DOCUMENT NUMBER

GSM-E-ATP.091_92

DOCUMENT TITLE

EASA COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 3: OPERATING PROCEDURES 1

Version 2.3
June 2019

This is a controlled document. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission, in
writing, from the Chief Executive Officer of Flight Training Adelaide.
 CHAPTER 3
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CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVES IN DETAIL ...................................................................................................... 3
2. TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE ............................................................................................. 4
3. “STUCK” MICROPHONE ..................................................................................................... 4
4. TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS ............................................................................................ 5
5. TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS .......................................................................................... 6
6. FREQUENCY BANDS ........................................................................................................... 8
7. TRANSMISSION OF FREQUENCIES .................................................................................. 8
8. 8.33 KHZ PHRASEOLOGY ................................................................................................... 8
9. TRANSMISSION OF TIME .................................................................................................... 9
10. TIME CHECK......................................................................................................................... 9
11. TRANSMITTING AIRCRAFT CALL SIGNS .......................................................................... 9
12. ABBREVIATED CALLSIGNS.............................................................................................. 10
13. AERONAUTICAL GROUND STATIONS ............................................................................ 11
14. CALLSIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL STATIONS ............................................................... 11
15. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS ..................................................................... 12
16. POOR RECEPTION ............................................................................................................ 12
17. ERRORS IN TRANSMISSION ............................................................................................ 13
18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT ............................................................................... 13
19. INTERPILOT........................................................................................................................ 14
20. TRANSFER OF COMMUNICATIONS................................................................................. 14
21. EXAMPLES OF TEST QUESTIONS:.................................................................................. 16

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1. OBJECTIVES IN DETAIL

TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
• Explain the techniques used for making good R/T transmissions.
TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS
• State the phonetic alphabet used in radiotelephony.
• Identify the occasions when words should be spelt.
TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS
• Describe the method of transmission of numbers.
• Pronunciation of numbers.
• Single digits, whole hundreds & whole thousands.
TRANSMISSION OF TIME
• Describe the ways of transmitting time.
• Standard time reference.(UTC)
• Minutes, minutes and hours when required.
RT CALL SIGNS FOR AIRCRAFT including use of abbreviated call signs.
• List three different ways to compose an aircraft call sign.
• Describe the abbreviated forms of aircraft call signs.
• Explain when aircraft call signs may be abbreviated.

RT CALLSIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL (GROUND) STATIONS including use of abbreviated

call signs.
• Name the 2 parts of the callsign of an aeronautical station.
• Identify the call sign suffixes for aeronautical stations.
• Explain when the call sign may be omitted or abbreviated to the use of the suffix only.
TRANSFER OF COMMUNICATION
• Describe the procedure for transfer of communication by -
• A Ground station
• An aircraft

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2. TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE

The following transmitting techniques will assist in ensuring that transmitted speech is
clearly and satisfactorily received:
• Ensure volume set at comfortable level.
• The radio is tuned to the correct frequency.
• Listen out before you transmit to ensure not cutting in on someone’s
conversation.
• Think about what you are going to say.
• Then transmit speaking clearly and distinctly.
• Keep transmit button depressed during transmission.
• Finish talking then release transmit button.
• Use standard words and phrases.
• Keep the volume of speech at a constant level. Enunciate each word clearly and
distinctly.
• Maintain an even rate of speech, no more than 100 words / minute.
• At least 10 seconds should elapse before a second call is made.
• Make sure the mike is close to but not touching the mouth. (Avoid holding it)
• Do not turn your head away from the microphone or vary the distance away from
your mouth. Suspend speech temporarily if it becomes necessary to turn the
head away from the microphone.
• Avoid varying the tone of your voice to imply a message.
• Avoid using hesitation sounds, such as ‘err’.
• Avoid excessive use of courtesies and entering into non-operational
conversations.
• Avoid bad language or messages of a personal, false or deceptive nature.
• If the recipient has to write down elements of the message or is using English as
a second language, speak a little slower than usual.
• A slight pause before and after numbers will make them easier to understand.

3. “STUCK” MICROPHONE
Operators should always ensure that the button is released after a transmission and
the microphone placed in an appropriate place that will ensure that it will not
inadvertently be switched on.

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4. TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS

Phonetic spelling should be used if:

• there is a possibility of misunderstanding
• when reception is poor or weak
• transmitting aircraft call signs.
To expedite communications, the use of phonetic spelling should be dispensed with if
there is no risk of this affecting correct reception and intelligibility of the message.
Letter Word Pronunciation Morse
Note: Syllables to emphasise are underlined
A Alpha AL FAH •−
B Bravo BRAH VOH −•••
C Charlie CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE −•−•
D Delta DELL TAH −••
E Echo ECK OH •
F Foxtrot FOKS TROT ••−•
G Golf GOLF −−•
H Hotel HOH TELL ••••
I India IN DEE AH ••
J Juliet JEW LEE ETT •−−−
K Kilo KEY LOH −•−
L Lima LEE MAH •−••
M Mike MIKE −−
N November NO VEM BER −•
O Oscar OSS CAH −−−
P Pah Pah PAH PAH •−−•
Q Quebec KEH BECK −−•−
R Romeo ROW ME OH •−•
S Sierra SE AIR RAH •••
T Tango TANG GO −
U Uniform YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM ••−
V Victor VIK TAH •••−
W Whiskey WISS KEY •−−
X X-ray ECKS RAY −••−
Y Yankee YANG KEY −•−−
Z Zulu ZOO LOO −−••
When proper names, service abbreviations and words of which the spelling is doubtful
are spelled out in radiotelephony, the phonetic alphabet shall be used.

