dx  ny

dy ya n 1 a n 1 y 2  n
 Length of the subnormal = y  
dx ny n 1 n

a n 1 2  n
We also know that if the subnormal is constant, then .y should not contain y.
n
Therefore, 2  n  0 or n  2 .

1.5 Length of Intercept made on Axis by the Tangent.

 dy 
Equation of tangent at any point (x1, y1 ) to the curve y  f (x) is y  y1    ( x  x1 ) ......(i)
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
Equation of x-axis y = 0 ......(ii)
and Equation of y-axis x = 0 ......(iii)
 
  Y
 y1 
Solving (i) and (ii) we get x  x1 
  dy   R
  
  dx ( x1 , y1 )  P (x1 y1)

 
 
y1
x-intercept OQ  x1   
  dy   O Q
X
  
  dx ( x1 , y1 ) 
  dy  
Similarly solving (i) and (iii) we get, y-intercept OR = y1   x1   
  dx ( x1 , y1 ) 
Example: 16 The sum of intercepts on co-ordinate axes made by tangent to the curve x  y  a is

(a) a (b) 2a (c) 2 a (d) None of these

1 1 dy dy y
Solution: (a) x  y  a   0   
2 x 2 y dx dx x
 P a g e | 10

y X Y
Hence tangent at (x, y) is Y  y   ( X  x ) or X y  Y x  xy ( x  y )  axy or  1.
x a x a y

Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and a y.

Sum of the intercepts = a( x  y)  a . a  a .

1.6 Length of Perpendicular from Origin to the Tangent.

Length of perpendicular from origin (0, 0) to the tangent drawn at point P( x1 , y1 ) of the curve y  f (x)

 dy 
y1  x 1  
 dx  ( x1 , y1 )
p
2
 dy 
1 
 dx 
Example: 17 The length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to the tangent drawn to the curve y 2  4( x  2) at point (2, 4) is
1 3 6
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 5 5
dy dy 1
Solution: (c) Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x , 2y  4 at point (2, 4) 
dx dx 2
 dy  1
y1  x 1   4  2 
 dx  =  2 6
P  .
 dy 
2 1 5
1  1
4
 dx 

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

1.1 Introduction.
In this chapter we shall study those points of the domain of a function where its graph changes its direction from
upwards to downwards or from downwards to upwards. At such points the derivative of the function, if it exists, is
necessarily zero.
y

x
O
 P a g e | 11

1.2 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function.

By the maximum / minimum value of function f (x ) we should mean local or regional maximum/minimum and
not the greatest / least value attainable by the function. It is also possible in
Y
a function that local maximum at one point is smaller than local minimum
at another point. Sometimes we use the word extreme for maxima and
f(a)
minima. f(a–h) f(a+h)
decreasing
Definition: A function f (x ) is said to have a maximum at x  a if
f(b) Increasing
f (a) is greatest of all values in the suitably small neighbourhood of a where Increasing
f(b–h) f(b+h)
X
x  a is an interior point in the domain of f (x ) . Analytically this means O a–h a a+h b b+h
(b–h)

f (a)  f (a  h) and f (a)  f (a  h) where h  0 . (very small quantity).

Similarly, a function y  f (x) is said to have a minimum at x  b . If f (b) is smallest of all values in the suitably
small neighbourhood of b where x  b is an interior point in the domain of f (x ) . Analytically, f (b)  f (b  h) and
f (b)  f (b  h) where h  0 . (very small quantity).
Y

f(a)
f(a–h) f(a+h)
decreasing
increasing
f(b)
f(b+h)
f(b–h)
X
O a–h a a+h b–h b b–h

Hence we find that,

 f (a)  f (a  h)  0
(i) x  a is a maximum point of f (x )  y
 f (a)  f (a  h)  0
 f (b)  f (b  h)  0
(ii) x  b is a minimum point of f (x ) 
 f (b)  f (b  h)  0
(iii) x  c is neither a maximum point nor a minimum point,
 f (c)  f (c  h) and  x
  have opposite signs . a b c
 f (c)  f (c  h) 
1.3 Local Maxima and Local Minima.
(1) Local maximum : A function f (x ) is said to attain a local maximum at x  a if there exists a
neighbourhood (a   , a   ) of a such that f (x)  f (a) for all x  (a   , a   ), x  a
or f ( x)  f (a)  0 for all x  (a   , a   ), x  a .
In such a case f (a) is called the local maximum value of f (x ) at x  a .
(2) Local minimum: A function f (x ) is said to attain a local minimum at x  a if there exists a
neighbourhood (a   , a   ) of a such that
f (x)  f (a) for all x  (a   , a   ), x  a
 P a g e | 12

or f ( x)  f (a)  0 for all x  (a   , a   ), x  a

The value of function at x  a i.e., f (a) is called the local minimum value of f (x ) at x  a .
The points at which a function attains either the local maximum values or local minimum values are known as
the extreme points or turning points and both local maximum and local minimum values are called the extreme
values of f (x ) . Thus, a function attains an extreme value at x  a if f (a) is either a
local maximum value or a local minimum value. Consequently at an extreme point y
' a' f (x)  f (a) keeps the same sign for all values of x in a deleted nbd of a.
C E
In fig. we observe that the x-coordinates of the points A, C, E are points of local

