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Selina Concise Physics Class 9 Solutions Chapter 1
Selina Concise Physics Class 9 Solutions Chapter 1
Exercise 1(A)
Ans. Measurement implies comparison of physical quantity with a standard unit with the
Ans. Unit is a quantity of constant magnitude which is used to measure the magnitudes of
other quantities of the same manner. In order to measure a physical quantity, a
standard is which is defined internationally.
Q. 3.) What are three requirements for selecting a unit of a physical quantity?
Ans. The three fundamental quantities are given as: mass (kg), length (m) and time (s).
Q. 5.) Name three systems of unit and state the various fundamental units in them.
Ans. A unit that doesnot change and does not depend on any other unit is called as
fundamental unit.
Q. 7.) What are the fundamental units in S.I system? Name them along with their symbols.
Quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Electric Amount of Luminous Angle Solid
current substance Intensity angle
SI Unit Meter Kilogram Seco Kelvin Ampere Mole Candella Radian Steradi
nds an
Symbol m Kg S K A Mol Cd Rad St-rd
Q. 8.) Explain the meaning of derived unit with the help of one example.
Ans. A derived unit is defined as the unit of a quantity that is derived or depenedent on thye
fundamental units of other quantities. For instance; the unit of speed which is ms-1 is
derived as follows:
Speed = Distance/time
Therefore, the unit of speed = fundamental unit of distance(m)/fundamental unit of
time(s)
1
Ans. Metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in th second.
299792458
Q. 10.) Name two units of length which are bigger than a metre. How many are they related
to the metre?
Ans. Kilometer and mile are two units of length which are bigger than a metre. The relation
with meter is as follows:
1 km = 1000 m
1 mile = 1609.34 m
Q. 11.) Write the names of two units of length smaller than a metre. Express their
relationship with metre.
Ans. Milimeter and picometer are two units of length smaller than a metre.
1 mm = 10-3 m
1 pm = 10-12 m
1 nm = 10 Å
Q. 13.) Name the three convenient units used to measure length ranging from very short to
very long value. How are they related to the S.I unit?
Ans. To measure lengths from very short to very long, below 3 are the most suited units:
Q. 16.) State the two units of mass smaller than a kilogram. Give their relationship with the
kilogram.
i. Gram(g)
ii. Milligram(mg)
Their relation with kilogram is as follows:
1 g = 10-3 kg
1 mg = 10-6 kg
Q. 17.) State the two units of mass bigger than a kilogram. Give their relationship with the
kilogram.
Ans. The two units of mass bigger than a kilogram are metric tonne and quintal.
(a) 1 g = …….kg
(b) 1 mg = ……..kg
(c) 1 quintal = ……. kg
(d) 1 a.m.u (or u) = ……… kg
Q. 20. Name two units of time bigger than a second. How are they related to the second?
Ans. The units ‘minute’ (min) and ‘hour’ (h) are two units of time bigger than second(s). their
relation to second is:
1 min = 60 s
1 h 3600 s
Ans. The year which has 366 days and have month of February with 29 days.
Q. 22.) The year 2016 will have February of 29 days. Is this statement is true?
Ans. Yes, it is true because 2016 is divisible by 4 and hence the month of February has 29
days.
Ans. The time taken by the moon to complete one revolution cycle around earth is known as
lunar month. Nearly 4 weeks comprise of a lunar month.