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5. TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS
Numbers shall be transmitted using the following pronunciation.

0 ZE-RO 7 SEV-en
1 WUN 8 AIT
2 TOO 9 NIN-er
3 TREE 10 WUN ZE-RO
4 FOW-er 100 WUN HUN-dred
5 FIFE 1000 WUN TOU-SAND
6 SIX 4500 FOW-er TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred
Where numbers contain decimal points, the word should be pronounced Day-see-mal.
Pronounce each digit in the number of hundreds followed by the word HUN-dred.
Pronounce each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word TOU-SAND.
Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing
each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word TOU-SAND and the
number of hundreds followed by the word HUN-dred.
With the exception of the words HUN-dred. and TOU-SAND, and combinations of
hundreds and thousands, each number should be spoken separately.
245 TOO FOW-er FIFE
3000 TREE TOU-SAND
1,500 WUN TOU-SAND FIFE HUN-dred
All numbers used in the transmission of altitude, cloud height, visibility and runway
visual range information which contain whole hundreds and whole thousands shall be
transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands
followed by the word HUNDRED or TOU-SAND as appropriate.
Each digit should be pronounced separately in messages containing:
Aircraft call signs CCA 238 Air China Two three eight
Flight levels FL 180 Flight level One eight zero
FL 200 Flight level Two zero zero
Headings 160 degrees Heading One six zero
080 degrees Heading Zero eight zero

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Wind speed and direction

120/15 knots Wind One two zero degrees one five knots
160/18 gusting 30 Wind One six zero degrees one eight knots gusting three zero
knots
Frequencies 130.72 One three zero decimal seven two
Transponder codes Squawk 7401 Squawk seven four zero one
Runway 27 Runway too seven
Altimeter settings QNH 1010 QNH one zero one zero
QNH 998 QNH nine nine eight
Airspeeds 250 Knots Two five zero knots
NOTE:
• The ICAO phrase FL one zero zero is used for Flight Levels of whole numbers ending
in ‘hundred’. Special care should be taken when enunciating “Zero Zero”
• Below FL 100, Flight levels are referred to as 2 digit numbers to reduce the risk of
confusion between heading instructions e.g. heading zero eight zero. E.g. Climb to
FL eight zero
• Degrees is not an ICAO requirement or recommendation, however headings can
easily be confused with Flight Levels – this confusion can be avoided by adding the
word degrees.

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6. FREQUENCY BANDS
The most common communication system in use today's aviation is the VHF system.
The VHF frequency range available for RT is 118-136.975 MHz.
VHF navigation aids, such as VOR and ILS, which may include voice transmission,
operate from 108 to 117.95 MHz.

7. TRANSMISSION OF FREQUENCIES

All 6 digits of the numerical designator of the VHF channel should be used to
identify the transmitting channel in VHF radiotelephony communications. Three
digits after the decimal point are to be used for all channels. In case the fifth and the
sixth digit of the numerical designator being two zeros, only the first four digits should
be used.
In airspace where all VHF communication channels are separated by 25 kHz or more
and the use of six digits as above is not substantiated by operational requirements
determined by the appropriate authority, the first 5 digits of the numerical designator
should be used. In case the fifth and the sixth digit of the numerical designator being
two zeros, only the first four digits should be used.

8. 8.33 KHZ PHRASEOLOGY

From 7 October 1999, only aircraft equipped with 8.33 Khz VHF channel spacing are
allowed to operate above FL 245 in the ICAO EUR region. The following phraseology
is used:
To request the capability of the radio equipment:

BIGJET 347, confirm eight point three three

BIGJET 347, affirm eight point three three or
BIGJET 347, negative eight point three three

To request the status regarding exemption:

BIGJET 347, confirm eight point three three exempted

BIGJET 347, affirm eight point three three exempted or
BIGJET 347, negative eight point three three exempted

To indicate that a certain clearance is given because otherwise a non-equipped aircraft

would enter the airspace of mandatory carriage.

BIGJET 347, (Clearance/Instruction), due eight point three three requirement

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9. TRANSMISSION OF TIME
When transmitting time normally only the minutes of the hour are normally required.
The hour should be included if there is a possibility of confusion.
A report when the minutes are 00, may be requested ‘on the hour’.
The time 2400 is designated to be the end of the day. The time 0000 the beginning.

Time Transmitted as
0803 ZE-RO TREE or
ZE-RO AIT ZE-RO TREE

1300 WUN TREE ZE-RO ZE-RO

2057 FIFE SEV-en or

TOO ZE-RO FIFE SEV-en
10. TIME CHECK

Pilots may check the time with the appropriate ATS unit. Time checks shall be given to
the nearest half minute and preceded by the word TIME.

BIGJET 347, request time check BIGJET 347, request time check
BIGJET 347, Time 0611 BIGJET 347, Time 0715 and a half

11. TRANSMITTING AIRCRAFT CALL SIGNS

With the exception of the telephony designator and the type of aircraft, each letter in
the aircraft call sign shall be spoken separately using the phonetic alphabet.
Aircraft call signs may be of one of the 3 following types:
TYPE A: The characters corresponding to the registration markings of the aircraft.
TYPE B: The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the
last 4 characters of the registration marking of the aircraft.
TYPE C: The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the
flight identification.
NOTE 1: The name of the aircraft manufacturer or name of aircraft model may be used
as a radiotelephony prefix to TYPE A call signs.