y = f(x)
maximum and the values at these points i.e., their y-coordinates are the local D
A
maximum values of f (x ) . The x-coordinates of points B and D are points of local B

minimum and their y-coordinates are the local minimum values of f (x ) . x

O

Note :  By a local maximum (or local minimum) value of a function at a

point x  a we mean the greatest (or the least) value in the neighbourhood of point x  a and not the
absolute maximum (or the absolute minimum). In fact a function may have any number of points of
local maximum (or local minimum) and even a local minimum value may be greater than a local
maximum value. In fig. the minimum value at D is greater than the maximum value at A. Thus, a local
maximum value may not be the greatest value and a local minimum value may not be the least value
of the function in its domain.
 The maximum and minimum points are also known as extreme points.
 A function may have more than one maximum and minimum points.
 A maximum value of a function f(x) in an interval [a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value in that
interval. Similarly, a minimum value may not be the least value of the function. A minimum value
may be greater than some maximum value for a function.
 If a continuous function has only one maximum (minimum) point, then at this point function has its
greatest (least) value.
 Monotonic functions do not have extreme points.
1.4 Conditions for Maxima and Minima of a Function.
(1) Necessary condition: A point x  a is an extreme point of a function f (x ) if f (a)  0, provided f (a)
exists. Thus, if f (a) exists, then
x  a is an extreme point  f (a)  0
or
f (a)  0  x  a is not an extreme point
But its converse is not true i.e., f (a)  0, x  a is not an extreme point.
For example if f ( x)  x 3 , then f (0)  0 but x  0 is not an extreme point.
(2) Sufficient condition:
(i) The value of the function f (x ) at x  a is maximum, if f (a)  0 and f (a)  0 .
(ii) The value of the function f (x ) at x  a is minimum if f (a)  0 and f (a)  0 .
 P a g e | 13

Note :  If f (a)  0 , f (a)  0, f (a)  0 then x  a is not an extreme point for the function f (x ) .
 If f (a)  0, f (a)  0, f (a)  0 then the sign of f (iv) (a) will determine the maximum and minimum
value of function i.e., f (x ) is maximum, if f (iv) (a)  0 and minimum if f (iv) (a)  0 .
1.5 Working rule for Finding Maxima and Minima.
(1) Find the differential coefficient of f (x ) with respect to x, i.e., f (x) and equate it to zero.
(2) Find differential real values of x by solving the equation f ( x)  0 . Let its roots be a, b, c......
(3) Find the value of f (x) and substitute the value of a1, a2 , a3 ...... in it and get the sign of f (x) for each value
of x.
(4) If f (a)  0 then the value of f (x ) is maximum at x  a and if f (a)  0 then value of f (x ) will be
minimum at x  a . Similarly by getting the signs of f (x) at other points b, c.....we can find the points of maxima
and minima.

Example: 1 What are the minimum and maximum values of the function x 5  5 x 4  5 x 3  10
(a) 37,  9 (b) 10, 0

(c) It has 2 minimum and 1 maximum values (d) It has 2 maximum and 1 minimum values

Solution: (a) y  x 5  5 x 4  5 x 3  10
dy
  5 x 4  20 x 3  15 x 2  5 x 2 ( x 2  4 x  3) = 5 x 2 ( x  3) ( x  1)
dx
dy
 0 , gives x  0, 1, 3 ......(i)
dx
3
d 2y d y 2
Now, 2
 20 x 3  60 x 2  30 x  10 x(2 x 2  6 x  3) and  10(6 x  12 x  3)
dx dx
3

dy d 2y d 3y
For x  0 :  0, 2  0, 3  0 ,  Neither minimum nor maximum
dx dx dx
d 2y
For x  1 ,  10 =negative,  Maximum value ymax .  9
dx 2
d 2y
For x  3 ,  90 =positive,  Minimum value ymin .  37 .
dx 2
Example: 2 The maximum value of sin x(1  cos x) will be at
  
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x  
2 6 3
1
Solution: (c) y  sin x(1  cos x)  sin x  sin 2 x
2
dy d 2y
  cos x  cos 2 x and   sin x  2 sin 2 x
dx dx 2
dy
On putting  0, cos x  cos 2 x  0  cos x   cos 2 x  cos(  2 x)  x    2 x
dx
  d 2y  1  2   3 3 3 3
 x ,   2    sin    2 sin   =  2.  which is negative.
3  dx  x  / 3  3   3  2 2 2


 at x  the function is maximum.
3
 P a g e | 14

Example: 3 If y  a log x  bx 2  x has its extremum value at x  1 and x  2 , then (a, b) 