Q. 25.) Name the physical quantities which are measured in the following units:
(a) u (b) ly
(c) ns (d) nm
(c) Time
(d) Length
distance metre
Ans. (a) speed
time second
Therefore the unit of speed is ms 1
m
Force mass acceleration kg
(b) s2
changein velocity ms 1
(c) Work mass dis tance kg m
time s
force kgms 2
(d) Pressure
area m2
Q. 27.) How are the following derived units related to the fundamental units?
Therefore, kgms 2
joule N m kgms 2 m
(b) Watt
s s s
N kgms 2
(d) Pascal kgm1s 2
m2 m2
(a) km2 (b) Newton (c) joule (d) Pascal (e) Watt
Ans. (a) Area
(b) Force
(c) Energy
(d) Pressure
(e) Power
o
Q. 4.) 1 is equal to:
(a) 0.1 nm (b) 1010 cm
Numericals
(b) 1 Å = 10-10 m
5800 Å = 5800 × 10-10 m
= 5.8 × 10-7 m
Q. 2.) The size of a bacteria is 1µ. Find the number of bacteria in 1m length.
Q. 3.) The distance of a galaxy from earth is 5.6 × 1025 m. Assuming the speed of light to be 3
× 108 m/s, find the time taken by light to travel this distance.
Ans. (a) Time taken by light = Distance travelled/speed of light
5.6 1025
It implies, Time taken (t)= 8
s
3 10
We know, 1 nm= 10 Å
Q. 5.) The mass of an oxygen atom is 16.00 u. Find its mass in kg.
26.56 1027 kg
Q. 6.) It takes time 8 min for light to reach from the sun to the earth surface. If speed of light
is taken to be 3 108 ms 1 , Find the distance from the sun to the earth in km.
Ans. Time taken by light to reach from the Sun to the Earth = 8 min = 480 s.
Speed of light = 3 108 ms 1
Distance from the Sun to the Earth = Speed × time
3 108 480 m
1440 108 m
1440 108 103 km
1440 105 km
1.44 108 km
Q. 7.) The distance of a star from the earth is 8.33 light minutes. What do you mean by this
statement? Express the distance in metre.
Ans. The distance of stars from earth is generally expressed in light years, Therefore,
Q. 1.) Explain the meaning of the term “Least Count of an instrument” by taking a suitable
example.
Ans. The smallest accurate measurement an instrument can take with it is known as the least
count of that instrument. For example, if an ammeter has 10 divisions between the
marks 0 and 1A, then its least count is 1/10 = 0.1A or it can measure current up to the
value 0.1 accurately.
Q. 2.) A boy makes a ruler with graduation in cm on it (i.e. 100 division in 1 m). To what
accuracy this ruler can measure? How can be accuracy be increased?
Ans. This ruler can measure upto an accuracy of 1 cm. This accuracy can be increased with
help of Verniercalipers.
Q. 3.) A boy measure the length of a pencil and express it to be 2.6 cm. What is the accuracy
of his measurement? Can he write it as 2.60 cm?
Q. 4.) Define least count of aVernier calipers. How do you determine it?
Ans. The value of one main scale division divided by total number of divisions on a vernier
caliper is defined as the least count.
Let n divisions on Verniercalipers be of length equal to that of (n – 1) divisions on the
main scale and the value of 1 main scale division be x. Then,
Value of n divisions on Vernier n – 1 x
L.C=(Value of one main scale division) / (Total no. of division on Vernier scale)
1
Therefore, L.C = mm 0.1 mm 0.01cm
10
Ans. It is defined as it is equal to the difference between the values of one main scale division
and one Vernier scale division. It is the least count of Verniercalipers.
Ans. If the zero mark of the Vernier caliper scale coincides with the zero mark of the main
scale, then only the Vernier calipers is said to be free from zero error.
Q. 7.) What is meant by zero error of a Vernier? How is it determined? Draw neat diagrams
to explain it. How is it taken in account to get the correct measurement?
Ans. Zero error of vernier caliper: A vernier caliper is said to have a zero error if the zero
mark on the caliper doesnot coincide with the zero mark on the main scale.
The same is determined by measuring the distance between the zero marks of 2 scales.
The zero error can be either be a positive zero error or negative zero error.
1. Positive zero error: this is observed when the zero mark of the Vernier scale is on the
right of the zero mark of the main scale.
To calculate this error, the division of the vernier scale is noted which coincides with any
divison of main scale. This number of the Vernier division when multiplied by the least
count of the Verniercalipers, gives the zero error.