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12. ABBREVIATED CALLSIGNS

Take the following form:

TYPE A: The first character of the registration and at least the last 2 characters of
the call sign
The name of the aircraft manufacturer or the aircraft model may be used
as a radiotelephony prefix to TYPE A call signs.
TYPE B: The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by at
least the last 2 characters of the call sign.
TYPE C: No abbreviation permitted.
Abbreviated call signs shall only be used after satisfactory communication has been
established and provided no confusion will arise.
A pilot may only abbreviate his/her call sign only after it has addressed in the
shortened form by the aeronautical station.
CATHAY ABCD CATHAY CD CATHAY BCD
N-012345 N45 N345
G-ABCD G-CD G-BCD
Cessna G-ABCD Cessna CD Cessna BCD
CATHAY 345 CATHAY 345 (No abbreviation)
G-BFRM G-RM G-FRM
Speedbird G-BGDC Speedbird DC Speedbird GDC
N31029 N29 N029
N753DA NDA N3DA
Midland 640 Midland 640 (No abbreviation)
Piper GBSZT Piper ZT Piper SZT
Helicopter G-ABCD Helicopter CD Helicopter BCD

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13. AERONAUTICAL GROUND STATIONS

In essence there are 3 main three levels of ATS service

Aerodrome Traffic Control: Is provided by trained and qualified ATC operators who
are able to provide a separation service to all categories of flight operation both in the
air and on the ground. ATC operators undergo regular checks for proficiency in order
to meet specified standards. Eg Ground, Delivery, Tower, Approach, Radar, Director,
Centre etc
Aerodrome Flight Information Service (INFORMATION): This is an information
service only useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights within the ATZ. Officers
are trained to provide a service that does not include control and separation of aircraft
in the air. They will not ‘clear’ you to do anything; they do not have the authority to do
so.
AFISOs are permitted to pass instructions to vehicles and personnel operating on the
maneuvering area and information and instructions to aircraft moving on the apron
and specific parts of the maneuvering area. Elsewhere on the manoeuvring area and
at all times in the air, information only shall be passed to pilots
AFISOs will provide you with details of other traffic within the ATZ. They can pass flight
safety information to aircraft, accept and pass on clearance requests, ETA’s, ATD’s
and flight updates to ATC officers.
Air/Ground communication service: (RADIO) Not qualified to provide more than an
information service on traffic and “reported” conditions. The information provided may
assist pilots in making decisions – however the safe conduct of the flight remains the
pilot’s responsibility.

14. CALLSIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL STATIONS

The two parts of the Aeronautical Ground Station call sign are first:
The name of the Location, e.g. Westbury and second - a suffix, the unit or type of
service available, e.g. Approach.
Unit of service Call sign suffix

Area Control CONTROL

Radar (in general) RADAR
Approach Control APPROACH
Approach Control Radar Arrival ARRIVAL
Approach Control Radar Departures DEPARTURE
Aerodrome control TOWER
Surface movement control GROUND
Clearance Delivery DELIVERY
Precision approach radar PRECISION
Flight information Service INFORMATION
Aeronautical station (A/G) RADIO
Direction Finding station HOMER
Apron Control APRON
Company Dispatch DISPATCH

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15. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS

When establishing communication, pilots should use the full call sign of both stations
and request the service required on initial contact with the ground station.

Westbury Approach, G-ABCD request change to Wrayton Information on 125.750

The use of the calling aeronautical station’s call sign followed by the answering
aeronautical station’s call sign shall be considered the invitation to proceed with the
transmission by the station calling.
Once communication is established, the name of the location or unit/service may be
omitted provided satisfactory communication has been established.
NOTES:
• The responsibility of establishing communication shall rest with the station having
traffic to transmit.
• When an aeronautical station is called simultaneously by several aircraft stations,
the aeronautical station shall decide the order in which aircraft shall
communicate.
• When a station is called but is uncertain of the identification of the calling station,
the calling station should be requested to repeat its call sign until identification is
established.
• Georgetown Ground …………….347
• Station calling Georgetown Ground, say again your callsign.
• BIGJET 347

• Aircraft stations shall if possible communicate directly with the appropriate ATSU
in the area in which they are flying.
• If unable to communicate the aircraft should use any relay means available to
transmit messages to ATC.

16. POOR RECEPTION

When reception is likely to be difficult, important elements of the message should be

spoken twice, including the phrase “I say again”

Georgetown, G-ABCD Walden 2500 feet, I say again 2500 feet, engine losing power, I
say again, engine losing power….

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When a ground station wishes to broadcast information to all aircraft likely to receive it,
the message should be prefaced by the words ‘All stations’. No reply is expected to
such general calls.

All Stations Alexander control, fuel dumping completed.

If there is doubt that a message has been correctly received, a repetition of the
message shall be requested either in full or in part.

Say again Repeat the entire message.

Say again (item) Repeat the specific item.
Say again all before (the first word satisfactorily received)
Say again all between ……… and ……… Repeat part of the
message.
Say again all after (The last word satisfactorily received)

17. ERRORS IN TRANSMISSION

When an error is made in a transmission, the word ‘Correction’ shall be spoken, the
last group or phrase repeated and then the correct version transmitted.

BIGJET 347, Wicken 47, FL 330, Marlow 07 correction Marlow 57

BIGJET 347, roger

If the entire message needs repeating, the operator shall use the phrase ‘Correction, I
say again’ before transmitting the message a second time.
When an entire message has been sent in error, the word ‘Disregard’ should be used.

18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT

The receiving operator shall make certain that the message has been correctly
received, before acknowledging receipt.
When transmitted by an aircraft station, acknowledgement of receipt of a message
shall comprise the aircrafts’ callsign.
An aircraft station should acknowledge receipt of important ATC messages by reading
them back and terminating with the aircrafts’ callsign.
When transmitted by an aeronautical station, acknowledgement of receipt of a
message to:
An aircraft station: shall comprise the call sign of the aircraft, followed if necessary by
the call sign of the aeronautical station.
Another aeronautical station: shall comprise the call sign of the aeronautical station
that is acknowledging receipt.