 1 1   1  2 1
(a)  1,  (b)  , 2  (c)  2,   (d)   ,  
 2 2   2  3 6
dy a  dy 
Solution: (d)   2bx  1     a  2b  1  0  a  2b  1
dx x  dx  x  1
 dy  a 2b  1 1 1 1 1 2
and     4b  1  0   4b  1  0   b  4 b   0  3b   b and a   1  .
 dx  x  2 2 2 2 2 6 3 3
x
1
Example: 4 Maximum value of   is
x
e
1
(a) (e)e (b) (e)1 / e (c) (e) e (d)  
e
x x
1 1  1 
Solution: (b) f ( x)     f ( x)     log  1 
x x  x 
1 1 1
f (x)  0  log  1  log e   e  x  . Therefore, maximum value of function is e 1 / e .
x x e
Example: 5 Maximum slope of the curve y   x 3  3 x 2  9 x  27 is
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
3 2
Solution: (b) y  f (x)   x  3 x  9 x  27
The slope of this curve f ( x)  3 x 2  6 x  9
Let g( x)  f ( x)  3 x 2  6 x  9
Differentiate with respect to x, g (x)  6 x  6
Put g ( x)  0  x  1
Now, g (x)  6  0 and hence at x  1, g(x)
(Slope) will have maximum value.
 [g(1)]max .  3  1  6  9  12 .
x

 t(e
t
Example: 6 The function f ( x)   1) (t  1) (t  2)3 (t  3)5 dt has a local minimum at x 
1

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

x

 t(e  1)(t  1)(t  2)3 (t  3)5 dt ,  f (x)  x(e x  1) (x  1) (x  2)3 (x  3)5

t
Solution: (b, d) f ( x) 
1

For local minima, slope i.e., f (x) should change sign from – ve to +ve
f (x)  0  x  0, 1, 2, 3
If x  0  h, where h is a very small number, then f (x)  ()()(1)(1)(1)  ve
If x  0  h , f (x)  ()()()(1)(1)  ve
Hence at x  0 neither maxima nor minima.
If x  1  h , f (x)  ()()()(1)(1)  ve
If x  1  h , f (x)  ()()()(1)(1)  ve
Hence, at x  1 there is a local minima.
If x  2  h , f (x)  ()(1)()()()  ve
If x  2  h, f (x)  ()()()()(1)  ve
Hence at x  2 there is a local maxima.
If x  3  h , f (x)  ()()()()()  ve
 P a g e | 15

If x  3  h , f (x)  ()()()()()  ve

Hence at x  3 there is a local minima.
Example: 7 If the function f (x)  2 x 3  9ax 2  12a 2 x  1 , where a  0 attains its maximum and minimum at p and q respectively
such that p 2  q , then a equals
1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
2
Solution: (c) f (x)  2 x 3  9ax 2  12a 2 x  1
f (x)  6 x 2  18ax  12a 2
f (x)  12x  18a
For maximum and minimum, 6 x 2  18ax  12a 2  0  x 2  3ax  2a 2  0
x  a or x  2a at x  a maximum and at x  2a minimum
 p2  q
a 2  2a  a  2 or a  0 but a  0, therefore a  2 .
x


2
Example: 8 The points of extremum of the function  ( x)  et /2
(1  t 2 ) dt are
1

1
(a) x0 (b) x 1 (c) x (d) x  1
2
x


2 2
Solution: (b,d)  ( x)  et /2
(1  t 2 )dt   ( x )  e  x /2
(1  x 2 )
1

Now  (x)  0  1  x 2  0  x  1
Hence, x  1 are points of extremum of  (x) .

1.6 Point of Inflection.

A point of inflection is a point at which a curve is changing concave upward to concave downward or vice-
versa. A curve y  f (x) has one of its points x  c as an inflection point, if
y
f (c)  0 or is not defined and if f (x) changes sign as x increases through x  c .
The later condition may be replaced by f (c)  0 , when f (c) exists. y = f(x)

Thus, x  c is a point of inflection if f (c)  0 and f (c)  0 .

Properties of maxima and minima f(c)

(i) If f (x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maxima and x
O c
one minima must lie between two equal values of x.
(ii) Maxima and minima occur alternately, that is, between two maxima there
is one minimum and vice-versa.
(iii) If f (x)   as x  a or b and f ( x)  0 only for one value of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is
necessarily the minimum and the least value.
If f (x)   as x  a or b, then f (c) is necessarily the maximum and the greatest value.

1.7 Greatest and Least Values of a Function in a given Interval.

If a function f (x) is defined in an interval [a, b], then greatest or least values of this function occurs either at
x  a or x  b or at those values of x where f (x)  0 .
 P a g e | 16

Remember that a maximum value of the function f (x) in any interval [a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value
in that interval. Thus greatest value of f(x) in interval [a, b] = max. [ f (a), f (b), f (c)]
Least value of f (x) interval [a, b]= min. [ f (a), f (b), f (c)]
Where x  c is a point such that f (c)  0
Example: 9 The maximum and minimum values of x 3  18 x 2  96 in interval (0, 9) are
(a) 160, 0 (b) 60, 0 (c) 160, 128 (d) 120, 28
dy
Solution: (c) Let y  x 3  18 x 2  96 x   3 x 2  36 x  96  0
dx
 x 2  12x  32  0  (x  4)(x  8)  0, x  4, 8

d 2y d 2y
Now, 2
 6 x  36 at x  4, 2  24  36  12  0
dx dx
d 2y
 at x  4 function will be maximum and [ f (x)]max .  64  288  384  160 at x  8  48  36  12  0
dx 2
 at x  8 function will be minimum and [ f (x)]min .  128 .
Example: 10 The minimum value of the function 2 cos 2 x  cos 4 x in 0  x   is
3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) – 3
2
Solution: (d) y  2 cos 2x  cos 4 x = 2 cos 2x(1  cos 2x)  1 = 4 cos 2x sin2 x  1
Obviously, sin 2 x  0
Therefore, to be least value of y, cos 2x should be least i.e., – 1. Hence least value of y is – 4 + 1 = –3.
Example: 11 On [1, e] the greatest value of x 2 log x
1 1
(a) e2 (b) log (c) e 2 log e (d) None of these
e e