For example, the least count is 0.01 cm and the 6th division of the Vernier scale coincides
with a main scale division.
2. Negative zero error: this is observed when the zero mark of the Vernier scale is on
the left of the zero mark of the main scale.
This is also calculated as the former but only change is n is counted and is subtracted
from total no. of divisions on the vernier scale
Correction:.
Correct reading = Observed reading – zero error (with sign)
Q. 8.) A Vernier caliper has a zero error +0.06 cm. Draw a neat labeled diagram to represent
it.
Ans.
Q. 9.) Draw a neat labeled diagram of aVernier calipers. Name its main parts and state their
functions.
Ans.
Q. 11.) Name the two scales of aVernier calipers and explain, how is it used to measure a
length correct upto 0.01cm.
1. Main scale
2. Vernier scale
Now, as we can see that the length of 10 divisions is equal to the length of 9 divisions on
the main scale.
=> 1 division on the main scale reads= 1 mm
And total no. of divisons on vernier scale = 10
Now we shall calculate the least count as follows:
Q. 12.) Describe in steps, how would you use a Vernier calipers to measure the length of a
small rod.
Step1: Place the rod to be measured in between fixed end and vernier scale as shown
below.
Step 2:In this position, the’0’ of the Vernier scale is exceeding 1.2 cm mark on main
scale. This means that the actual length of the rod= 1.2 cm + (length ab )
Step 3: To measure the length ab, pth division of the Vernier scale is noted, which
coincides with any division of main scale.
Now, ab length of p divisions on Vernier scale length of p divisions on main scale
Or , ab length of p divisions on the main scale – length of p divisions on the Vernier scale.
p length of 1 division on main scale – length of 1 division on Vernier scale
p L.C.
total reading main scale reading Vernier scale reading
1.2 cm p L.C.
Q. 13.) Name the part of the Vernier calipers which is use to measure the following:
Ans.
a) Outside jaws
b) Inside jaws
c) Strip
d) Outer jaws
Q. 14.) Explain the terms (i) pitch, and (ii) least count of a screwgauge. How are they
determined?
Ans. (i) Pitch: The distance moved by the screw along its axis in one complete rotation is the
pitch of screw gauge
(ii) Least count (L.C.) of a screw gauge: The distance moved by screw gauge in rotating
the circular scale by one division is the LC of a screw gauge
Thus, L.C. = Pitch of the screw gauge/total no. of divisions on its circular scale.
If a screw moves by 1 mm in one rotation and it has 100 divisions on its circular scale,
then pitch of screw = 1 mm.
Thus, L.C. = 1 mm / 100 = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm
Ans. By decreasing the pitch and increasing the total number of divisions on the circular
scale, the LC of a screw gauge can be increased.
Q. 16.) Draw a neat labeled diagram of a screw gauge. Name its main parts and state their
functions.
Ans.
1. Ratchet: It advances the screw by turning it until the object is gently held between the
stud and spindle of screw.
2. Sleeve: It marks the main scale and base line.
3. Thimble: It marks the circular scale.
4. Main scale: It helps to read the length correct up to 1 mm.
5. Circular scale: It helps to read length correct up to 0.01 mm.
Q. 17.) State one use of screw gauge.
Ans. To measure the diameter of a cylindrical or circular wire with an accuracy of 0.001 cm
Ans. To gently held the object between the spindle and stud, ratched is rotated.
Ans. When zero mark of circular scale doesnot coincide with the base line of main scale due
to mechanical errors, the screw guage is said to have zero error.If the same is found
then, to get the correct reading:
Correct reading = Observed reading – zero error (with sign)
Q. 20.) A screw gauge has a least count of 0.001 cm and zero error +0.007 cm. Draw a neat
diagram to represent it.
Ans. Diagram of a screw gauge with L.C. 0.001 cm and zero error +0.007 cm.