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19. INTERPILOT

Interpilot air to air communications shall be established on the air to air channel 123.45
MHz by either:
A call directed to a specific aircraft station or by a General call
As the aircraft may be monitoring more than one frequency, the initial call should
include the distinctive channel identification – INTERPILOT

E.g. Clipper 123 – Sabena 901, INTERPILOT – Do you read??

Any aircraft vicinity of 30 North, 160 East, Japan air 401 – INTERPILOT - Over

20. TRANSFER OF COMMUNICATIONS

An aircraft will normally be advised by the appropriate aeronautical station to change

from one frequency to another in accordance with agreed procedures, by giving the
identity of the unit to be contacted and the frequency to be used.
Transfer instructions should be passed as a single message.

CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency)

IF NO CONTACT (instructions)
WHEN READY CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency)
REMAIN THIS FREQUENCY.

If no further communication is received from the pilot after an acknowledgement,

satisfactory transfer of communication may be assumed.

BIGJET 347, contact Alexander Control 129.1

129.1, BIGJET 347

In the absence of such advice, the aircraft shall notify the aeronautical station before
such a change takes place.

Wrayton Information, G-ABCD, changing to Wrayton Centre 121.5

In the case of transfer from one network to another, (HF – VHF) the transfer should
preferably take place while the aircraft is in communication with a station operating in
both networks to ensure continuity of communications. If, however, the change of
network must take place concurrently with the transfer of communication to another
network station, the transfer should be co-ordinated by the two network stations prior
to advising or authorizing the frequency change. The aircraft should also be advised of
the primary and secondary frequencies to be used after the transfer.
Flying in controlled airspace you are required to always maintain radio contact on the
published frequency. If you require to make or receive a transmission on a different

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frequency and should you be unable to monitor your current frequency at the same
time you have to inform the controller about your plan to momentarily leave the
frequency and obtain permission to do so.
Use the phrase:
The controller may instruct the pilot to contact another agency on passing a
specific point or when passing, leaving or reaching a specified level.
AT (or OVER) (time or place) or [WHEN] PASSING, LEAVING, REACHING (level),
CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency)

Where the aircraft is transferred to another agency whilst on a radar heading, the
controller will instruct the pilot to report the radar heading to the next agency.
G-CD, at Littletown contact Borton Approach 122.375
At Littletown, 122.375, G-CD
BIGJET 347, when passing FL120 contact Wrayton Control 119.725
When passing FL120, 119.725, BIGJET 347

BIGJET 347, report radar heading to Wrayton Control, 116.335

116.335, WILCO, BIGJET 347

A pilot may be asked to:

Standby on a frequency when an ATSU intends to initiate communications
Monitor a frequency on which information is being broadcast

BIGJET 347, standby for Tower, 119.1 BIGJET 347, monitor ATIS 123.25
119.1, BIGJET 347 Monitoring 123.25, BIGJET 347

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21. EXAMPLES OF TEST QUESTIONS:

1. Your aircraft registration is B – ABC, which you are using as your callsign. On a flight
to Macau, you contact Hong Kong Departures on frequency 125.7. When are you
permitted to abbreviate your callsign?
a. After ‘Departures’ has abbreviated your callsign
b. On first contact with ‘Departures’, because your company regularly operates from
that airport
c. When instructed to do so by the controller
d. Only when the captain says so.

2. A radiotelephony call sign for aircraft shall be:

a. The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the
flight identification
b. All answers are correct
c. The characters corresponding to the registration markings of the aircraft
d. The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the last 4
characters of the registration marking of the aircraft

3. What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station indicating
clearance delivery?
a. CLEARANCE
b. CLEARANCE DELIVERY
c. RADIO
d. DELIVERY.

4. What rate of speech does ICAO recommend for radio communications? An even rate
of speech not exceeding:
a. 200 words per minute
b. 150 words per minute
c. 100 words per minute
d. 90 words per minute

5. When a ground station broadcasts information to all aircraft likely to receive it:
a. Only pilots who think they may be affected by the information should reply
b. Each aircraft that hears the broadcast should reply, but must do so in turn
c. No reply is expected from any of the aircraft
d. A reply is optional.

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6. How would you transmit the frequency 120.375?

a. One two zero decimal three eight
b. One two zero decimal three seven five
c. One two zero three seven
d. One two zero decimal three seven.

7. When an error is made in a transmission, the pilot should say:

a. ‘Sorry’, and then correct the transmission
b. Correction
c. Correction, I say again
d. I say again.

8. How would you transmit the number 11,000?

a. Eleven thousand
b. One thousand one hundred
c. One one thousand
d. One one zero zero zero.

9. When reception is likely to be difficult, the pilot should request:

a. Say again
b. Pass your message
c. Correction
d. Words twice.

10. When transmitting the time in UTC a pilot should:

a. Only say the minutes past the hour, provided there is no risk of confusion
b. Never say the minutes past the hour unless there is risk of confusion
c. Always say both the hour and the minutes past the hour
d. Only say the hour and let the controllers work out the minutes.

11. During the transmission of numbers containing a decimal point :

a. The term DECIMAL can be omitted if no chance of misunderstanding exists
b. The term DECIMAL must be spoken only if followed by three digits
c. The term DECIMAL must always be transmitted
d. The term DECIMAL can be omitted with friendly ATS units only.