Solution: (a) f ( x)  x 2 log x  f ( x)  (2 log x  1)x

Now f (x)  0  x  e 1 / 2 , 0

 0  e 1 / 2  1 ,  None of these critical points lies in the interval [1, e]

 So we only compare the value of f (x) at the end points 1 and e. We have f (1)  0, f (e)  e 2

 greatest value = e 2

1.8 Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables.

If a function is defined in terms of two variables and if these variables are associated with a given relation then
by eliminating one variable, we convert function in terms of one variable and then find maxima and minima by
known methods.
Example: 12 x and y be two variables such that x0 and xy  1 . Then the minimum value of x  y is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 0
1
Solution: (a) xy  1  y  and let z  x  y
x
1 dz 1 dz 1 d 2z 2
zx  1 2   0  1  2  0  x  1,  1 and 2
 3
x dx x dx x dx x
 d 2z  2
    2  ve ,  x  1 is point of minima.
 dx 2  1
  x 1
 P a g e | 17

x  1, y  1 ,  minimum value = x  y  2 .
Example: 13 The sum of two non-zero numbers is 4. The minimum value of the sum of their reciprocals is
3 6
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
4 5
Solution: (c) Let x  y  4 or y  4  x
1 1 xy 4 4
  or f ( x )  
x y xy xy x(4  x )
4 4
f ( x)  , f ( x)  . (4  2 x)
4x  x2 (4 x  x 2 )2
Put f (x)  0  4  2 x  0  x  2 and y  2
1 1 1 1
 min.       1 .
x y 2 2
Example: 14 The real number which most exceeds its cube is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 3 2
Solution: (b) Let number = x, then cube = x 3
Now f (x) = x  x 3 (Maximum)  f (x)  1  3 x 2
1
Put f (x)  0  1  3 x 2  0  x  
3
1
Because f (x)  6 x  ve . when x   .
3

1.9 Geometrical Results related to Maxima and Minima.

The following results can easily be established.

(1) The area of rectangle with given perimeter is greatest when it is a square.
(2) The perimeter of a rectangle with given area is least when it is a square.
(3) The greatest rectangle inscribed in a given circle is a square.
(4) The greatest triangle inscribed in given circle is equilateral.
(5) The semi vertical angle of a cone with given slant height and maximum volume is tan 1 2
(6) The height of a cylinder of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of radius a is a 2a / 3 .
Important Tips

 Equilateral triangle: Area = ( 3 / 4)x 2 , where x is its side.

 Square: Area = a 2 , perimeter = 4 a , where a is its side.
 Rectangle: Area = ab, perimeter = 2(a  b) , where a, b are its sides.
1
 Trapezium: Area = (a  b)h , where a, b are lengths of parallel sides and h be the distance between them.
2
 Circle: Area = a 2 , perimeter = 2a , where a is its radius.
4 3
 Sphere: Volume = a , surface area = 4a 2 , where a is its radius.
3
1 2
 Right circular cone: Volume = r h, curved surface = rl , where r is the radius of its base, h is its height and l is its slant
3
height.
 P a g e | 18

 Cylinder: Volume = r 2h , whole surface = 2r(r  h) , where r is the radius of the base and h is its height.

Example: 15 The adjacent sides of a rectangle with given perimeter as 100 cm and enclosing maximum area are
(a) 10 cm and 40 cm (b) 20 cm and 30 cm (c) 25 cm and 25 cm (d) 15 cm and 35 cm
Solution: (c) 2 x  2y  100  x  y  50 .....(i)
A
Let area of rectangle is A,  A  xy  y 
x
A dA
From (i), x   50  A  50x  x 2   50  2 x
x dx
dA
for maximum area 0
dx
 50  2 x  0  x  25 and y  25
 adjacent sides are 25 cm and 25 cm.
Example: 16 The radius of the cylinder of maximum volume, which can be inscribed a sphere of radius R is [AMU 1999]

2 2 3 3
(a) R (b) R (c) R (d) R
3 3 4 4
2
h
Solution: (b) If r be the radius and h the height, the from the figure, r 2     R 2  h2  4(R 2  r 2 )
 2

Now, V  r 2h  2r 2 R 2  r 2
dV 1 (2r ) D C
  4r R 2  r 2  2r 2 . L
dr 2 2
R r 2

dV
For max. or min., 0 O
dr R
2r 3 
 4r R 2  r 2   2(R 2  r 2 )  r 2 r M B
A
R2  r 2

2 d 2V 2
 2R2  3r 2  r  R   ve . Hence V is max. when r  R.
3 dr 2 3
Example: 17 The ratio of height of a cone having maximum volume which can be inscribed in a sphere with the diameter of sphere is