Ans. Backlash error: The backlash error is said to be observed if by reversing the direction of
rotation of the thimble, the screw tip does not move in the opposite direction
immediately but remains stationary for a part of rotation.
Reason:Wearing out of screw threads cause this error.
To avoid the backlash error: Screw should be rorated in one direction only . If the
direction needs to be changed, we should stop for a while and then rotate.
Q. 22.) Describe the procedure to measure the diameter of wire with the help of of a screw
gauge.
Q. 23.) Name the instrument which can measure accurately the following:
Ans. d
Q. 2.) A micro scope has its scale with 20 divisions in 1 cm and Vernier scale with 25
divisions, the length of which is equal to the length of 24 divisions of main scale. The
least count of microscope is :
Ans. a
NUMERICALS
Q. 1.) A stop watch has 10 divisions graduated between the 0 and 5s marks. What is its least
count?
Ans.
Q. 2.) A Vernier has 10 divisions and they are equal to 9 divisions of main scale in length. If
the main scale is calibrated in mm, what is its count?
Q. 3.) A microscopic is provided with a main scale graduated with 20 divisions in 1 cm and a
Vernier scale with 50 divisions on it of length same as of 49 divisions of main scale.
Find the least count of the microscope.
1
=>, the value of 1 m.s.d. (x) = cm = 0.05 cm
20
Vernierscale divisions(n) = 25
x 0.05
Therefore, the L.C. of the microscope = =( ) cm
n 25
= 0.002 cm
Q. 4.) A boy uses the Vernier calipers to measure the thickness of his pencil. He measures it
to be 1.4 mm. If the zero error of Verniercalipers is +0.02 cm, what is the correct
thickness of pencil?
Noted reading 1.4 mm
Zero error of calipers 0.02 cm 0.2 mm
Ans. Correct reading Noted reading – zero error with sign Noted reading = 1.4 mm
1.4 mm – 0.2 mm
1.2 mm
Q. 5.) A Vernier calipers has its main scale graduated in mm and 10 divisions on its Vernier
scale are equal in length to 9 mm. When the two jaws are in contact, the zero of
Vernier scale is ahead of zero of main scale and 3rd division of Vernier scale coincides
with a main scale division. Find : (i) the least count and (ii) the zero error of the
Vernier calipers
Given that
10 divisons on vernier scale 9mm 9 main scaledivison
Ans. (i) as 1 main scale div 1mm
Value of 1msd 1
Now, LC 0.1mm
No. of vernier divisons 10
(iiAs the zero of vernier scale lies above to that of main scale, the error is positive.
Vernier division coinciding with main scale divison(n)= 3rd
Total no. of Vernier divisions = 10
Q. 6.) The main scale of aVernier calipers is calibrated in mm and 19 divisions of main scale
are equal in length to 20 divisions of Vernier scale. In measuring the diameter of a
cylinder by this instrument, the main scale reads 35 divisions and 4 th division of
Vernier scale coincides with a main scale division. Find : (i) least count and (ii) radius
of cylinder.
Q. 7.) In a Verniercalipers, there are 10 divisions on the Vernier scale and 1 cm on the main
scale is divided in 10 pairs. While measuring a length, ghe zero of the Vernier lies just
ahead of 1.8 cm mark and 4th division of Vernier coincides with a main scale division.
Q. 8.) While measuring the length of a rod with aVerniercalipers, Fig. given below shows the
position of its scale. What is the length of the rod?
Ans.
Fig:
Q. 9.) The pitch of a screw gauge is 0.5 mm and the head scale is divided in 100 parts. What
is the least count of the screw gauge?
Pitch 0.5mm
Ans. No. of circular scale div. 100
0.5
LC 0.005mm
100
Q. 10.) The thimble of a screw gauge has 50 divisions. The spindle advances 1mm when the
screw is turned through two revolutions.