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12. How should the instruction to contact Stephenville RADAR on 132.00833 MHz be
phrased?
a. Contact Stephenville RADAR on 132.010
b. Contact Stephenville RADAR frequency 132.00833
c. Contact Stephenville RADAR frequency 132.010
d. Contact Stephenville RADAR Channel 132.00833.

13. How would you transmit the number 1,100?

a. Eleven hundred
b. One thousand one hundred
c. One one hundred
d. One one zero zero.

14. A pilot may abbreviate his callsign:

a. On the second transmission, provided satisfactory communication was
established and checked on the first transmission
b. At any stage when not operating in Class ‘A’ or Class ‘C’ airspace
c. Only after a readability check
d. Once the aeronautical station has first used the abbreviated form.

15. The time 8.30 pm should be transmitted as:

a. EIGHT THREE ZERO
b. ZERO EIGHT THREE ZERO
c. TWENTY THIRTY
d. TWO ZERO THREE ZERO.

16. The correct abbreviation of the callsign EURAIR 452 is:

a. FOUR FIVE TWO
b. AIR FOUR FIVE TWO
c. EURAIR
d. No abbreviation is permitted

17. The number 11500 in respect of fuel requirements, would be transmitted as:
a. ELEVEN THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED
b. ONE ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED
c. ONE ONE FIVE ZERO ZERO
d. ONE ONE THOUSAND FIVE ZERO ZERO.

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18. An aeronautical station has the suffix ‘CONTROL’ in its call sign. This indicates that
the station:
a. Has responsibility for either area, approach or aerodrome control
b. Is associated with an aerodrome for which it has control authority
c. Provides en route air traffic control services
d. Is the appropriate ATSU to contact before entry to a control zone.

19. How would you say the transponder code 6500?

a. Six five zero zero
b. Six thousand five hundred
c. Sixty five hundred
d. Six thousand five zero zero.

20. What should you check before using the radio?

a. That your radio is set to the correct frequency
b. That your receiver volume is set at optimum level
c. That your transmission will not interfere with another station
d. All of the above.

21. How can you reduce the chance of your transmission interfering with another station?
a. Listen and wait until any existing calls are completed
b. Say 'break, break, break' before your call
c. Turn your squelch up to cancel their transmission.

22. Which of the following microphone techniques are correct?

a. Do not turn your head away from the microphone while talking
b. Do not touch the microphone with your lips
c. Do not hold the microphone boom while talking
d. All of the above.

23. What is the correct phraseology to report an altitude of 2500 feet?

a. Two five zero zero feet
b. Two thousand five hundred feet
c. Twenty five hundred feet
d. Altitude two thousand five hundred feet.

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24. Your aircraft registration is ZK- GBC. How should you identify yourself to ATC?
a. Zulu Kilo Golf Bravo Charlie' but if ATC then refers to you as 'Zulu Bravo Charlie'
you may use the shorter designation
b. Golf Bravo Charlie"
c. Bravo Charlie'
d. Golf Bravo Charlie', but if ATC then refers to you as 'Bravo Charlie' you may use
the shorter designation.

25. You miss the QNH that ATC gave you in your clearance. How should you respond?
a. Say nothing and keep your current QNH setting until you hear it given to another
aircraft
b. Respond with 'say again QNH'
c. Read back the clearance you understood, and finish with 'say again QNH'.

26. You make a mistake reporting your altitude. How should you correct it?
a. If you recognise the mistake immediately on saying it, say 'correction' and then
the correct altitude
b. If you recognise the mistake later in the transmission, say 'correction, altitude'
and then the correct altitude
c. If you recognise the mistake after completion of the transmission, call again and
say 'correction, altitude' and then the correct altitude
d. Any of the above.

27. You are unable to follow the track or altitude clearance given due to a patch of cloud.
How should you respond?
a. Call unable to maintain VMC on track/altitude and suggest a track or altitude that
allows you to remain clear
b. Continue as cleared
c. Divert as required with no further reference to ATC.

28. You have made a position call to ATC and as part of that stated you are 10 miles south
of a reporting point. As you are finishing your transmission you realise you are actually
30 miles south, you say:
a. Sorry control, I am 30 miles out, not 10
b. Correction three zero miles south
c. Control that should read three zero miles.

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29. What is the correct phraseology to report a heading of 300 degrees?

a. Heading three zero degrees
b. Heading three hundred degrees
c. Heading three zero zero degrees
d. Three zero zero degrees.

30. What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station indicating
aerodrome control service:
a. CONTROL
b. AERODROME
c. APRON
d. TOWER.

31. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station providing flight
information service?
a. FLIGHT CENTRE
b. CONTROL
c. INFORMATION
d. FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE.

32. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station providing surface
movement control of aircraft on the manoeuvring area?
a. CONTROL
b. GROUND
c. APPROACH
d. TOWER.

33. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station providing approach
control (no radar service)?
a. ARRIVAL
b. RADAR
c. CONTROL
d. APPROACH.

34. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station providing approach
control (no radar service)?
a. ARRIVAL
b. RADAR
c. CONTROL
d. APPROACH.

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35. When may the name of the location or the call sign suffix in the call sign of an
aeronautical station be omitted?
a. Never
b. Only after the aeronautical station has used the abbreviated call sign
c. In dense traffic during rush hours
d. When satisfactory communication has been established and provided it will not
be confusing to do so.

36. Which of the following abbreviated call signs of aircraft XY-ABC is correct?
a. ABC
b. BC
c. X-BC
d. XY-BC.

37. Which of the following abbreviated call signs of Cherokee XY-ABC is correct?
a. Cherokee BC
b. Cherokee XY-BC
c. Cherokee X-BC
d. Cherokee X-ABC.