2 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
Solution: (a) Let OM  x
Then height of cone i.e., h  x  a (where a is radius of sphere)

Radius of base of cone = a2  x 2

A
1 dV 
Therefore, volume V   (a 2  x 2 )(x  a)   (a  x)(a  3 x)
3 dx 3 a
dV a
Now,  0  x  a, O
dx 3
a
a
a x
But x  a, So, x 
3 B M C
a
The volume is maximum at x 
3
 P a g e | 19

a 4
Height of a cone h  a   a
3 3
4
a
2
Therefore ratio of height and diameter = 3  .
2a 3

MONOTONIC FUNCTION
1.1 Definition.
(1) Strictly increasing function : A function f(x) is said to be a strictly
y
increasing function on (a, b), if x1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 ) for all x1, x2  (a, b).
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing on (a, b), if the values of f (x) increase with the
y = f(x)
increase in the values of x.
(2) Strictly decreasing function : A function f (x) is said to be a strictly f(x1) f(x2)
decreasing function on (a, b) , if x1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 ) for all x1, x 2  (a, b) . Thus, x
O a x1 x2 b
f (x) is strictly decreasing on (a, b), if the values of f (x) decrease with the increase
in the values of x.
y

f(x1) f(x2)

x x
a O x1 x2 b

2
Example: 1 On the interval (1, 3) the function f ( x)  3 x  is
x
(a) Strictly decreasing (b) Strictly increasing
(c) Decreasing in (2, 3) only (d) Neither increasing nor decreasing
2 2
Solution: (b) f ( x)  3 x   f (x)  3  2
x x
Clearly f ( x)  0 on the interval (1, 3)
 f (x) is strictly increasing.
y
Example: 2 For which value of x, the function f (x)  x 2  2 x is decreasing
(a) x 1 (b) x2
(c) x 1 (d) x2 y = f(x)
(1, 0)
Solution: (c) f ( x)  ( x  1)2  1 O
x

Hence decreasing in x  1
Alternative method: f (x)  2x  2  2(x  1) (1, –1)
To be decreasing, 2(x  1)  0  (x  1)  0  x  1 .

Example: 3 2x 3  18 x 2  96x  45  0 is an increasing function when

 P a g e | 20

(a) x  8, x  2 (b) x  2, x  8 (c) x  2, x  8 (d) 0  x  2

Solution: (a) f (x)  6 x 2  36 x  96  0 , for increasing

 f (x)  6(x  8)(x  2)  0  x  2, x  8 .

Example: 4 The function x x is increasing, when

1 1
(a) x (b) x (c) x0 (d) For all real x
e e
dy dy
Solution: (a) Let y  x x   x x (1  log x) ; For 0
dx dx
1
x x (1  log x)  0  1  log x  0  log e x  log e
e
1
For this to be positive, x should be greater than .
e

1.2 Monotonic Function.

A function f (x) is said to be monotonic on an interval (a, b) if it is either increasing or decreasing on (a, b).
(1) Monotonic increasing function : A
y y
function is said to be a monotonic increasing
function in defined interval if,
x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
or x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
or x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 ) x x
O O
or x1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )

(2) Monotonic decreasing function: A function is said to be a monotonic decreasing function in defined
y y
interval, if x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
or x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
or x 1  x 2  f (x 1 )  f (x 2 )
or x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
x x
O O

Example: 5 The function f (x)  cos x  2 px is monotonically decreasing for

1 1
(a) p (b) p (c) p2 (d) p  2
2 2
Solution: (b) f (x) will be monotonically decreasing, if f (x)  0 .
1 1
 f (x)   sin x  2 p  0  sin x  p  0  p  [  1  sin x  1]
2 2
Example: 6 If f ( x)  x 5  20 x 3  240 x , then f (x) satisfies which of the following
(a) It is monotonically decreasing everywhere (b) It is monotonically decreasing only in (0, )
 P a g e | 21

(c) It is monotonically increasing every where (d) It is monotonically increasing only in (, 0)

Solution: (c) f (x)  5 x 4  60 x 2  240 = 5( x 4  12 x 2  48)  5[(x 2  6)2  12]

 f (x)  0  x  R
i.e., f (x) is monotonically increasing everywhere.

Example: 7 The value of a for which the function (a  2)x 3  3ax 2  9ax  1 decrease monotonically throughout for all real x, are
(a) a  2 (b) a  2 (c) 3  a  0 (d)   a  3
Solution: (d) If f (x)  (a  2)x 3  3ax 2  9ax  1 decreases monotonically for all x  R, then f (x)  0 for all x  R

 3(a  2)x 2  6ax  9a  0 for all x  R  (a  2)x 2  2ax  3a  0 for all x  R

 a  2  0 and discriminant  0  a  2 and  8a 2  24a  0

 a  2 and a(a  3)  0  a  2 and a  3 or a  0  a  3    a  3
 sin x  6 cos x
Example: 8 Function f (x)  is monotonic increasing if
2 sin x  3 cos x
(a)  1 (b)   1 (c) 4 (d)   4
Solution: (d) The function is monotonic increasing if, f (x)  0
(2 sin x  3 cos x) ( cos x  6 sin x) ( sin x  6 cos x) (2 cos x  3 sin x)
 – 0
(2 sin x  3 cos x)2 (2 sin x  3 cos x)2

 3(sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  12(sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  0  3  12  0    4 .