Q. 12.) When a screw gauge of least count of 0.01 mm is used to measure the diameter of a
wire, the reading on the sleeve is found to be 1 mm and the reading on the thimble is
found to be 27 divisions. (i) What is the diameter of the wire in cm? (ii) If the zero
error is +0.005 cm, what is the correct diameter?
Q. 13.) A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale and its screw moves by 1mm on
turning it by two revolutions. When the flat end of the screw is in contact with the
stud, the zero of a circular scale is in line with the base line. Find:
(i) The pitch, (ii) the least count and (iii) the zero error of the screw gauge
Pitch
(ii) L.C. =
No. of divisions on the circular head
0.5
= mm
50
= 0.01 mm
(iii) The zero error is positive as when the flat end of the screw is in contact with the
stud the zero of the circular scale lies below the base line.
Q. 14.) Fig. given below shows the reading obtained while measuring the diameter of a wire
with screw gauge. The screw advances by 1 division on main scale when circular head
is rotated once. Find:
Q. 15.) A screw has a pitch equal to 0.5 mm. What should be the number of divisions on its
head soas to read correct upto 0.001 mm with its help?
p = 0.5 mm
L.C. = 0.001 mm
pitch
L.C.
number of divisions on head (n)
pitch 0.5
Number of divisions on head (n) 500
L.C. 0.001
Exercise 1(C)
Q. 1.) What is a simple pendulum? Is the pendulum used in a pendulum clock simple
pendulum? Give reason to your answer.
Ans. A heavy point mass (bob) hanging from a firm support by the means of a mass less
inextensible string is defined as a simple pendulum.
The pendulum used in the pendulum clock is not a simple pendulum as in that
mechanism we cannot have any heavy mass with point size or a string that’s mass less.
Q. 2.) Define the terms (i) oscillation, (ii) amplitude, (iii) frequency, and (iv) time period as
related to a simple pendulum.
Ans. (i) Oscillation: A complete to and fro motion of the pendulum bob from one extreme to
the other can be called one oscillation.
(ii) Amplitude: Amplitude is defined as the maximum displacement the pendulum bob
experiences in reference to its mean position on either side.
(iii) Frequency: It is the number of oscillations completed per second. Its unit is hertz
(Hz).
(iv)Time period: The time taken to complete one oscillation is called the time period.
Q. 3.) Draw a neat diagram of a simple pendulum. Show on it the effective length of the
pendulum and its one oscillation.
Ans. Length of pendulum(l) and acceleration due to gravity(g) are the two factors on which
the time period of a simple pendulum depends. The relation is given as:
l
T 2
g
Q. 5.) Name two factors on which the time period of a simple pendulum does not depend.
Ans. The material of the bob and the amplitude are the two factors on which the time period
of a simple pendulum does not depend .
Q. 6.) How is the time period of a simple pendulum affected, if at all, in the following
situations?
l
Ans. Since, T 2
g
l ' 4l
l' 4l
T ' 2 2
g g
l
2
T g 1
or ,
T' 4l 2
2
g
Therefore, the time period becomes twice if the length is made 4 times.
Q. 7.) How are the time period T and frequency f of an oscillation of simple pendulum
related?
1
f
T
Q. 8.) How do you measure the time period of a given pendulum? Why do you note the time
for more than one oscillation?
Slightly displace the bob from its mean position and release. When it comes in to and
fro motion, note the time for around 20 oscillations using a stop watch, and wait for the
bob to return to its mean position. Now the time period can be devised by dividing the
total time taken divided by 20.
As the least count of the stop watch is not less than 1 s or 0.5 s, it cannot record
fractional time, thus we have to take note of time for more tyhan one oscillation.
Q. 9.) How does the time period (T) of a simple pendulum depends on its length (l)? Draw a
graph showing the variation of T 2 with l. How will you use this graph to determine
the value of g (acceleration due to gravity)?
Ans. T l
The relation is stated as, the time period is directly proportional to the square root of its
effective length.