38. When is an aircraft station allowed to use its abbreviated call sign?
a. Only after satisfactory communication has been established
b. Provided no confusion is likely to result
c. In dense traffic
d. After it has been addressed in this manner by the aeronautical ground station.

39. How should aircraft XY-ABC call Stephenville TOWER on initial call?
a. TOWER XY-ABC
b. Stephenville TOWER XY-ABC
c. Stephenville TOWER X-BC
d. Stephenville XY-ABC.

40. Aircraft X-BC has been instructed to contact Stephenville TOWER on frequency 118.7.
What is the correct response to indicate that it will follow this instruction?
a. 118.7 X-BC
b. Will change to TOWER X-BC
c. Changing over X-BC
d. Stephenville TOWER X-BC.

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41. Aircraft X-BC has been instructed to listen on ATIS frequency 123.25, on which
information are being broadcast. What is the correct response to indicate that it will
follow this instruction?
a. Changing to 123.25 X-BC
b. Will contact 123.25 X-BC
c. Checking 123.25 X-BC
d. Monitoring 123.25 X-BC.

42. What is the correct way to read back frequency 120.375 MHz (All aircraft using a
channel separated by 25 KHz)?
a. One two zero three seven
b. One two zero decimal three seven
c. One twenty decimal three seven
d. One two zero decimal three seven five.

43. What does the instruction: "Fastair 345 standby 118.9 for TOWER" mean?
a. Fastair 345 should listen on frequency 118.9 on which TOWER will initiate further
communications.
b. Fastair 345 should change frequency to 118.9, on which aerodrome data are
being broadcast.
c. Fastair 345 should contact TOWER on 118.9
d. Fastair 345 should standby on the current frequency.

44. What is the correct response to indicate that an aircraft has an 8.33 KHz capability?
a. Affirm eight point three three
b. Affirm eight decimal three three
c. Roger eight point three three spacing
d. Roger eight decimal three three.

45. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating area control
centre (no radar)?
a. RADAR
b. CONTROL
c. CENTRE
d. APPROACH.

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46. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating approach
control radar departures?
a. APPROACH
b. DEPARTURE
c. CONTROL
d. RADAR.

47. What is the radiotelephony call sign for the aeronautical station indicating approach
control radar arrivals?
a. APPROACH
b. RADAR
c. DIRECTOR
d. ARRIVAL.

48. What, if any, is the abbreviated call sign of Fastair 2345?

a. Fastair 345
b. Fastair 45
c. 2345
d. No abbreviated form.

49. What is the correct way of transmitting the number 3500 when indicating an altitude or
a height?
a. three thousand five hundred
b. three five zero zero
c. three five hundred
d. three five double zero.

50. What is the correct way of transmitting 1001 as a QNH?

a. QNH one double "O" one
b. QNH one thousand and one
c. QNH one double zero one
d. QNH one zero zero one.

51. What is the correct way of transmitting the number 118.1 to indicate a frequency?
a. one one eight decimal one
b. one eighteen one
c. one one eight one
d. one one eight point one.

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52. What is the correct way of transmitting the number 13,500 to indicate an altitude or
cloud height?
a. thirteen thousand five hundred
b. one three thousand five hundred
c. one three five hundred
d. one three five zero zero.

53. When transmitting time, which time system shall be used?

a. Local time (LT), 24-hour clock
b. Local time (LT) A.M. and P.M.
c. No specific system, as only the minutes are normally required
d. Coordinated universal time (UTC).

54. The time is 4:15 P.M. What is the correct way of transmitting this time if there is any
possibility of confusion about the hour?
a. Wun Fife
b. One six one five
c. Four fifteen pm
d. One five.

55. The time is 9:20 A.M. What is the correct way of transmitting this time if there is no
possibility of confusion about the hour?
a. TWO ZERO
b. ZERO NINE TWO ZERO
c. TWO ZERO this hour
d. Nine twenty am.

56. My message will be more effective and understandable if I:

a. Stress every beginning of message
b. Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level
c. Use the words twice method
d. Stress the end of message.

57. What is meant by good microphone technique?

a. Speak very loudly into the microphone
b. Keep the microphone far away since it improves the readability
c. Make large use of hesitation sounds as "....er..".
d. Use a normal conversation tone, speak clearly and distinctly.

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58. Before transmitting the pilot should:

a. Make sure that the emergency frequency is tuned in at the same time.
b. Listen out on the frequency to ensure no interference with another station
already transmitting will occur.
c. Make sure that the aircraft is levelled off.
d. Always write the message and read it during the transmission.

59. What is the consequence of a microphone button stuck on transmit (switched "on")?
a. Readability will improve for all stations
b. The frequency can not be used by others
c. None
d. Other stations will have to use the "words twice" technique.

60. An aircraft call sign may be abbreviated when:

a. Good two-way communication has been established
b. The aircraft has been so addressed by the aeronautical station
c. The aircraft commander decides
d. Details have been given on the flight plan.

61. When time is transmitted in hours and minutes ……. should be used:
a. GMT
b. LMT
c. BST
d. UTC

62. Time checks are given to the nearest:

a. Half-minute
b. Minute
c. Quarter minute
d. Two minutes.

63. If flying on a north easterly heading at 2500 ft and you are asked to report your
heading and level you should reply with the message:
a. 045 AT 2 POINT 5
b. NORTH EAST AT 25 HUNDRED
c. HEADING 215 AT TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED FEET
d. HEADING O45 AT TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED FEET.