1.3 Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Monotonic Function.

In this section we intend to see how we can use derivative of a function to determine where it is increasing and
where it is decreasing
(1) Necessary condition : From figure we observe that if f (x) is an increasing function on (a, b), then
tangent at every point on the curve y  f (x) makes an
y y
acute angle  with the positive direction of x-axis.
dy P(x, y)
 tan   0   0 or f ' ( x)  0 for all x  (a, b)
dx P(x,y)
y=f(x) y=f(x)
It is evident from figure that if f (x) is a decreasing
 
function on (a, b), then tangent at every point on the x x
a O a
curve y = f(x) makes an obtuse angle  with the positive O b b

direction of x-axis.
dy
 tan   0   0 or f ' ( x)  0 for all x  (a, b).
dx
Thus, f ' (x)  0( 0) for all x  (a, b) is the necessary condition for a function f (x) to be increasing (decreasing)
on a given interval (a, b). In other words, if it is given that f (x) is increasing (decreasing) on (a, b), then we can say
that f ' (x)  0 ( 0).
(2) Sufficient condition : Theorem : Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a, b).
(a) If f ' (x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , then f (x) is increasing on (a, b).
(b) If f ' ( x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , then f (x) is decreasing on (a, b).
Corollary : Let f (x) be a function defined on (a, b).
 P a g e | 22

(a) If f ' (x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , except for a finite number of points, where f ' (x)  0, then f (x) is increasing on
(a, b).
(b) If f ' (x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , except for a finite number of points, where f ' (x)  0, then f (x) is decreasing on
(a, b).

ln(  x)
Example: 9 The function f ( x)  is
ln(e  x)
(a) Increasing on [0, ) (b) Decreasing on [0, )
       
(c) Decreasing on 0,  and increasing on  ,   (d) Increasing on 0,  and decreasing on  ,  
 e e   e e 
ln(  x)
Solution: (b) Let f ( x) 
ln(e  x)
1 1
ln(e  x)   ln(  x)
 f (x)   x e  x = (e  x) ln(e  x)  (  x) ln(  x)
{ln(e  x)}2 {ln(e  x)}2  (e  x)(  x)
 f (x)  0 for all x  0 {  e} . Hence, f (x) is decreasing in [0, ) .
 
Example: 10 Which of the following is not a decreasing function on the interval  0, 
 2
(a) cos x (b) cos 2 x (c) cos 3 x (d) cot x
  d
Solution: (c) Obviously, here cos 3 x in not decreasing in  0,  because cos 3 x  3 sin 3 x .
 2 dx

But at x  75o , 3 sin 3 x  0 . Hence the result.

 2 
Example: 11 The interval of increase of the function f ( x )  x  e x  tan   is
 7 
(a) (0, ) (b) (, 0) (c) (1, ) (d) (,  1)

 2  x
Solution: (b, d) We have f ( x )  x  e x  tan    f ( x)  1  e
 7 

For f (x) to be increasing, we must have f (x)  0  1  e x  0  e x  1  x  0  x  (, 0)  (,  1)  (, 0)

1.4 Test for Monotonicity.

(1) At a point : (i) Function f (x) will be monotonic increasing in domain at a point if and only if, f ' (a)  0
(ii) Function f (x) will be monotonic decreasing in domain at a point if and only if, f ' (a)  0 .
(2) In an interval : Function f (x), defined in [a, b] is
(i) Monotonic increasing in (a, b) if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb
(ii) Monotonic increasing in [a, b] if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb

(iii) Strictly increasing in [a, b], if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb

(iv) Monotonic decreasing in (a, b), if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb
(v) Monotonic decreasing in [a, b], if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb
(vi) Strictly decreasing in [a, b], if, f ' ( x)  0 , a xb
 P a g e | 23

Example: 12 f (x)  xe x (1 x ) then f (x) is

 1   1 
(a) Increasing on  , 1 (b) Decreasing on R (c) Increasing on R (d) Decreasing on  , 1
 2   2 
Solution: (a) f (x)  e x(1  x )  x . e x(1  x ) . (1  2 x) = e x(1 x ){1  x(1  2 x)}  e x(1 x ) . (2 x 2  x  1)

Now by the sign-scheme for  2x 2  x  1

+
– –

– 1/2 1

 1   1 
f (x)  0, if x   , 1 , because e x(1 x) is always positive. So, f (x) is increasing on  2 ,1 .
 2   
Example: 13 x tends 0 to  then the given function f ( x)  x sin x  cos x  cos 2 x is
(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing
(c) Neither increasing nor decreasing (d) None of these
2
Solution: (b) f ( x)  x sin x  cos x  cos x
 f (x)  sin x  x cos x  sin x  2 cos x sin x = cos x(x  2 sin x)
Hence x  0 to  , then f (x)  0 , i.e., f (x) is decreasing function.