From this graph, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) can be calculated by
calculating the slope of the line PQ as follows.
Now note the value of T2 is at a and b, the value of l at c and d. Then,
PR ab T12 T2 2
Slope
QR cd l1 l2
4 2
This slope is found to be constant at a place and is equal to
g
Use following relation to determine g
4 2l
g 2
T
Q. 10.) Two simple pendulums A and B have equal lengths, but their bobs 50gf and 100 gf
respectively. What would be the ratio of their time periods? Give reason for your
answer.
Ans. As the time period does not depend on mass of bob, ratio will be 1:1
Q. 11.) Two simple pendulum A and B have lengths 1.0 m and 4.0 m respectively at a certain
place. Which pendulum will make more oscillation in 1 minute? Explain your answer.
Ans. As T l ,Pendulum B will take twice the time than A and hence make lesser
oscillations..
Q. 12.) State how does the time period of a simple pendulum depend on a (a) length of a
pendulum, (b) mass of bob, (c) amplitude of oscillation and (d) acceleration due to a
gravity.
Ans. (a) directly proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum.
(b) No dependency.
(c)No dependency..
(d) inversely proportional to the square root of ‘g’.
Ans. If a pendulum has a time period of two seconds, it’s called a second’s pendulum.
Q. 14.)State the numerical value of the frequency of oscillation of a seconds’ pendulum. Does
it depend on the amplitude of oscillation?
1
f
Ans. T
1
f 0.5sec 1
2
MULTIPLE
Q. 1.) The length of a simple pendulum is one-fourth, its time period becomes:
Ans. (d)
(a) 1 s (b) 2 s
Ans. (b)
Ans. (c)
NUMERICALS
Q. 1.) A simple pendulum completes 40 oscillations in one minute. Find its (a) frequency, (b)
time period.
1
(b) T =
f
1
= s
0.67
= 1.5 s
Q. 2.) The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. What is its frequency? What name is
given to such a pendulum?
Q. 3.) A second’s pendulum is taken to a place where acceleration due to gravity falls to one-
fourth. How is the time period of the pendulum affected, if at all? Give reason. What
will be its new time period?
Ans.
1
T
g
Now, g’=g/4
Let the new time period be T’ and g’ will be the new acceleration due to gravity.
Then,
T g'
T' g
1
g
T 4
T' g
T g
T' 4g
T 1
T' 2
T ' 2T 2 2 s 4 s
Therefore, if the acceleration due to gravity is reduced to 1/4th , the timeperiod will be doubled
Q. 4.) Find the length of a second’s pendulum at a place where g= 10ms 2 .
We know that ,
l
T 2
g
l
2 2
10
l 1
2
10
10
l
3.14
2
l 1.0142 s
1
2
T g
T' 9
2
g
T 1
T' 9
T 1
T' 3
Q. 6.) A pendulum completes 2 oscillations in 5 s. (a) what is its time period? (b) if g= 9.8ms 2
, find its length.
Ans.
total time
T
total no.of oscillations
5
s
2
2.5s
l
T 2
g
l
2.5 2 3.14
9.8
l
0.398
9.8
l 0.398 . 9.8
2
l 1.55 m
Q. 7.) The time period of two simple pendulum at a place are in ratio 2:1. What will be the
ratio of their lengths?
Ans. Let Ta and Tb be the time periods of the two pendulums of lengths la and lb, respectively.
As T l .
T1 l
1
T2 l2
2
l T
1 1 4 :1
l2 T2
Q. 8.) It takes 0.2 s for a pendulum bob to move from mean position to one end. What is the
time period of pendulum?
Ans. The time period is calculated as the time taken by the bob to complete one oscilation,
Now, T= (4 × 0.2) s
= 0.8 s
Q. 9.) How much time does the bob of a seconds pendulum take to move from one extreme
of its oscillation to the other extreme?
1
2 1s
2