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64. Good microphone technique involves:

a. Speaking slowly and clearly with gaps between words
b. Keeping the microphone at a distance to prevent feedback
c. Using a normal conversational tone, speaking clearly and distinctly
d. Speaking in English.

65. What is the correct way of spelling out BHD VOR?

a. Berry Head VOR
b. Baker How Dog VOR
c. Berry Hotel Delta VOR
d. Bravo Hotel Delta VOR.

66. What is the callsign for the aeronautical station providing surface movement control on
the movement area?
a. TOWER
b. APRON
c. GROUND
d. DEPARTURE.

67. How should the time 0952 be spoken when there is no ambiguity about the hour?
a. EIGHT TWO ONE ZERO
b. ZERO NINE FIVE TWO
c. FIVE TWO
d. FIVE TWO this hour.

68. Which of the following is read digit by digit?

a. 13000 ft
b. 2500 ft
c. QNH 1000
d. Visibility 4000 m

69. When can the aeronautical station callsign location or suffix be omitted?
a. Never
b. When two-way communication has been established
c. When two-way communication has been established and there is no likelihood of
any confusion
d. On the initial call.

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70. After an initial call has been made to an Aeronautical Station, how long should elapse
before a second call is made if no reply is heard from the first call?
a. 10 seconds
b. 20 seconds
c. 30 seconds
d. 60 seconds.

71. When reporting a frequency the use of the word DECIMAL can be omitted:
a. When there is no likelihood of confusion
b. After the initial call
c. By the ground station only
d. Never.

72. The callsign of a station controlling surface vehicles in the manoeuvring area would be:
a. Tower
b. Ground
c. Clearance
d. Approach.

73. The time given in aeronautical communications is:

a. LMT
b. in minutes only
c. Daylight saving time
d. UTC.

74. In order to communicate by R/T effectively you should:

a. Speak at a constant volume
b. Use words twice
c. Speak slower
d. Repeat the message.

75. The definition of ‘STANDBY’ is:

a. Consider the transmission not sent
b. Proceed with your message
c. Hold your present position
d. Wait and I will call you.

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76. The message from ATC saying ‘VISIBILITY 1200’ means the visibility is:
a. 12 km
b. 2 nm
c. 1200 feet
d. 1200 metres.

77. 3 different types of call sign can be used:

1. Registration number
2. Operator + code
3. …. ?

a. Aircraft manufacturer + registration number

b. Aircraft model + shortened registration number
c. Operator + aircraft model
d. Operator + registration number

78. An aircraft is flying North East at 2500 feet. Tower requests heading and level. The
correct response would be:
a. 045 and twenty five hundred feet
b. Heading North East at level 25
c. Heading 45 at two five zero zero feet
d. Heading 045 at two thousand five hundred feet.

79. To expedite communication, the use of phonetic spelling should not be used unless:
a. The message is a MAYDAY
b. The message is to do with a PAN call
c. The message is to do with a PAN Medical
d. Transmission conditions are poor and the reception of the message is distorted.

80. An aircraft callsign shall be chosen from one of the following possibilities:
a. The registration letters of the aircraft or, the telephony designator of the
operating agency
b. The registration letters of the aircraft or, the telephony designator of the aircraft
operating agency or, the telephony designator of the operating agency followed
by the flight number
c. The telephony designator of the operating agency and the flight number only
d. The registration letters of the aircraft only.

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81. What is the correct way of spelling out HB-JYC in a radio message?
a. Hostel Bravo Julie Yankee Charlie
b. Hotel Bravo Julie Yankee Charlie
c. Hostel Bravado Juliet Yankee Charlie
d. Hotel Bravo Juliet Yankee Charlie.

82. Which of the following are correct forms of aircraft callsign?

1. Operating agency plus the last four characters of the registration, e.g. “Emirates
LPXY”
2. The aircraft registration e.g. “9V-STR”
3. The model of aircraft plus the registration e.g. “Tomahawk G-ATRB”
a. (i) only
b. (i), (ii) and (iii)
c. (i) and (ii)
d. (i) and (iii).

83. The call sign of an aeronautical station has 2 parts. Name those 2 parts:
a. The name of the location and the unit or service available
b. The unit or service available and their allocated frequency
c. Both parts of the characters of the registration mark
d. The name of the location and the unit or service available and their allocated
frequency

84. 3 of the call sign suffixes indicate that you are in contact with an ATS unit. Which one
indicates that it is not an ATS unit?
a. Tower
b. Dispatch
c. Ground
d. Information

85. What would be the correct way to ask for a left turn on to a westerly (270º) heading?
a. “Request left turn, heading two hundred and seventy degrees”
b. “Request left turn, heading two seven zero”
c. “Request left turn, heading two hundred seven zero degrees”
d. “Request left turn, heading twenty seven zero degrees”.

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86. You are approaching Bedoon airport in aircraft A6-FAC. Your initial call to the tower
would be:
a. Bedoon Tower A6-FAC
b. Tower A6-FAC
c. Bedoon Tower FAC
d. Bedoon A6-FAC.

87. Surface movement control uses the call sign suffix:

a. APRON
b. CONTROL
c. DISPATCH
d. GROUND.

88. Transfer of control is indicated by the word(s):

a. CONTACT
b. CHANGE TO
c. MONITOR
d. MOVE TO.

89. The call sign suffix HOMER refers to:

a. A navigation station
b. A place called Homer
c. A direction finding station
d. An aeronautical station.

90. You are given a frequency change to 132.050 MHz by ATC. How should the
frequency be read back?
a. One three two point zero five
b. One three two point zero five zero
c. One three two decimal zero five
d. One three two decimal zero five zero.