1.5 Properties of Monotonic Function.

(1) If f (x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b], then f 1 exists and it is also a strictly increasing
function.
(2) If f (x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b] such that it is continuous, then f 1 is continuous on
[ f (a), f (b)]
(3) If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f (c)  0( f (c)  0) for each c  (a, b), then f (x) is monotonically
(strictly) increasing function on [a, b].
(4) If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f (c)  0( f (c)  0) for each c  (a, b) , then f (x) is monotonically
(strictly) decreasing function on [a, b]
(5) If f (x) and g(x) are monotonically (or strictly) increasing (or decreasing) functions on [a, b], then gof(x) is a
monotonically (or strictly) increasing function on [a, b]
(6) If one of the two functions f (x) and g(x) is strictly (or monotonically) increasing and other a strictly
(monotonically) decreasing, then gof(x) is strictly (monotonically) decreasing on [a, b].
Example: 14 The interval in which the function x 2e  x is non decreasing, is
(a) (, 2] (b) [0, 2] (c) [2, ) (d) None of these

Solution: (b) Let f (x)  x 2e  x

dy
  2 xe  x  x 2 e  x  e  x (2 x  x 2 )
dx
Hence f (x)  0 for every x  [0, 2] , therefore it is non-decreasing in [0, 2].

Example: 15 The function sin 4 x  cos 4 x increase if

 P a g e | 24

  3 3 5 5 3
(a) 0x (b) x (c) x (d) x
8 4 8 8 8 8 4

Solution: (b) f ( x)  sin 4 x  cos 4 x = (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)2  2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

4 sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 2 x 1

= 1 1  1  (2 sin 2 2 x)
2 2 4

 1  cos 4 x  3 1
= 1    cos 4 x
 4  4 4

Hence function f (x) is increasing when f (x)  0

f (x)   sin 4 x  0  sin 4 x  0

3  3
Hence   4 x  or x .
2 4 8

ROLLE’S THEOREM
1.1 Definition.
Let f be a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] such that,
(1) f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]
(2) f (x) is differentiable in the open interval ]a, b[ and
(3) f (a)  f (b)
Then there is atleast one value c of x in open interval ]a, b[ for which f (c)  0 .
1.2 Analytical Interpretation.
Now, Rolle's theorem is valid for a function such that y

(1) f (x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]

(2) f (x) is differentiable in open interval ]a, b[ and y=
c
(3) f (a)  f (b)
So, generally two cases arises in such circumstances. x
O a b

Case I: f(x) is constant in the interval [a, b] then f ( x)  0 for all x  [a, b] . Hence, Rolle's theorem follows, and
we can say, f (c)  0, where a  c  b
y
Case II: f(x) is not constant in the interval [a, b] and since f (a)  f (b) .
C
Increase decrease

B
A

x
O x=a x=cx=b
positive

The function should either increase or decrease when x takes values slightly greater than a.
 P a g e | 25

Now, let f (x) increases for x  a

Since, f (a)  f (b) , hence the function must seize to increase at some value x  c and decreasing upto x  b .
Clearly at x  c function has maximum value.
Now let h be a small positive quantity then, from definition of maximum value of the function,
f (c  h)  f (c)  0 and f (c  h)  f (c)  0
f (c  h)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)
  0 and 0
h h
f (c  h)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)
So, lim  0 and lim 0 .....(i)
h 0 h h 0 h
f (c  h)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)
But, if lim  lim ,
h 0 h h 0 h
The Rolle's theorem cannot be applicable because in such case,
RHD at x  c  LHD at x  c .
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at x  c, which contradicts the condition of Rolle's theorem.
f (c  h)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)
 Only one possible solution arises, when lim  lim 0
h 0 h h  0 h
Which implies that, f (c)  0 where a  c  b
y
Hence, Rolle's theorem is proved.

A B
Increase
ee
Decreas

minimum
x
O x=a x=cx=b

Similarly, the case where f (x) decreases in the interval a  x  c and then increases in the interval
c  x  b, f (c)  0 . But when x  c, the minimum value of f (x) exists in the interval [a, b].
1.3 Geometrical Interpretation.
Consider the portion AB of the curve y  f (x) , lying between x  a and x  b y
, such that
(1) It goes continuously from A to B. C1 C2

(2) It has tangent at every point between A and B and B

D
(3) Ordinate of A = ordinate of B A

From figure, it is clear that f (x) increases in the interval AC1 , which implies x
O x=a x=c x=b
that f ( x)  0 in this region and decreases in the interval C1 B which implies
f (x)  0 in this region. Now, since there is unique tangent to be drawn on the
curve lying in between A and B and since each of them has a unique slope i.e., unique value of f (x) .
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 Due to continuity and differentiability of the function f (x) in the region A to B. There is a point x  c where
f (c)  0 . Hence, f (c)  0 where a  c  b
Thus Rolle's theorem is proved.
Similarly the other parts of the figure given above can be explained, establishing Rolle's theorem throughout.
Note : On Rolle's theorem generally two types of problems are formulated.
 To check the applicability of Rolle's theorem to a given function on a given interval.
 To verify Rolle's theorem for a given function in a given interval.
In both types of problems we first check whether f(x) satisfies the condition of Rolle's theorem or not.
The following results are very helpful in doing so.
(i) A polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable.
(ii) The exponential function, sine and cosine functions are everywhere continuous and differentiable.
(iii) Logarithmic functions is continuos and differentiable in its domain.
 3 5
(iv) tan x is not continuous and differentiable at x   , ,  ,.......
2 2 2
(v) |x| is not differentiable at x  0 .
(vi) If f (x) tends to   as x  K , then f (x) is not differentiable at x  K .

1 1
For example, if f ( x )  (2 x  1)1 / 2 , then f (x)  is such that as x     f ( x )  
2x  1  2
1
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x  .
2

Example: 1 The function f ( x)  x( x  3)e 1 / 2 x satisfies all the condition of Rolle's theorem in [– 3, 0]. The value of c is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 2 (d) – 3
Solution: (c) To determine 'c' in Rolle's theorem, f (c)  0
 1  1  1
 
Here f ( x )  ( x 2  3 x )e (1 / 2) x .    (2 x  3)e (1 / 2) x = e (1 / 2) x  ( x 2  3 x )  2 x  3 =  e ( x / 2) x 2  x  6
2
 2  2 

 f (c)  0  c 2  c  6  0  c  3,  2 .
But c  3  [3, 0] , Hence c = –2.

 2 3 1
Example: 2 If the function f ( x)  x 3  6 x 2  ax  b satisfies Rolle's theorem in the interval [1, 3] and f    0 then
 3 

(a) a  11 (b) a  6 (c) a6 (d) a  1
Solution: (a) f ( x)  x 3  6 x 2  ax  b  f ( x)  3 x 2  12 x  a
2
 1   1   1 
 f (c)  0  f  2    0  3 2 

  12 2 
 
a0
 3 
  3   3 
 1 4   1 
 3 4     12 2 
 
  a  0  12  1  4 3  24  4 3  a  0  a  11 .
 3 3  3 
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LMVT
1.1 Definition.
If a function f (x) ,
(1) Is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] and
(2) Is differentiable in the open interval (a, b)
f (b)  f (a)
Then there is atleast one value c  (a, b) , such that; f (c) 
ba
1.2 Analytical Interpretation.
f (b)  f (a)
First form: Consider the function,  ( x )  f ( x )  x
ba
Since, f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
  (x) is also continuous in [a,b]
f (b)  f (a)
since, f (x) exists in (a, b) hence  (x) also exists in (a, b) and  ( x)  f ( x)  .....(i)
ba
Clearly,  (x) satisfies all the condition of Rolle's theorem
 There is atleast one value of c of x between a and b such that  (c)  0 substituting x  c in (i) we get,
f (b)  f (a)
f (c)  which proves the theorem.
ba
Second form: If we write b  a  h then a  c  b, c  a  h where 0    1
Thus, the mean value theorem can be stated as follows:
If (i) f (x) is continuous in closed interval [a, a+h]
(ii) f (x) exists in the open interval (a, a  h) then there exists at least one number  (0    1)
Such that f (a  h)  f (a)  hf (a  h) .
1.3 Geometrical Interpretation.
Let f (x) be a function defined on [a, b] and let APB be the curve represented by y  f (x) . Then co-ordinates of
A and B are (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) respectively. Suppose the chord AB makes an angle  with the axis of x. Then
from the triangle ARB, we have
BR f (b)  f (a)
 tan 
tan 
AR ba
f (b)  f (a)
By Lagrange's Mean value theorem, we have, f (c)   tan  f (c)
ba
y

B[b, f(b)]

[a, f(a)]  P[c, f(c)]

A R


x
O M N
 P a g e | 28

 slope of the chord AB = slope of the tangent at (c, f (c))

f (b)  f (a) 1
Example: 1 In the mean-value theorem  f (c) , if a  0 , b  and f (x)  x(x  1)(x  2), the value of c is
ba 2
15 21
(a) 1  (b) 1  15 (c) 1 (d) 1  21
6 6
f (b)  f (a)
Solution: (c) From mean value theorem f (c) 
ba
1 3
a  0, f (a)  0  b  , f (b) 
2 8
f (x)  (x  1)(x  2)  x(x  2)  x(x  1) ,
f (c)  (c  1)(c  2)  c(c  2)  c(c  1) = c 2  3c  2  c 2  2c  c 2  c , f (c)  3c 2  6c  2
According to mean value theorem
3
 0
f (b)  f (a) 8 3 5
 f (c)   3c 2  6 c  2      3c 2  6 c   0
ba 1 4 4
 0
 2
6  36  15 6  21 21
c  1 .
2 3 6 6
1
Example: 2 From mean value theorem f (b)  f (a)  (b  a) f (x1 ), a  x1  b if f (x)  then x1
x
2ab ab ba
(a) ab (b) (c) (d)
ab 2 ba
1 1

1 1 b a 1
Solution: (a) f ( x1 )  2 ,  2    x1  ab .
x1 x1 ba ab

Example: 3 The abscissae of the points of the curve y  x 3 in the interval [–2, 2], where the slope of the tangent can be obtained by
mean value theorem for the interval [– 2, 2] are
2 3
(a)  (b)  (c)  3 (d) 0
3 2

Solution: (a) Given that equation of curve y  x 3  f (x)

So f (2)  8 and f (2)  8
f (2)  f (2) 8  (8) 2
Now f (x)  3 x 2  f ( x)    3x 2 ;  x   .
2  (2) 4 3

******