91. What should you say if you cannot use radio frequencies with 8.33 KHz spacing?
a. Negative 8 point 3 3
b. Negative 8 decimal 3 3, equipment not fitted
c. Unable to comply
d. Unable.

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92. How is 4.15 pm reported?

a. ZERO FOUR ONE FIVE pm
b. ONE SIX ONE FIVE
c. ONE FIVE
d. FOUR DECIMAL ONE FIVE in the afternoon.

93. F-GTPO is a Robin HR-200 aeroplane. Which of the options below is a correct
abbreviation of the call sign?
a. T-PO
b. F-PO
c. Robin 200
d. Robin F-PO

94. The response to a general call from ATC is for the aircraft to:
a. Respond in alphabetical order
b. Give no response
c. Respond in numerical order of call signs
d. Request a repeat of the message.

95. What is the proper way to request QFE

a. Pronouncing it as a word or string of letters, at the discretion of the speaker
b. Pronouncing it as a word
c. Normal speaking using constituent letters
d. Using the phonetic alphabet

96. Assuming an aircraft equipped with 8.33 kHz VHF channel spacing, the instruction to
change frequencies to Stephenville Tower would be:
a. “Contact Tower on frequency 132.010”
b. “Call Stephenville Tower on 132.010”
c. “Contact Stephenville Tower on frequency 132.010”
d. “Call Stephenville on frequency 132.010”.

97. Your action on receipt of the message ‘STANDBY 118.9 FOR TOWER’ is:
a. Change frequency to 118.9 MHz and contact Tower
b. Change to frequency 118.9 MHz and wait for Tower to initiate communication
c. Wait to change to 118.9 MHz when instructed by Tower
d. Wait for Tower to contact you on the present frequency.

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98. You request a time check from the Tower with a local time 23.37. What will be the
controller's reply?
a. Time check 37 UTC
b. Time 11.37 p.m.
c. Time check 23.37 UTC
d. Time check 23.37

99. In response to the instruction “FASTAIR 345 CONTACT GEORGETOWN RADAR

132.010”, how would Fastair 345 advise that it is not 8.33 kHz equipped?
a. Negative on 132.008
b. Negative channel 132.0083
c. Negative frequency 132.010
d. Negative eight point three three.

100. Should a general call be acknowledged?

a. Yes, from all stations in the order of being called
b. No
c. Only from the first station called
d. Yes, from all stations in a random sequence.

101. A wind of 160 degrees / 18 kt, gusting 30 kt, would be reported as:
a. Wind one sixty degrees one eight knots gusting three zero knots
b. Wind one six zero eighteen gusting thirty
c. Wind one six zero degrees one eight knots gusting thirty
d. Wind one six zero degrees one eight knots gusting three zero.

102. The Controller tells you to contact the Tower on frequency 123.7MHz as soon as your
altitude is 1500 feet. Your response is:
a. 123.7
b. At 1500 feet, contacting 123.7
c. At 1500 feet, 123.7
d. Contact 123.7

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103. Which words should be spelled out in radiotelephony?

a. Whenever so requested by the responsible aeronautical reporting and service
office.
b. Words, names and abbreviations must be spelled out unless exempted to do so.
c. Whenever the spelling of proper names, service abbreviations and words is
doubtful.
d. If standard phraseology is used the meaning of all words is clear and there is no
need to spell them out.

104. QNH is the Q-code to indicate:

a. The altimeter subscale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground
b. The atmospheric pressure measured at the aerodrome reference point (ARP)
c. The atmospheric pressure referred to the highest obstacle located on the surface
of an aerodrome
d. The atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation ( or at the runway threshold)

105. What is the radiotelephony call sign suffix for the aeronautical station that you would
be communicating with when receiving a radar service on departure?
a. CONTROL
b. DIRECTOR
c. RADAR
d. DEPARTURE

106. Which of the following ATC stations provides ATC services for aircraft arriving and
departing from one or more aerodromes?
a. Information
b. Tower
c. Control
d. Ground

107. What is the radiotelephony call sign of the aeronautical station providing flight
information service?
a. Flight centre
b. Flight Information centre
c. Control
d. Radio

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108. You have been instructed by a ground station to change frequency. Which of the
following statements is/are correct?
1. You may change without notifying the ground station
2. You may change after having notified the ground station
3. You may change in a distress/emergency situation
a. Only B
b. Only A
c. A&C
d. Only C

109. For which of the following transmissions should each number be spoken individually?
a. Clouds overcast 1300 feet
b. QNH 1000 Hectopascals
c. Visibility 4000 m.
d. Climb to 2600 ft.

110. You wish to obtain a clearance from a controller on a different frequency. Which of the
following phrases should be used on your current frequency?
a. Request changing one two zero decimal seven two five
b. Request contact one two zero decimal seven two five
c. Changing one two zero decimal seven two five
d. Request to monitor one two zero decimal seven two five

111. An Airbus 321 registered as G-HBTD has a call sign "Sun Air HBTD". What is its
abbreviated call sign?
a. Sun Air HB
b. Airbus HB
c. Sun Air TD
d. Airbus TD

112. Which station suffix may approve pre-departure clearances?

a. Departure
b. Information
c. Delivery
d. Dispatch

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113. If ATC asks D-ENRW to standby, what is the pilot expected to reply. If any?
a. No reply is necessary, ATC will call back
b. Standing by D-ENRW
c. Standing by
d. Standby D-ENRW

114. What is the frequency spacing (VHF) above FL 195?

a. 25 Hz
b. 8.33 MHz
c. 75 kHz
d. 8.33 kHz

115. Which unit provides flight information service?

a. Apron
b. Tower
c. Control
d. Aerodrome

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